Labor economics. Рубрика в журнале - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Статья научная
Currently, the concept of employment precarization is one of the most discussed topics in the field of social and labor relations. It is due to the fact that this phenomenon affects more people than unemployment and poses a threat to the provision of decent working conditions in modern economic environment, when flexible forms of employment are coming to the fore. Their use, despite many positive aspects, often leads to the destabilization of labor relations, the effects of which go far beyond the specific workplace. In this regard, the goal of our article is to study and classify the implications of employment precarization at different levels of society organization. We use general scientific methods such as critical analysis, generalization, comparison, and classification, which serve as the basis for the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature on the subject. The findings of our study prove that the effects of employment precarization are indeed multifaceted. At the individual level, this is manifested in the deterioration of material well-being, social security and health, and also in the uncertainty of personal/family and professional prospects. There may be benefits in the framework of the organization, but the destabilization of labour relations poses far greater threats, such as reduced productivity, increased staff turnover, and increased costs associated with the health and safety of employees. All this can have a negative impact on the life of society as a whole, affecting the functioning of the labor market, the degree of social cohesion, the stability of the political situation, the scale of social inequality and social exclusion, and the pace of socio-economic development. The prospects for further research are to consider the implications of employment precarization, taking into account the specifics of the social and labor sphere in Russia.
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Статья научная
The research urgency is caused by implementing the investment projects for the development of raw material base and transport infrastructure, solution of the long-term goals of socio-economic development, ensuring national security of the Russian Arctic which are provided by the Basic Principles of Russian Federation State Policy in the Arctic to 2035 and the Strategy for the Development of the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation up to 2020. One of the priorities is training of highly qualified personnel for work in the extreme natural and economic conditions of the Arctic, which will increase the efficiency of labor results and ensure comprehensive safety of the population. The purpose of the study is a quantitative and qualitative analysis of highly qualified personnel training in the interests of the development of the Russian Arctic in 2015-2018. The scientific novelty and theoretical significance of the article is due to the fact that the implementation of the so-called “Arctic” educational programs by Russian universities, including those belonging to the National Arctic Scientific and Educational Consortium, is monitored using sociological and analytical methods. Based on the results of the study and the existing experience, the authors propose the ways to improve the quality of training, including updating educational standards, using network forms of higher education, developing targeted training and innovative research infrastructure, and creating a world-class research and education center based on the universities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The researchers make a conclusion about the possibility of using the study results when developing the measures of regional labor management policy, as well as the formation of expert and analytical opinion on the issues of highly qualified personnel training at the institutes of higher education in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The materials of the article have been repeatedly tested and can be used in the educational process at universities. A further scientific search may be associated with an attempt to compare the features of personnel training at the universities of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and the University of the Arctic.
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Статья научная
The purpose of the research is to conduct the econometric modeling of the interconnection between changes of the output and unemployment levels in Russia by disaggregating the periods of the decline and economic growth. Research methods are based on a modified Okun’s model which reflects the impact of changes in the output volumes on the dynamics of the unemployment level. The sample includes 79 Russian regions and uses annual (2000-2019) and quarterly (2010-2019) data. The results obtained showed that the Okun’s coefficient is negative in each studied specification, which corresponds to the theoretical content of the interaction between macro-economic parameters. Middle-term (2010- 2019) values of the Okun’s coefficient (-0.105) are acquired on the basis of the Generalized Linear Model assessments, which is free from perturbations associated with quarterly parameter fluctuations. The Okun’s coefficient value, calculated according to quarterly data, is around -0.05. We statistically analyzed the “asymmetry effects” on the labor market during the economic decline and recovery growth on the basis of annual data (2000-2019). Assessments of the econometric models showed that the Okun’s coefficient displays stronger reaction of the unemployment to the decline (-0.167) in comparison with the recovery growth (-0.090). The novelty of the research results is related to the construction of the econometric models reflecting the impact of changes in the output models on the dynamics of the unemployment level in Russia in 2000-2019 and disaggregated periods of the economic decline and recovery growth. The following development of this research will be related to the assessment of the impact of the economic recession on the unemployment level in Russian regions. The results may be used for conducting anti-crisis policy in the labor market during the economic recession.
