Статьи журнала - International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies
Все статьи: 532
Privacy Enhancing for Fog Computing based - IoT
Статья научная
With the massive inflation of newly developed technologies, recourse to data has become a necessity in light of the current inflation and excessive need dominating the world and developed societies. According to the control of millions of smart devices and sensors connected to an interconnected and controlled automated system within installed scales due to the services provided by IOT devices through the created fog layer that connects the cloud centers and those devices, in addition, very large amounts of that data including public and private are passed through the connection of Internet of Things devices to each other. Smart and advanced networks as one of the fog computing applications play a prominent and accurate role in the infrastructure for reliable and sound data transmission. Accordingly, the process of data aggregation is an important and common matter in the world of fog-enhancing Internet of Things, so preserving the privacy of that data is a matter of concern, and based on this principle, we propose in this paper a model for data aggregation that maintains privacy using a foggy computing environment called PPFDA (privacy preserving based- fog computing data aggregation). We use in our scheme DF homomorphic cryptosystem as it consider one of the aggregation models that ensures the privacy purpose. The theoretical results and analyzes show that our design is ensuring the privacy of data during collection using an algorithm of DF. The results confirm that the proposed scheme achieves security and privacy purposes in modern network systems for the Internet of things based in fog computing. In addition, it contributes significantly to the efficient performance of storage operations.
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Privacy Preserving Similarity Measurement
Статья научная
Data similarity measurement is an important direction for data mining research. This paper is concentrated on the issue of protecting the underlying attribute values when sharing data for the similarity of objects measurement and proposes a simple data transformation method: Isometric-Based Transformation (IBT). IBT selects the attribute pairs and then distorts them with Isometric Transformation. In the process of transformation, the goal is to find the proper angle ranges to satisfy the least privacy preserving requirement and then randomly choose one angle in this interval. The experiment demonstrates that the method can distort attribute values, preserve privacy information and guarantee valid similarity measurement.
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Probabilistic Constellation Extension Scheme for PAPR Reduction in OFDM Signals
Статья научная
In this paper, a combinational method is proposed to mitigate the peak-to-average power ratio problem in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing signals. The proposed algorithm is an intelligent combination of the constellation extension and probabilistic techniques. It is shown that proposed technique achieves the significant reduction in peak-to-average power on maintaining sufficient bit error rate with a slight increase in computational complexity compared to conventional schemes.
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Статья научная
Beibuwan Economical Zone of Guangxi Province has the necessary basis and conditions to develop the madicine manufacturing industry.It is significant to select products which ficilitate the development of madicine manufacturing industry from the prospective of promoting the development of the industry smoothly. The feature of selection of essential products of medicine manufacturing can be summarized as multi-objectiveness, multi-layer, fuzziness and the interaction and penetration of different objectives. Due to these characteristics, analysis is made through analytic hierarchy process (AHP) by this thesis. The paper put forward the developmental sequence of madicine manufacturing industry in Beibuwan Economical Zone of Guangxi Province by adopting analytic hierarchy process, and pointed out that, among others, the technical competence is the most influnctial factor of a company. The appropriate developmental sequence of the products selected is biological and biochemical products, medicinal chemicals, chemical medicine and preparations. This research is in favor of speeding up the development of competitive products and creating industry competition.
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Programming SDNs: A Compass for SDN Programmer
Статья научная
The modern communication networks have evolved from simple-static systems to highly flexible and adaptive systems facilitating dynamic programmability and reconfiguration. This network evolution has influenced the lowest level of packet processing in data plane to highest level of network control and management functions. It has also influenced the overall network design and architecture which is clearly evident from the emergence of SDN and NFV. With the wide-spread acceptance of SDN, a novel networking paradigm, the network programmability has re-appeared as a top research area in networking and numerous programming languages have been proposed. In this paper, we present a systematic review of various state-of-the-art SDN programming languages used to program different network planes. We follow a top-down approach, starting with the high-level or top-tier programming languages followed by the data plane or bottom-tier programming languages. We have provided an in-depth analysis of various top-tier and bottom-tier programming languages and compared them in terms of most prominent features and supported abstractions. In addition to it, we have elaborated various programming models used in different bottom-tier programming languages which provide necessary abstractions for mapping diverse functionalities of data plane algorithms splendidly onto the specialized hardware like ASICs. Lastly, we have highlighted the research challenges in SDN programming languages like cross platform programming, necessary language libraries, support for network verification, NFV, stateful and inline packet processing, which need to be incorporated into existing programming languages to support diverse functions required in next generation networks.
