Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1587
Maternal age at first birth: dynamics, regional differences, determination
Статья научная
The article presents the research results of the age model at first birth in Russia for the period of 1960-2019 which is available for calculations. The authors demonstrate the compatibility of data on first births from different sources, and calculate the indicator of “mean maternal age at first birth” using the methods of longitudinal and transverse demographic analysis (for real and conditional generations). The researchers have revealed that mother’s age at first birth in the period from the 1960s to 1994 was decreasing from 24.4 to 22.5 years, then it was growing and in 2019 it made up 25.9 years. The age at first birth in “young” real generations is lower than in conventional ones, in 2018-2019, it made up 25.9 years, but in none of real generations of women born in 2000 and older the total count value of this indicator reaches this level. This is evidence of timing shifts in the second half of the 1990s - early 2000s, after which, probably, the delayed births were realized, which caused an increase in the birth rate. The average maternal age at first birth has been calculated for all regions of Russia, showing variability from 23 to 28 years, in most of them the figure made up 25-26 years. The minimum values of the indicator are shown in the republics of Tyva (23.4 years), Dagestan (23.5), Chechnya (23.7), and Zabaykalsky Krai (23.9); the maximum values are revealed in Saint Petersburg (28.0) and Moscow (27.7). The main determinants of motherhood age are the level of education and marital behavior, which indicates the importance of socio-economic independence in the process of reproductive behavior formation. The novelty of the study lies in the use of the author’s approach taking into account the strengths and weaknesses of longitudinal and transverse demographic analysis, which provides reliable data on mother’s age at first birth. From a practical point of view, assessing motherhood age makes it possible to justify the importance of improving the effectiveness of youth and demographic policies.
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Mathematical simulation modeling of the income taxation system with the use of Tukey's q-test
Статья научная
The study deals with the development of a mathematical simulation models for the income taxation system. The paper uses general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis), mathematical simulation modeling techniques and substantiation of statistical hypotheses. This comprehensive approach is carried out in two stages; this fact distinguished our present study from previously published works on the subject. Flat personal income tax rate is assumed as a basic condition of the system. An effective system of income taxation should take into account two mandatory conditions. The first condition relates to the budget and consists in the non-reduction of tax revenues of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation. The second - social - condition is to eliminate excessive social inequality in the first five decile groups of citizens by income. In order to fulfill the first condition, we create a mathematical simulation model, which includes non-taxable minimum and tax deductions...
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Matters of state regulation of distribution processes and of income use in modern Russia
Статья научная
The article proves that in modern Russia the system of non-optimal and unfair income distribution between the state and managing subject and between the social groups of the population has developed. The author thinks that in order to provide optimal and fair distribution and use of income it’s necessary to refuse from discredited liberal-monetarist policy and to turn to the model of market economy development, regulated by the state.
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Maturity of teenagers' occupational preferences as a factor in their socialization
Статья научная
One of the most acute problems in employment of both the country in general and the region in particular is the structural imbalance caused by the mismatch of professional skills of graduates of educational institutions with labor market requirements. The reason for this process is often an inefficiently structured vocational guidance and lack of close interaction between potential employers and the educational system. The authors analyze the degree of maturity of teenagers' occupational preferences and its impact on timely acceptance of social roles and their skillful performance in accordance with the requirements of the modern innovation-oriented society. The informational base of the study includes data of the 2015 comprehensive survey of children in their mid and late teens enrolled in the Research-Educational Center of ISEDT RAS (8-11 grades). The obtained results suggest that the key issue in terms of occupational self-determination corresponding to teenagers' personal inclinations is their unawareness about the conditions and basic requirements for the profession; about their own physiological capabilities; the inability to compare their preferences with the real abilities...
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Measuring the dynamics of agglomerative processes in the regional economy
Статья научная
The article deals with an approach to studying agglomerations’ socio-economic characteristics on the basis of criterial indicators system. The regional agglomerative process has been measured by calculating numerical scores and generalized estimates according to 16 indicators that correspond to the criteria of agglomerative development. The calculations are based on the statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service. Calculated estimates allow to measure the dynamics of regional agglomerative process, fix recession and growth periods, understand the specifics of this process in every region and manage it. It becomes possible to obtain information not only about the quantitative but qualitative changes in the regional agglomerative process: one can see the areas of region’s lagging or leading and use this information in developing regional policy, strategic planning and management.