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Статья научная
Nowadays Russian Federation is one of the world leaders according to the number of international labor migrants it receives. Russia is among the top ten countries according to the volume of remittances from foreign workers to their countries of origin. However, it is impossible to provide an exact statistical estimate for the total number of foreign citizens working in the Russian labor market since there continue to exist certain legal regimes within the post-Soviet area concerning entry into Russia and staying there. The present research analyzes a methodology for an indirect estimate of the overall number of foreign workers in the Russian labor market. The methodology is based on the data on money transfers to migrants' countries of origin, on the estimate of their income in Russia and on the structure of their usage. The research reveals that according to the “medium scenario” in 2017 there were about 7.2 million foreigners working in Russia, and only 2.9 million of them worked legally. The following conclusion can be made: about 60% of foreign workers in Russia are not included in the data of the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia and the General Administration for Migration Issues under the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The estimate of the foreign workers' contribution to Russian GDP is based on the overall number of foreign labor migrants in Russia. According to our estimate, their contribution was around 6.4% in 2017.
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Human capital competencies in high-tech and knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy
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Modern society is a knowledge economy. A person who is able to assimilate, analyze, and transform information, received from outside, into knowledge comes to the fore. The requirements for professional and general cultural competencies of the leader’s personality are determined by his position in the system of two types of relations: formal ones, due to the power vertical of responsible dependence, and informal ones, related to interpersonal likes and dislikes and intergroup relations in the performance of direct official and public functions. Within the framework of assessing the personal qualities of a leader in high-tech and knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy, there are criteria for indicators and development levels of his/her competence. A successful leader in high-tech and knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy should not only have value-based ideas about the organization of labor and have high professional competencies but also be able to effectively and lawfully manage human capital and know the mechanisms of the labor economy. Knowledge becomes the leading production segment, commodity exchange. In the leading countries, from 75 to 90% of the gross domestic product is created at the expense of scientific and technological progress, research and development work. The mechanism of knowledge production has been launched, which is a combination of fundamental science, universities, business schools, knowledge transfer, information flows, etc. In this regard, a leader of an organization and staff should have formed competencies for working in conditions of quantitative data overload, irrelevant and blurry information, information and emotional overload. Effective management style of a leader involves the formation of competencies for localization of information pressure, which is aimed at developing information culture in the organization. Our purpose is to determine the dominant characteristics of the qualities of a leader - a manager, working in the field of high-tech and knowledge-intensive industries, to develop a model of the formation and development of competences of a leader in the field of human capital management in the process of his professional activity, as well as the model of the leadership institute development. The authors adhere to the basic idea of the need to analyze abilities, knowledge, and skills, acquired and formed at an university, and to assess general professional and personal qualities of graduates that are required by employers. The main applied methods include desk and sociological research based on systematic and integrative approaches.
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Implementing active aging in the labor sphere (case study of the Republic of Komi)
Статья научная
The goal of this paper is to investigate issues related to active aging and resource potential of the older population in the labor sphere: we assess the level and nature of employment of working pensioners and daily engagement of the unemployed in the conditions of reforming the Russian pension system. This topic is relevant due to Russia’s transition to the Western model of aging and the adoption of a law on raising the retirement age. The sources of information include official statistics and the findings of the sociological research “Problems of the third age” that we conducted in 2013 and 2018. After Russia had suspended the indexation of pensions to working pensioners, it witnessed a sharp decline in employment of old-age pensioners, which led to a decrease in their income level, lower employment potential of people of retirement age and a reduction in the duration of active life. Studies prove that age, education, and the type of locality, as well as gender-specific behavioral strategies in the workplace are among the strongest employment determinants for older people. There is a fairly stable employment structure in the older population: more than 70% retain their current job, more than 20% find unskilled jobs that are usually in demand among pensioners. As the age increases, not only does the share of working pensioners decrease, but also the percentage of those employed in the same workplace as before retirement decreases. Age discrimination typical of the Russian external labor market is duplicated by discrimination in the domestic market. The labor potential of older people is not utilized to its fullest extent: the reserve is more than 10%. People under 65 have a predominant desire to continue working, depending on their health status, working conditions, and the severity of the issue of double employment. In the five years that have passed between the surveys, unemployed elderly people became more engaged in activities beyond their home life; nevertheless, they are still mostly focused on their family and household.