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Статья научная
One of the important studies in 6G aerial radio access networks is the propagation channel modeling. The high accurate propagation channel model will save cost and time, and is more effective in the design of the air radio access network system. However, existing channel models are limited to 1 THz, while 6G wireless technology is expected to operate up to 3 THz. In this paper, the propagation channel from 275 GHz to 3 THz is modeled by modifying the Friis equation, and each parameter in the model is described and analyzed analytically. The main factors that contribute to wireless signal attenuation at terahertz, such as atmospheric oxygen and water vapor, rainfall, and cloud factors, are also discussed in detail. Furthermore, the propagation channel calculation App for 6G low-altitude platform access networks application has been built using MATLAB GUI.
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Propagation Profile and Signal Strength Variation of VHF Signal in Ekiti State Nigeria
Статья научная
This paper presents the experimental results of a study on radio frequency attenuation path loss conducted in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The objective of the study is to develop a path loss model comparable to the existing path loss models through a real time application of outdoor VHF signal propagation measurements of the Nigeria Television Authority (NTA) Channel 5 and carrier frequency of 175.25 MHz located in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Experimental measurements were taken in three routes covering the entire state. Analysis of the data collected from the experiments resulted in models which are in agreement with the existing standard models. Root Mean Square Errors were calculated for all the path loss models. Results show that the signal of the station was generally poor along the routes considered as the deviations of the measured path losses from the free space path loss exceed 6 dB in most cases.
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Proposed WiMAX hybrid scheduler with split FTP traffic and its performance evaluation
Статья научная
The most promising broadband wireless access technology, Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), is the commercial name of IEEE 802.16. It is popular due to its middle range access mobile, high data rates, high scalability and convenient deployment. WiMAX provides Quality of Service (QoS) to various triple-play services (voice, video and data) through five service classes. QoS provisioning to various service classes in WiMAX is achieved by a scheduler at MAC layer. Selection of appropriate scheduler is based on certain design goals, such as attainment of QoS required for variety of applications, fairness to all services, reduced complexity etc. However, in general, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) traffic starves for bandwidth under the presence of high priority real-time traffic. This paper proposes a WiMAX hybrid scheduler that integrates homogeneous schedulers namely Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), strict priority and a Round Robin (RR). The unique feature of the proposed scheduler is that it has a splitter for FTP traffic with varying ratio and two stage priority schedulers for providing proper traffic load distribution for packet scheduling. The analytical modelling of proposed scheduler is achieved by Markov Chain and balance equations are solved to derive performance indicators such as mean queue length of packets, mean queuing delay, throughput and inter-class fairness for various triple-play services. The analytical results show that, as compared to recently reported hybrid WiMAX schedulers, proposed hybrid scheduler fulfils QoS requirements of various services and the splitting of FTP traffic has improved fairness among various services.
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Providing Useful Data Reliably to Mobile Cloud Users from Random Wireless Sensor Network
Статья научная
The integration of mobile cloud computing and wireless sensor network plays an important role in the field of research and industry. Data fetched from Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are stored in the cloud and provides it to the mobile cloud users. This integration helps in providing data to users in the form of digitalization. To help the applications involving an integration of Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC)–Wireless Sensor Network, this paper finds the crucial things that influence the sensor data and WSN, and then propose a concept called Time based Priority Sleep Scheduling (TPSS). TPSS is divided into three parts 1. Based on the priority and time, wireless sensor network gateway should transmit the sensed data to cloud and 2. The algorithm used to save the battery consumption of mobile users in fetching data from the cloud is Priority Based Sleep Scheduling (PBSS); this provides data to users request based on the time slot. 3. Location Based Sleep Scheduling (LBSS) algorithm used to provide sensed data based on mobile cloud users location.