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Статья научная
The main prerequisite for successful innovative development is the natural course of modernization of world industries, currently characterized by the transition to “Industry 4.0”, where the main driver is information technology (including digital). With regard to the Kazakhstan economy, the emphasis is increased according to the Message of the President of Khazakhstan Nazarbayev N.A. to the people of Kazakhstan “The Third Modernization of Kazakhstan: Global Competitiveness”, dated 31.01.2017. He delivered “the first priority - accelerated technological modernization of the economy”. At the same time, an important aspect of accelerated technological modernization is the provision that it is important “to cultivate new industries that are created with the use of digital technology”. The purpose for the article is to develop scientific and practical recommendations and effective organizational and economic mechanisms to form IT-clusters in the regions of Kazakhstan on the way to “Industry 4.0”...
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Статья научная
The article is devoted to the study of mechanisms of formation and implementation of organizational and managerial components of the region's human capital in the conditions of transition to innovation type of economy. The algorithm of forming the organizational and managerial components of human potential in the conditions of transition to innovation economy is proposed.
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Megaprojecting as a tool of strategical and territorial management
Статья научная
Modern territorial strategic management needs upgraded tools. Today megaprojects are the actual but ambiguous strategical management tools of territorial development along with the federal target-oriented programs. There are both positive and negative examples of territorial megaprojecting in history. The article divulges the reasons for the development of territorial megaprojects; it describes their distinctive features and risks. The conditions for the effective practical application of territorial megaprojects in the sphere of strategic territorial management are substantiated in the article.
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Mental health of population in the COVID-19 pandemic: trends, consequences, factors, and risk groups
Статья обзорная
The purpose of the study is to analyze the mental health losses of population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on the systematization of foreign and Russian studies regarding the pandemic impact on mental health, two major burdens (neuro-psychiatric and psycho-emotional) and three levels of ill health manifestations (physiological, mental, and behavioral disorders) were revealed. We used the method of analyzing articles from international electronic databases on the topic of mental health loss due to the new coronavirus pandemic and other epidemics. The scientific novelty of the study consists of the identification of psycho-emotional and psycho-neurological burden of the pandemic, determination of a three-level structure of mental ill health manifestations, and a comprehensive approach to the analysis of losses (includes the characterization of emerging mental health disorders, risk factors and groups, as well as the search for its prevention areas). We achieved the following results: neuropsychiatric burden is manifested in damages to the central and peripheral nervous system, neuropsychiatric and cerebrovascular complications, and changes of mental status due to the neurotoxic effects of the SARS CoV-2 virus. The psycho-emotional burden of the COVID-19 pandemic reveals itself physiologically - in somatic reactions to a stressful situation. At the mental level, there is a debut or relapse of panic, anxiety, depressive disorders, adaptation disorders, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. The behavioral level is associated with an increase in cases of domestic violence, various addictions, suicidal and protective behavior, changes of food habits, etc. The authors conclude that most negative consequences are preventable. The practical significance of the research is to prepare a list of mental health disorders during the pandemic, groups, and risk factors for its loss. Findings about groups and risk factors will allow substantiating the structure of further sociological research. The results obtained (including a list of ways of reducing the burden) can be used by authorities in the development of programs to strengthen population’s mental health, including high-risk groups. Their implementation will reduce the burden on the medical network, improve population’s quality of life, preserve the labor potential and social stability of society necessary for the post-pandemic economic recovery, and prevent the psycho-emotional burden of future epidemics. Research perspectives are cross-country comparison of the psycho-emotional burden of the pandemic and its dependence on the anti-epidemic policies implemented by governments (introduction of strict self-isolation measures, lockdown, media activities, mandatory testing, etc.).
