International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies @ijwmt
Статьи журнала - International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies
Все статьи: 574
Lattice-reduction-aided equalization for V2V communication channel
Статья научная
World is moving towards the implementation of massive MIMO based communication system and that forces the researchers to design low complexity receiver architecture. MIMO system performance in Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is a popular research topic. And to support Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in high speed mobility condition, it required to have reliable and secure of com-munication. This paper deals with the performance evaluation of the low complex LLR-MMSE receiver in terms of the channel capacity and bit error rate improvement. In this paper we have considered V2V Spatial Channel Model (SCM) and Nakagami-m chaneel model for the performance evaluation. The performance has been evaluated based on the mathematical calculation and simulated results. And also performance comparison between the conventional linear MIMO receivers with the lattics reduction aided MIMO receivers have been presented.
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Статья научная
Forgetting the stipulated schedule or time of lectures due to one reason or the other has always been a major concern for students resulting in the students missing classes and thereby lagging behind in what the lecturer has taught the other students. The main purpose of developing the Lecture time table reminder system is to minimize this problem to an acceptable level. Lecture Timetable Reminder System is a mobile application developed on the Android platform for the students of Computer Science, 500level, Federal University of Technology, Akure, with the service of reminding them about their lectures. The major tools used in developing this application are Java, Eclipse, Android Software Development Kit (SDK), PHP and MySQL. Java is the programming language that was used and Eclipse is the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) and Android SDK is a virtual device emulator. Then PHP was used to produce a response customized for each user's request to the application, MySQL is the database.
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Load Balancing Mechanism for Edge-Cloud-Based Priorities Containers
Статья научная
Considering edge devices have limited resources, it's critical to keep track of their current resource usage and device resource allocation algorithms that send containers to edge and cloud nodes according to their priority. To minimize the strain on edge devices and enable the running of mission-critical applications, edge containers may need to be transferred to a cloud platform. In this paper, we suggested a mechanism for prioritizing container balance between the edge and cloud while attempting to assign delay-sensitive containers to edge nodes. We assess the performance of Docker container management systems on resource-constrained computers and offer ways for reducing administration and migration overhead based on the workload type, to bring load balance to the systems. The proposed algorithm gives flexibility to get the best possible ways to achieve load balancing. The Tensorflow’s object discovery API was used, accessed with Flask, Python's micro-web framework. Docker container management technology was used in the implementation of this application.
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Load Balancing in Cloud Computing Using Hungarian Algorithm
Статья научная
Cloud computing is a highly popular computing paradigm providing on-demand resources with high reliability and availability. The user requests are fulfilled by providing a virtual machine with the requested configuration. However, with the ever-increasing load on the cloud resources, the need for optimal resource utilization of the cloud resources has become the need of the hour. Load balancing has been identified as one of the possible ways to improve resource utilization in the cloud and the current state-of-the-art algorithms indicate the numerous attempts made to find the approximate solution for this NP-hard problem. In this work, we have focused on evaluating the efficiency of the Hungarian algorithm for load distribution in the cloud and compared its performance with First-come-first-serve (FCFS). The simulations were carried out in CloudSim and show remarkable improvement in various performance parameters. Finish time of a given task schedule was reduced by 41% and average execution time was reduced by 13% in the Hungarian algorithm when compared with FCFS. The simulations were carried out under different workload conditions to validate our results.
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Location based Energy Efficient Scheme for Maximizing Routing Capability of AODV Protocol in MANET
Статья научная
Nodes in Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) are forming a dynamic topology by that the nodes are continuously change their location and also the nodes functioning is dependent on the limited battery capacity that is called energy. The dynamic behavior of network connection is not maintained for long time. All nodes in network are energy dependent and efficient energy utilization is one of the important criteria in MANET. In this paper we proposed a new location based energy efficient scheme with AODV protocol. In this scheme energy dependent nodes are improving the routing capability of AODV protocol on the basis of location based protocol LAR (Location Aided Routing protocol). In network nodes are not aware about their energy status and also recur flooding of routing packets are consumes more energy in network by that the most of the energy is wasted in connection establishment. LAR protocol reduces that possibility of destination finding by maintain the record of location of each node in network respect to other nodes. It implies that every node in network is maintaining the record of other nodes (participating in routing procedure) with their current location and speed. If the nodes in network are know about the energy status and also about the status of location of receiver that reduces the energy consumption. The main aim of proposed scheme is to enhance the energy utilization in network. The performance of normal AODV, AODV with LAR and AODV with LAR and Energy is illustrate here and observe that the LAR protocol reduces the energy consumption and prolog the network lifetime that completely depend on the energy of mobile nodes.