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Pure-Octet Extraction based Technique for Identifying Malicious URLs based on IP Address Attributes
Статья научная
On the basis of characteristics derived from IPv4 addresses, this paper offers a method for identifying interaction linked with website-based malware and then modelling a machine-learning-based classifier. In this research work, a modified approach is proposed for detecting fraudulent websites and compared with other methods like SVM assessment of IP addresses, octet-based technique, modified extended version of octet-based technique, and bit string-based characteristics. This modified approach is based on the fact that logical addressing is more reliable and consistent than other measures like URLs and DNS. The characteristic sequence which makes up URLs and domain names are more changeable with respect to IP addresses which are less changeable in comparison to URLs or domain names. The IPv4 address length is encoded into 4-byte space. Here, we have evaluated our modified approach with valid IP addresses from Kaggle [11], published on January 16, 2018, have been used to validate the efficacy of their metho.
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Статья научная
This Research focuses on cross layer approach to enhance the User Experience and Quality Of Service of video streaming in Long Term Evolution mobile network. During run time channel quality index is observed. Application layer requirement is fulfilled by changing modulation techniques as well as dynamic allocation of resources. This paper proposes a algorithm which improves the End-to-End Delay,Peak Signal to Noise Ratio of transmitted video over Mobile Network. Experimental results show the improvement in end to end delay by 89% and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio by 8%. Simulation in Network Simulator-3 provide credible evidence that this proposed cross-layer algorithm outperforms between earlier algorithm in providing better Quality Of Experience for real time, adaptive video streaming over Long Term Evolution.
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Quantum Computers’ threat on Current Cryptographic Measures and Possible Solutions
Статья научная
Cryptography is a requirement for confidentiality and authentic communication, and it is an indispensable technology used to protect data security. Quantum computing is a hypothetical model, still in tentative analysis but is rapidly gaining traction among scientific communities. Quantum computers have the potential to become a pre-eminent threat to all secure communication because their performance exceeds that of conventional computers. Consequently, quantum computers are capable of iterating through a large number of keys to search for secret keys or quickly calculate cryptographic keys, thereby endangering cloud security measures. This paper’s main target is to summarize the vulnerability of current cryptographic measures in front of a quantum computer. The paper also aims to cover the fundamental concept of potential quantum-resilient cryptographic techniques and explain how they can be a solution to complete secure key distribution in a post-quantum future.
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RF CMOS Low Noise Amplifier Design-A Case Study
Статья научная
A design methodology of Differential Design of CMOS low noise amplifier (LNA) with source degeneration for Bluetooth frequency is presented. The results show that the proposed topology is effective and can be used to achieve the minimum noise figure at all frequencies of interest. This LNA was realized in 0.18μm CMOS technology using Microwave Office Tool from AWR Inc. The measured noise figure is 2.066 dB and the gain is 20.29 dB.
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RIS-assisted Coverage Maximization Using Multi-UAVs in LTE Networks
Статья научная
In this paper, in order to improve the coverage and the Quality of Service of end-users on the edge of a cellular network, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is employed to give them direct line of sight. In addition to that, to improve the performance of the said UAVs, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) are introduced to the model, in such a way that will enhance the connection of the UAVs with the base station. An RIS will receive a signal from the base station, modulate it and then the RIS will act as the transmitter, sending the signal towards the UAV. By simulating our proposed approach using MATLAB, we have demonstrated that utilizing RIS-assisted communication maximizes coverage between the Base Station and the UAV, outperforming the simulation results of coverage as a function of height without the use of RIS. The significance of this work lies in its ability to enhance the signal quality and coverage at cell edges by leveraging UAVs as intermediate relays. These UAVs serve the purpose of connecting users with weak or no links, effectively bridging the gap. In our simulation results, we employed RIS to strengthen the backhaul link quality between the UAVs and base stations. While our work successfully addresses the challenges of connectivity and coverage, it is important to note that we have not specifically focused on the cost aspect of these factors.
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Статья научная
In the recent years the development in communication systems requires the development of low cost, minimal weight and low profile antenna that is capable of maintaining high performance over a wide spectrum of frequencies. This technological trend has focused much effort into the design of a microstrip patch antenna. The aim of this paper is to design and simulate a triangular microstrip patch array antenna using HFSS software and compare the performance of 2 elements, 4 elements and 8 elements patch arrays with that of a single patch for the same operating frequency. Also comparisons are made between the performance of series, corporate and series-corporate feed network. These arrays are designed to operate at a frequency of 11 GHz. Our goal is to obtain a high directivity with better gain and reduced losses, to be especially used for X band applications such as satellite communication, radar, medical applications, and other wireless systems.