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Статья научная
The paper summarizes and systematizes theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of the concept of “mentality”. The authors review historical-philosophical, cultural-anthropological, psychological, ethnographic, socio-cultural and sociological, socio-economic and interdisciplinary approaches. Special attention is paid to the system approach that considers how mental characteristics are manifested. The paper presents the structural approach that focuses on individual continents of mentality and an approach to the study from the standpoint of the “level of the nature of mentality” (conceptual-semantic, values-and-target, and behavioral levels). The authors substantiate the necessity of using an interdisciplinary approach to the determination of mentality. This is due to the fact that this scientific category is widely used in different sciences (sociology, psychology, the humanities), which requires unified conceptual analytical methods. The authors reveal distinctive features according to which mentality can be classified; they include: 1) the level of analysis (individual, professional, social mentality); 2) territorial feature (urban/rural (provincial)); 3) the level of historical development (primitive/ modern (civilized))...
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Metallurgical corporations and the state: trends in financial interaction of the last decade
Статья научная
The dominant role of big business in the formation of Russia's GDP determines its high importance both for the country's economy as a whole and for the economies of individual regions. In this regard, studies that address the issues of assessing the financial interaction of large corporations with the state are relevant and necessary. Interaction of these economic agents with each other is complex and contradictory, as in modern market conditions the interests of the state and economic entities are multidirectional. The Vologda Research Center of RAS pays attention to studying the influence of large corporations on regional development, in particular on the formation of budget revenues. As a result of the long-term research, we have formed a serious factual base that allows understanding the main interaction features of large businesses with the regional and federal budgets, to determine systemic shortcomings of the state's tax policy including those related to the taxation of profits and income of corporate owners. However, currently, there is no single mechanism in the scientific literature that can be used to most comprehensively assess the financial interaction of large businesses with the region. At the same time, the results of such an assessment can become a serious foundation for justifying many management decisions. The purpose of the study is to assess the trends of financial interaction between the state and corporations on the basis of the developed methodological tools. The authors have tested the methodology in the case of ferrous metallurgy industry. The object of the study is the financial interaction of large ferrous metallurgy corporations (PJSC “Severstal”, PJSC “MMK” and PJSC “NLMK”) with the state. The paper uses the methods of structural (weight) analysis, coefficient analysis linking the microeconomic indicators of enterprises with the macroeconomic indicators of the home regions, the index method, and the method of level estimation when creating the methodological assessment tools.
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Metaphor for trust: the “umbrella effect” in global science
Статья научная
The purpose of the article is to consider the foreign experience in conceptualization and study of trust, to provide a critical review of the multidisciplinary issues of trust in modern world science, the relevance of which is explained by the increasing shortage of public trust. The research novelty of the study lies in the identification of forms, types, and trends in the subject area of trust in terms of determining the internal and interdisciplinary boundaries of various humanitarian fields. The interdisciplinary subject of trust in terms of the “umbrella effect” of competing paradigms and approaches is presented; the definition of trust as a multidimensional construct is conceptualized; the category-concept set of classification of trust include variables: resource pools (availability and configuration); rules of the game (resource share and coordination); target functions (efficiency, productivity); functions focused on people (social roles and practices, interpersonal relations); sense-making (realistic and perceived effect); focus on action (practical effects); focus on perception (interpretive effects)...
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Metaphor of society (a sociological essay)
Статья научная
The essay by Academician G.V. Osipov, the patriarch of Russian sociology, is dedicated to one of the most cognitive topics of modern sociology - identification of sociological metaphor as such and its application in research projects. This topic is avant-garde for the world sociological thought, and in Russia such kind of research is making its first steps. However, its future importance is difficult to overestimate. Sociological metaphor, if a methodology for its application is developed, can provide scientists with qualitatively new synthetic research tools. It can also bring together scientific structures and artifacts on the space of interdisciplinary and inter-subject borderland and give them qualitatively new intellectual and sensuous (system and mental) technological capabilities for learning the surrounding world. The advantage of the following essay can be found in the fact that it is based on the objective analysis of the real embodiment of social metaphor in the work of art - a pictorial triptych “The Mystery of the21st Century”...