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Loss Less and Privacy Preserved Data Retrieval in Cloud Environment using TRSE
Статья научная
In the modern era of the computing world, the data producing and using it is becoming large and instant at various places. For availing the data at different locations for processing we need to store it in the global platform. Cloud environment provides a best and easy way for this. Cloud computing is becoming as the essential thing for high-quality data services. However there are some potential problems with respect to data security. Here encryption techniques can be used for providing security, but with restricted efficiency. In this paper we propose a new encryption mechanism for providing data security in cloud environment. We propose a two round searchable encryption which supports multi keyword retrieval. Here we adapted a vector space model for improving search accuracy; the elgamal encryption technique allows users to involve in the ranking, while the essential key part of encryption will be done at the source itself. The proposed improves the data security and reduces data leakage.
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Luminous Intensity Control System Based on ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks
Статья научная
This paper introduces an energy conservation luminous intensity control system based on ZigBee sensor networks for smart home. The study is conducted to reduce unnecessary energy consumption by changing the luminous intensity of white LED according to the light coming into the room. A detecting circuit connected to the pin of CC2430 is set on the working face to collect the real-time luminous intensity signal. Then the ZigBee module adjusts the PWM signal to drive the white LEDs aiming at keeping a fixed and appropriate luminous intensity (e.g. 500Lux). Meanwhile, it transmits the data to the ZigBee coordinator through ZigBee wireless network. The monitoring PC get the data through the serial communication interface and display the states of the lights. Administrators can turn on or off the lights by clicking on the screen. This system can realize monitoring and controlling all the lights wirelessly so that users can save a lot energy and staff members. The system has been proved to be effective and convenient.
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MANET testbed using raspberry PIs
Статья научная
Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are without any infrastructure and consists only of equal peers. This paper presents an empirical tests for MANET routing protocols. The testbed based on Linux platform installed in mobile computers. Some parameters are analyzed such as movement speed and the number of hops which impact on routing performance. The testbed consists of several Raspberry Pis (RPis) without the need for any central master device. For making the RPis mobile and independent of any fixed power sockets, each of them is powered by a battery. On the other hand, for the evaluation of the testbed, two routing protocols are chosen. The first protocol is called BABEL, which considered as a distance vector routing algorithm. The other one, the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) which considered as proactive routing protocol. The use case was a multi-hop download of files with different size. The aim is to evaluate how multiple hops influence the bandwidth and delay. The results show that OLSR performs better regarding the throughput. But Babel has less delay and faster regarding convergence.
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Статья научная
In the wireless sensor network, various sensor nodes are present that are used for the communication, sensing and computing. An external mobile sink is present which move around the grid that is used for the communication with the nodes directly which are present in the network. As we know that for formation of network we need to find the route between all the nodes coming in the network, for this purpose routing is done. Routing is defined as moving of information from source to destination. For efficient network the routing protocol that is used should consume less energy, and less distance. In the MVGDRA routing algorithm is proposed that use the mobile sink approach. The selection of cluster head is done on the basis of the weight values. By doing this cluster head will be selected on the basis of the energy means which node has highest energy appointed as cluster head that increases the stability of the network. And the event driven based strategy is used for the data transfer, the energy will be only released when it is required. The energy will not be released after each round. By this the energy consumption of the system decrease and the life time the network is increased. So this method is considered to be more efficient and better than the traditional methods of routing as the network performance is enhanced and its life time is increased. Simulation results show the comparison between the VGDRA and the MVGDRA.
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Machine Learning Algorithms for Detecting DDoS Attacks in Intrusion Detection Systems
Статья научная
In today's interconnected world, the threat of intrusion activities continues to rise, making it imperative to deploy effective security measures such as Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). These systems play a vital role in monitoring network and system activities to identify unauthorised or malicious behaviour. The focus of this research is on evaluating the efficiency of different IDS in detecting anomalies in network traffic, specifically targeting Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks that exploit server vulnerabilities using IP addresses. The study utilises the CIC-DDoS 2019 dataset to analyse the performance of various IDS, particularly Network Intrusion Detection Systems (NIDSs), in predicting DDoS attacks accurately. To combat the diverse range of DDoS threats, a collective classifier is introduced, which combines four top-performing algorithms to enhance detection capabilities. By transforming the problem into a multilabel classification issue, the researchers aim to address the complexity of DDoS attacks effectively. Several machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are employed in the study, including Random Forest Classifier, Decision Tree Classifier, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes, Multi-Layer Perceptron, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and XGBoost Classifier. Evaluating the performance and computational efficiency of these algorithms is crucial to determining the most effective approach to detecting DDoS attacks. The results of the research highlight the effectiveness of the Random Forest Classifier and Multi-Layer Perceptron in accurately detecting DDoS attacks, as evidenced by their high accuracy rates on the test dataset. These findings underscore the importance of leveraging advanced ML algorithms to enhance the security of networks and systems against evolving cybersecurity threats. In conclusion, the study emphasises the significance of deploying robust IDS equipped with sophisticated ML algorithms to safeguard against intrusion activities like DDoS attacks. By continuously evaluating and improving the performance of these systems, organisations can enhance their cybersecurity posture and mitigate the risks posed by malicious actors in the digital landscape.