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Real-Time Animal Location Estimation Using Wearable Sensors and Cellular Mobile Networks
Статья научная
In this article, we propose a novel concept of using an existing cellular network to find the location of animals living in outdoor environments. The proposed method has simplified hardware architecture which can be implemented at a meager cost. Moreover, the sensors communicate with existing cellular networks, which will reduce the implementation cost. The proposed system consists of a SIM 900 GSM module, a BMP280 pleasure sensor, and a battery as a wearable device that can warn the animal. The wearable device will send the real-time pressure values of the animal. In the proposed model, the pressure value, radial distance of transmitter fixed at the animal, and direction of the electromagnetic waves are used to calculate the real-time coordinates of the animals. The received pressure value and the radial distance will be used to calculate the location using this proposed model. The proposed model parameters' error was analyzed and simulated using suitable probability density distributions, and results were presented.
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Reconfigurable Origami Antennas: A Review of the Existing Technology and its Future Prospects
Статья научная
Owing to the much-gained popularity and unique properties of origami antenna, a review of some of the important types of these antennas is conducted. Origami is an ancient paper folding technique which has many applications in technical and non-technical fields. With the growing trend of utilizing origami concept, it was integrated with the electromagnetic field to realize reconfigurable antennas. This review contains some of the important applications in which the origami antennas are widely used to make the system more efficient. The development of the antennas over the years and some state-of-the-art designs are discussed along with the future trends in design and manufacturing of origami antennas. Some unique abilities of origami antennas which make them better choice than other antennas are smaller size and volume in addition to being light weight, cost efficient and easily manufacturing. They are widely used to reduce the size of bulky antennas which is very handy in many space and air borne facilities and provide reconfigurable frequency. They are even used to provide mobile range in far off regions which are not accessible with the use of ordinary antennas. The field of antenna design is vast and provides a lot of room for further advancements which are covered in future trends of the paper. This paper provides a detailed review of the different designs of antenna and points towards possible future enhancements and state of the art designs for the fabrication of antenna.
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Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Partial Ground, Slot, and Step for 5-6GHz IoT Applications
Статья научная
A wideband microstrip antenna is proposed with the partially ground structure for ISM (Industry, Science, Medical) band other wireless applications like worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN). The need for compact antennas is continuously growing due to the rapid expansion of applications in today's environment. In this paper, a novel compact broadband patch antenna with an oval patch, rectangular slot, step, and partial ground is presented, which is compatible with ISM band, WLAN, and WiMAX applications. For S11(10dB) the suggested antenna has a bandwidth of 4.78GHz to 6.80GHz. The prototype is constructed on a commercially available FR4 substrate with dimensions of 20*15*1.6 mm3. The proposed antenna is ideally suited for ISM band WiMAX and WLAN applications. For bandwidth enhancement, a rectangular cut, a step below an oval patch is used and a partial ground structure is used to improve reflection co-efficient parameters (S11).
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Статья научная
Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consist of a large number of sensor nodes with finite and limited energy levels distributed throughout a finite area. The energy of the nodes is mostly consumed to send information to a central station. Extending the network lifetime through decreasing the energy consumption of the nodes has always obtained attention, due to the energy limitations in WSNs. In this paper, a multi-level genetic based clustering algorithm is proposed to extend the lifetime of these types of networks. The proposed multi-level clustering algorithm divides the geographical area into three levels according to the radio range and the clustering of the nodes in each level is performed independently. Technically, Cluster Heads (CH) consumes more energy than other nodes to transmit data. So, the proposed algorithm aims to extend the network lifetime by reducing the number of CHs. Finally, a better energy consumption balance between the nodes is realized by altering the CHs in each routing round. The results of the experiments show the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of and the network lifetime over other analogous protocols.
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Reduction of Feedback Based-on User Traffic Rate in OFDM Relay System
Статья научная
In order to reduce feedback while maintaining user performance in multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) relay system, feedback mechanism based on user traffic rate is proposed. From the aspects of feedback outage probability, user weighted channel gain related to user traffic rate is compared with the system threshold. The higher user traffic rate is, the bigger the user traffic weight becomes. So the high traffic rate user has greater probability to be fed back, which can support different traffic rate. Simulation results show that the proposed feedback mechanism can bring more feedback sub-carriers to the user with high traffic rate.
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