Mongolia and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization: A Thematic Research Analysis of Position, Context, and Trends

The article analyzes Mongolia's position, situation and development trends within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Based on qualitative interviews with senior officials from Mongolia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, National Security Council and Ministry of Defence, as well as expert opinions and content analysis (using T-value coefficients), the study explores Mongolia's long-lasting-observer status, the advantages and disadvantages of full membership and its core foreign policy framework as a “third neighbour” foreign policy. The findings highlight a cautious and balanced approach that prioritizes national security and sovereignty amid a complex geopolitical environment.