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Machine Learning Based Analysis of Cellular Spectrum
Статья научная
One of the key issues of wireless communication networks is the spectrum crisis, and studies noted that static licensed bands are in the under-utilization stage. Recently Cognitive Radio Network facilitates a solution to minimize the spectrum crisis in which unlicensed users can utilize the licensed spectrum without transmission interference. To achieve this task we used Machine Learning techniques for analyzing spectrum occupancy which is an efficient method to analyze spectrum occupancy and provides high accuracy. Supervised machine learning algorithms namely Logistic regression, K nearest neighbor, and Naive Bayes are used to classify a given frequency band. In this paper we collect spectrum samples of GSM 900, 1800, and 2100 bands using Rohde & Schwarz FSH6 Handheld Spectrum Analyzer for developing a dataset, using that dataset we trained the classifiers and analyze their classification performance accuracy. Results have shown the best performance on the validation and testing partition for various Unweighted Average Recall (UAR) of each classifier. Here the Logistic Regression classifier learns the best representation from their feature vector. This research is helpful to measure the spectrum occupancy of different static allocated licensed bands for 24/7. This will give better ideas about spectrum utilization, future spectrum allocation and comfort to serve more users in the limited spectrum. The occupancy measurements of current allocated spectrums can not only provide a convincing basis for making future spectrum allocation policies, but also provide technical support for the development of new communication technologies.
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Managing Big Data: A Step towards Huge Data Security
Статья научная
Big data management (BDM) is the administration, management and governance of large volumes of all types of structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. Big data management is a blend of old and new best practices, teams, data types, skills, and home-grown or industrial-built functions and methods. Big Data Management is at the genesis of massive change to technology that will spur massive societal and industrial change. In this paper, different key factors kept in mind while managing big data are discussed along with the process of managing data so that organisations can get secure and accurate data. Further different developers have introduced methods have also been discussed and with it the main tools used in management of Big Data are introduced in this paper. BDM is suffering from many issues in the world are also explained here. Big Data Management deals with the integration, manipulation, quality and governance and management of Big Data including the key factors- Volume, Velocity and Variety of Big Data.
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Matlab Simulink of COST231-WI Model
Статья научная
Simulink is the integrated environment of system modelling and simulation, which is being widespread used. This paper describes the MATLAB visual simulation of the propagation path loss model for telecommunication systems. We simulated the whole process of COST231-Walfisch-Ikegami model with high accuracy, built a visual simulation frame and the path loss curves are given. This method can be used in studying other propagation path loss models in propagation environments.
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Статья научная
An accurate MATLAB-based CAD algorithm for quickly designing microstrip-based stepped-impedance resonator (SIR) low-pass filter is reported. The algorithm uses a circuit-theory approach to implement speedy computations, compared to the time-consuming computations involved in using electromagnetic theory. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is verified for two widely-different practical examples in the 0-4GHz frequency range, against results obtained using Ansoft/Ansys circuit simulation tool, and against results obtained using the 3D electromagnetic simulator HFSS. The agreement among the three sets of data is seen to be excellent for most cases, and is found to be practically acceptable in the worst-case.
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Статья научная
Real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity of Aviation Turbine Kerosine (Hydro-fined) JetA-1 and Aviation Turbine Kerosine (Copper-Sweetened) JetA-1 are measured over the wide frequency range 8-12 GHz using X-band rectangular cavity resonator. The measurement technique uses the cavity perturbation technique. The fuel sample is filled in thin capillary tube of low loss material. It is then inserted through a sample hole at the centre of the broader side of the waveguide cavity resonator. The sample shifts the resonance frequency. The resonance frequency and shift in resonance frequency are measured using PNA Network Analyzer (AT E8362C). Validity of present measurement technique has been checked by measuring the dielectric properties of well-known dielectric materials (Plexiglas). Due to lack of experimental data in literature on dielectric parameters of Aviation fuels, it would be of great interest for the community to find its dielectric properties over wider frequency range. In addition the estimation of measurement error associated with this technique is also discussed.