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Implementing workplace innovation across Europe: why, how and what?
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Based on a 51-case study research in 10 EU Member States this article demonstrates the implementation of workplace innovation. Why do companies apply workplace innovation and what different strategies can be discerned? How do these companies implement workplace innovation interventions and who are involved in that process? Finally, what types of workplace innovation interventions are being implemented, and what is known about the (expected) effects. The article concludes that successful workplace innovation is interplay of management driven business goals and employee driven quality of work goals. The implication for both companies and policy makers is that constructive cooperation between management and employees is a key success factor for innovation, competitiveness and active jobs. We close by providing policy makers and practitioners with a few suggestions to improve the dissemination and implementation of workplace innovation respectively.
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Статья научная
The article presents the results of identification of groups with low level and quality of life among Russian economically active population. Its relevance is determined by the clarification of national goals and targets for Russia’s development until 2030, as well as the reduction of population’s level and quality of life considering socio-economic consequences associated with measures to counter the spread of COVID-19. The results of the research complement other publications devoted to the study of multidimensional poverty and the social structure of society, offering criteria and social standards for identifying the lower groups by the level and quality of life among economically active population. Social standards for assessing the employment situation, education, material and property provision of households (monetary income, savings, and real estate), as well as social standards taking into account self-assessments of the level and quality of life, are overviewed. When identifying the employment situation, it is proposed to identify key and additional features of precarious employment with the identification of the most vulnerable groups among the employed. Based on the analysis of RLMS data, we obtained estimates of the scale of groups with low level and quality of life in Russia for 2018, which include more than 40% of economically active population. Among them, precariously employed people are the most widely represented, while a significant part of them is characterized by a concentration of signs of precarious employment. The structure of groups with a low level and quality of life is determined, and the core, extended core, and periphery are identified in their composition. The proposed methodology makes it possible to develop targeted social policy measures taking into account typical problems in the area of employment, material and property provision, etc. Further research may be linked to development of a methodology for multi-criteria identification of groups that are characterized by a more prosperous situation in terms of the level and quality of life, including the study of the prevalence of precarious employment among them.
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Статья научная
The paper studies the relationship between the minimum wage and the subsistence level in the Russian economy. In particular, we analyze the degree of elaboration of the issue and reveal its aspects that are studied most extensively, less extensively and those aspects that remain debatable. We use a methodology of normative-positive analysis and reveal a causal relationship, according to which the subsistence level should determine the consumer basket and the minimum wage, respectively. However, as we note in our paper, in the current economic practice the specified relationship has the opposite direction as well. We consider the main trends in the change of the subsistence level, the consumption basket and the minimum wage at the level of the Russian economy and conclude that their nominal and legally established equality does not promote real simple reproduction of labor force in certain regions. Moreover, the data obtained in the course of empirical analysis show that there is a differentiation in the level of wages between the regions of one type of activity. Scientific novelty of our study consists in the fact that it considers the complete cycle of circulation of the commodity form of the simple labor force, including the receipt of the advanced minimum wage, the minimum disposable income, and the subsistence level. The data on Russia obtained during the analysis show that the minimum wage remains behind the real subsistence level; such a situation impedes the creation of conditions for the simple reproduction of labor force. The results we have obtained can be used to develop regulations at the federal and regional levels, to develop target programs to support rural areas and to study the correlation between the subsistence level and the minimum wage differentiated by sector, region and level of professional training of employees.
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Motivating young people's labor behavior as an opportunity for implementing financial strategies
Статья научная
The constantly changing socio-economic conditions in Russia attract the researchers’ attention to the urgent problem of unemployment, in particular among young people. The article, based on the results of the study (conducted in Moscow in 2017) obtained using sociological methods - qualitative (expert interviews) and quantitative (questionnaires), discusses various barriers to the implementation of the labor potential of young professionals (aged 23-35) in the labor market in Moscow; special attention is paid to factors that influence labor motivation. The age group under review has an absolutely objective attitude towards vulnerable population groups in the labor market. The purpose of the present research is to identify the dominant factors limiting the use of labor potential of young people, and analyze the current trends in the labor market which help critically assess the prospects for realizing their abilities in labor activity for further development of financial practices...