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Methodological approach and tools for ensuring region's balanced spatial development
Статья научная
Due to the concentration of labor, financial, and other resources in agglomerations and “denudation” of regions' periphery, a number of significant problems are becoming more acute in the transformation process of spatial economic structure. Such problems threaten the balance of intra- and interregional development. One of them is an important differentiation of Russian regions' municipalities in terms of socio-economic development level. There is a dilemma of choosing the regional spatial policy vector: either to support the growth points' development (agglomerations, special economic zones, territories of advanced socio-economic development), or to reduce socio-economic inequality through additional support for the periphery development. Using the integration of the concepts of the reference frame and sub-regional approach, the research proposes a methodological approach to the balanced spatial development of the region. On the region's territory, the research distinguishes natural sub-regions, which are the elements of the territory's reference economic frame, and artificial sub-regions, which are based on inter-municipal cooperation. The essence of the approach is to establish balance between regulation of natural economic processes in the region (for example, institutionalization and reduction of agglomerations' negative effects) and state support for depressed territories' development (for example, program sub-regions' formation). Its usage in the regional management practice allows forming methodological basis for working out strategic documents for the region's spatial development, economic, organizational, institutional, and social instruments of regional policy. The work presents a set of tools for improving the spatial development balance of the Republic of Bashkortostan, related to the development of natural sub-regions which are already objective growth points in the region, as well as aimed at stimulating the economic self-development of depressed and peripheral territories of the Republic of Bashkortostan.
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Статья научная
Development of companies should aim to increase their value; it is provided by applying the concept of value-based management. This approach can also be the basis for the growth of the value of integrated companies or groups, strategic projects and economic sectors. The mineral resources sector is characterized by a high level of vertical integration, and its own effect of technological, economic and institutional factors that determine the value of mineral assets and products. Assessment of value of the projects of the sectoral level can be carried out with the application of the concept of added value and value chains designed on this basis. The aim of the present research is to substantiate scientifically an approach to assessing the project for establishing the tin industry in the Republic of Kazakhstan taking into account the concept of value added. We use the following research methods: comparative analysis, system approach, strategic analysis, and managerial decision-making methods...
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Статья научная
The article substantiates improvement suggestions in policy and practice of educational service price forming in the higher education system.
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Methodological approaches to the estimation of the regional public health services efficiency
Статья научная
The publication is devoted to the problem of estimation of the regional public health services’ efficiency. In the article the nowadays existing approaches to estimation of the expenses’ efficiency for public health services are discussed, their brief comparative analysis is given. The conclusion about inexpediency of use of the techniques based on the analysis of the resource component of the public health services, without taking into account social effect, is drawn. As an alternative the technique based on the parallel estimation of the financial (the expense for rendering medical aid) and the demographic (losses of the population in the region from premature death rate) parameters is offered.
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Methodological aspects for the assessment of the state and use of human capital
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the efficient use of human capital. It describes the methodical approaches of Russian and foreign scholars to the category of “human capital”. The article gives an author's interpretation of human capital and reveals its main components. Besides, t provides the criteria and indicators for assessing the state and use of human capital of the agricultural organizations. The authors describe a tested mechanism to enhance employees' motivation for highly productive labor based on the study of staff motivational complex.
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Статья научная
This article considers uneven socio-economic development of territories. The experience of many countries convincingly demonstrates that the heterogeneity of space is a significant obstacle to the sustainable development of regions. Having analyzed the works of foreign and domestic scientists, the authors prove that in the course of transformation of the views on spatial development, there gradually evolved an idea of uneven socio-economic development as an objective feature of any territory. The study classifies factors that influence the socio-economic inequality of territories and determine its complexity. The authors pay attention to the fact that when studying development unevenness the researchers use different terms (“differentiation”, “asymmetry”, “polarization”, “disproportion”) that are often treated as similar. Therefore, the paper puts forward a hypothesis that there exists a relationship between these concepts that have similar meaning, and the special nature of this relationship is manifested in the fact that these concepts represent different stages of unevenness...
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