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Metamaterial Inspired Millimeter-Wave Antenna Arrays for 5G Wireless Applications
Статья научная
Fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication systems employ millimeter-wave (mm-wave) frequency bands to achieve a very broad spectrum for high data rate transmission. To meet the system requirements, the best design of antenna arrays with superior performance is essential. Thus, in this paper, the design and performance analysis of single element, 2 x 1, and 4 x 1 metamaterial inspired millimeter-wave antenna (MIA) arrays are proposed. The antenna elements are designed using Rogers’ 5880 as a substrate material with a 2.2 dielectric constant and thickness of 0.35 mm to operate at a center frequency of 38 GHz. The simulated design of the single, 2 x 1, and 4 x 1 MIA arrays return loss, bandwidth, gain, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and total efficiency are: -82.95 dB, -67.1 dB, -69.12 dB; 1.971 GHz, 2.278 GHz, 4.704 GHz; 7.36 dBi, 9.11 dBi, 11.4 dBi; 1.001432, 1.0009, 1.0007; and 95.55 %, 94.01 %, 95.87. As compared to other works, improved performance has been achieved by considering the effect of meta-materials on the radiator and at the ground of microstrip patch antennas (MPA). The selected type of meta-materials alters the current distribution of the radiating patch that enhances the fringing fields at the edge of MPAs, which inspires the radiation of antennas and reduces the surface wave loss at the radiators’ ground plane. The proposed MIA antenna arrays have improved upon the drawbacks of traditional MPAs and fulfill the requirements of 5G communication systems.
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Methodologies, Requirements and Challenges of Cybersecurity Frameworks: A Review
Статья научная
As a result of the emergence of new business paradigms and the development of the digital economy, the interaction between operations, services, things, and software through numerous fields and communities may now be processed through value chains networks. Despite the integration of all data networks, computing models, and distributed software that offers a broader cloud computing, the security solution is have a serious important impact and missing or weak, and more work is needed to strengthen security requirements such as mutual entity trustworthiness, Access controls and identity management, as well as data protection, are all aspects of detecting and preventing attacks or threats. Various international organizations, academic universities and institutions, and organizations have been working diligently to establish cybersecurity frameworks (CSF) in order to combat cybersecurity threats by (CSFs). This paper describes CSFs from the perspectives of standard organizations such as ISO CSF and NIST CSF, as well as several proposed frameworks from researchers, and discusses briefly their characteristics and features. The common ideas described in this study could be helpful for creating a CSF model in general.
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Microstrip Dual-Band Bandpass Filter Fed with Lumped Capacitors
Статья научная
This paper presents a method of designing microstrip dual-band bandpass filter fed with lumped capacitors. Unlike the tapping or coupling feeding structures, the lumped capacitors could make the external quality factors have suitable values in two different pass bands. Thus no impedance transformers are needed when designing dual-band bandpass filter fed with lumped capacitors. An example of this kind of filter is designed, fabricated and measured. The measured results accord well with the simulated results, showing validity of the proposed method.
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Microwave Detection of Water Pollution in Underground Pipelines
Статья научная
An electromagnetic model is proposed to detect water pollution in underground pipelines. Contaminants present above a certain level in water can be a public health hazard. The contrast in the dielectric constant between contaminated and fresh water is one of the most important parameters to be considered for detecting the presence of pollutants in water. Simulations of frequency response and time domain pulse wave through a multi-layer medium are presented. The complex dielectric permittivity of polluted water has been measured as a function of frequency and analytically represented by Cole-Cole fit model. Water pollution can be detected by observing the variation of the reflection coefficient or reflected signals from unpolluted and polluted water. The experimental set up is described and the procedure followed to obtain an effective permittivity data is outlined. These measurements are, to the best of the author's knowledge, the first of its kind to be published. Microwave technique discussed in this manuscript for water pollution study is a pioneer technique to detect various pollutants in water.
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Статья научная
A miniaturized multiband planar monopole Ultrawideband (UWB) antenna is presented. The penta-band antenna is comprised of a: 3.1 – 10.6 GHz UWB band, 2.4 WLAN band, 1.8 GHz GSM band, 1.3 GHz GPS and a 0.95 GHz RFID band. The proposed UWB band is realized by using half of a conventional rectangular radiator size while the other half is used to realize the other bands by employing quarter wavelength U and G shaped strips called folded CLLRs (capacitively loaded loop resonators). The designed penta-band antenna has an overall size of 25 x 30 mm2. The measured and simulated results of the fabricated prototype are compared and satisfactory results are achieved.
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