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Performance-based pay - a new (mixed) payment scheme for Russian civil servants
Статья научная
We have developed a fundamentally new approach to the provision of financial incentives (bonuses) to civil servants, which does not contradict the concept of new public management (NPM) and has a certain similarity with the corporate (Asian) performance-based type of remuneration system. In the context of our study, “performance” means socio-economic development of Russian regions. We develop and test our methodology in two successive stages: first, we carry out a retrospective assessment of the level of development of Russia's constituent entities (according to regional statistics), and then we calculate the amount of bonuses paid to civil servants according to their performance. Based on the level of socio-economic development, we solve the problem of clustering of Russian regions with the use of neuromodeling. The prognostic function is implemented on the basis of neural network technologies (through the development of appropriate Bayesian ensemble of dynamic neuromodules)...
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Статья научная
The article presents the reproduction of labor potential of a municipal district as a continuous renewal process of its quantitative and qualitative features, consisting of three consecutive phases: formation, distribution (including redistribution) and exploitation. The research paper reveals the problems and specifics of labor potential reproduction at the municipal level on the basis of processing available statistical and sociological information on the districts of the Vologda Oblast. The materials of the territorial body of the Federal State Statistics Service in the Vologda Oblast and databases of questionnaire surveys conducted by ISEDT RAS served as an information base of the research. The analysis has allowed characterizing the modern structure of labor potential as a kind of “starter” state which largely determines future development prospects. Special attention is given to the formation, distribution and exploitation of labor potential qualitative characteristics which are assessed in the article on the basis of studies carried out by ISEDT RAS in eight municipal districts of the Vologda Oblast and the cities of Vologda and Cherepovets (sample size - 1,500 people of working age)...
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Статья научная
The article is devoted to a meaningful analysis of the impact of the retirement age increase on the economy of the Murmansk Oblast and the attitude of its residents. The pension system, which includes protectionism for the population of the North, has a significant impact on the economy, social life, and migration of the population. Therefore, the assessment of the impact of the retirement age changes on social and economic processes is particularly relevant for the Northern and Arctic territories. Three objectives were achieved: 1. Considering the change of the retirement age, the forecast for the number of able-bodied population of the Murmansk Oblast was made. It is shown that the increase of the retirement age will halt the steady decline of able-bodied population in the region, but it will not break the trend. Comparison with the results of the forecast for Russia as a whole showed that it qualitatively distinguishes the situation in the region from the national situation. 2. The features of GRP production in the Murmansk region, based on economic and statistical modeling, are reviewed. It is established that, with the current structure of the economy, a slight reduction of the decrease rate of the able-bodied population number will not have a significant impact on the production of GRP. 3. On the basis of the survey, conducted according to a representative regional sample of the Murmansk Oblast in 2019, attitudes of the Murmansk’s population were revealed. There is a very painful perception of the retirement age increase by the population; there is a persistent opinion that change of the retirement age does not meet the interests of the population of the North and the Arctic. A negative effect of the retirement age increase was diagnosed: a change of migration attitudes among the most significant group of the Murmansk Oblast’s population (from the perspectives of regional production) - people of young (18-29 years old) and middle (30-49 years old) ages. For example, a significant number of members of these age groups have already decided to leave the Murmansk Oblast. They link their decision to the factor of the retirement age increase. Thus, the positive effect - a decrease of the rate of the able-bodied population decline in the Murmansk region, caused by the retirement age increase - will be offset by a negative effect - the growth of the rate of migration losses in the region.
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The need for workforce in constituent entities of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation
Статья научная
In the first quarter of the 21st century, the Arctic and everything connected with it remains a popular topic in the humanitarian, socio-economic and political spheres. It is especially relevant for Russia, which has the largest polar sector in the world. An integrated approach to the study and analysis of development prospects of the Arctic territories can create conditions for sustainable socio-economic development not only in the Arctic zone of Russia, but also in Russia as a whole. One of the elements of this approach is the need for skilled workforce at the enterprises of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation; this topic is considered in the paper. The relevance of the topic stems from the need to implement large-scale investment projects for development of mineral resources and transport infrastructure (megaprojects), the need to address long-term tasks of socio-economic development of the Russian Arctic and ensure national security in the region. All these points are contained in the strategy for development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation until 2020...
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