Social and economic development. Рубрика в журнале - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Specifics of Russians’ perception of housing conditions and housing inequality: dynamics and factors
Статья научная
The paper analyzes the dynamics and specifics of Russians’ perception of their housing conditions, housing inequality, as well as assessments of the overall housing situation in the country. Based on the data of all-Russian representative studies conducted by the Institute of Sociology FCTAS RAS using face-to-face method in the framework of door-to-door surveys, it is shown that for most Russians housing inequality today is more related to the problem of housing quantity and quality, rather than housing availability. In this regard, housing inequality remains a critical issue, and its severity varies for different groups. Key factors determining the specifics of subjective assessments of housing conditions and the acuteness of housing inequality in modern conditions are the stage of a person’s life and their resource base, which includes not only income, but also intangible characteristics related to employment, education and the number of problems an individual has to deal with. It is shown that the greatest match between housing conditions and related subjective demands is recorded in the most prosperous groups, and the greatest mismatch, respectively, in relatively disadvantaged ones. Attention is focused on a very limited list of tools used by Russians to improve housing conditions, the most common of which is the purchase of housing, and the high relevance of settlement inequalities in this context. Although most Russians approve of the state housing policy, it is highly focused on addressing housing issues, but does not fully take into account inequality in the quality of housing conditions.
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Specifics of reproductive behavior of female residents of Moscow
Статья научная
Birth rate dynamics in Russia’s population remains one of the major objects of attention of demographic science and politics. In 2019, the aggregate birth rate in Moscow exceeded the Russian average, giving rise to assumptions about the likelihood of the emergence of a new trend, despite the fact that studies of reproductive behavior of city dwellers indicate the prevalence of intentions to have fewer children. The article presents estimates of birth rates in metropolitan megacities of Russia, indicating that the values of indicators are still lower than the Russian average and even lower than the same indicators for Russia’s urban population. According to the data of an up-to-date survey of female Moscow residents, we find the prevalence of intentions to have fewer children and postpone childbirth. Significant factors influencing the intentions of female Moscow residents to have children are marital behavior, level of education, standard of living and value orientations. Birth rates in female Moscow residents with higher education in real generations are slightly lower than the Russian average. A slightly less pronounced inclination toward getting married in a civil ceremony also has a significant determinant role. The impact of income level cannot be assessed unambiguously. Indeed, in groups of women with relatively lower welfare, fertility rates are higher, but this is due to the ratio of satisfaction with the standard of living and the importance of children (the need for children). A higher level of income (and satisfaction with it) contributes to the realization of reproductive intentions. Female Moscow residents tend to have fewer children since such an attitude is passed down from previous generations; besides, among them, there is a higher proportion of those focused on individual values, which also determines a lower birth rate in a metropolitan megacity. Taking into account birth rate trends and the peculiarities of reproductive behavior of female Moscow residents can contribute to improving the effectiveness of demographic policy.
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Structure of the mass strata of the Russian population by level of subjective well-being
Статья научная
The article analyses the peculiarities of differentiation of Russians by the level of their subjective well-being. Based on the data of all-Russian representative surveys obtained by the Institute of Sociology of the FCTAS RAS, the subjective well-being index is calculated and a model is proposed, including five groups that differ significantly from each other in terms of the feeling of well-being of the situation in key aspects of life – from basic needs and microcosm to assessments of the parameters of the place of residence and the relationship between the individual and the state. The first group unites Russians with predominantly negative assessments of the situation in most of the proposed areas of life, but its number is small and such assessments are not typical for Russian society (4.3%). The second group includes 46.7% of Russians with satisfactory assessments in most spheres of life, but in which the share of negative assessments dominates over positive ones. This large group forms a zone of unstable subjective well-being. The next three groups unite Russians with satisfactory and/or positive assessments of the situation in different spheres of life. At the same time, these three groups also differ significantly among themselves. In terms of socio-demographic characteristics of the individual, the income level, professional affiliation and age of the respondent have the greatest differentiating power in the context of assessments of subjective well-being. However, the correlation of the level of subjective well-being with income and occupation has increased over the last two decades, while with age it has significantly decreased. From the point of view of differences in lifestyle, the key factors that can increase or decrease the level of own well-being are both a set of property characteristics and a list of achieved life goals, as well as the specifics of experienced problems, perception of the dynamics of the situation in society as a whole and the ability to plan one's own life
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Students’ digital literacy: competence-based approach
Статья научная
Currently, digital technology has a significant impact on socio-economic development in various societal spheres. In this regard, the importance of the formation of digital competencies in student youth is increasing. Modern generation should have these competences in order to work effectively and use the digital environment safely. The article presents an overview and systematization of scientific concepts that reveal the content of digital literacy. We show how the scientific category “digital literacy” correlates with “digital competence”. Concrete facts have confirmed that the use of digital technology in education involves the formation of digital competencies, the importance of which is beyond doubt, as well as the fact that digital literacy promotes the development of skills in search, analysis, critical understanding of the information received; it also helps to use digital platforms and network technology competently and in compliance with the basics of security in the digital environment. In this regard, the purpose of our research is to identify the level of formation of digital competencies in students in the higher education system (on the example of the Chelyabinsk Oblast). Scientific novelty of the work lies in theoretical substantiation of the content of digital literacy and systematization of approaches using a competencebased approach. In this context, the results of a survey of students of four universities in Chelyabinsk, aimed at identifying regional features and problems of the formation of digital competencies in the higher education system, are of interest. The findings of our research can become an important methodological tool in determining risk groups by the level of formation of digital competencies in students, developing methods for the safe use of digital content, preventing the spread of destructive online practices among young people and promoting their safe use of digital content.
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Subjective social status of Russians: Relationship with property characteristics
Статья научная
The article analyzes the relationship between subjective status and the level of consumption and volume of property in contemporary Russian society. It shows that key differences in income (the material basis of consumption), sets of durable goods, volume of property, and financial behavior are formed mainly between the subjective lower classes, which constitute a minority of the Russian population (14.5%), and the majority, which includes the subjective middle classes, as well as those who assess their status as high (85.5%). An analysis of the list of durable goods and various types of property made it possible to identify those that have become the generally accepted standard for the population, as well as those that have lost their differentiating power over the past two decades. Relatively new “markers” of subjective status include goods and property related to home comfort (e.g., air conditioners and dishwashers), mobility (foreign cars), and digital inclusion (computers and high-speed Internet access). The differences are even more pronounced depending on the novelty of certain types of consumer goods and property among owners from different status groups. Differences between status groups have been identified in terms of the financial behavior of their members: from wide-spread consumer loans for current needs among the “subjective lower classes” to the investment use of resources among “high-status” groups, while the “middle classes” adhere to a hybrid model. The low differentiating power of housing conditions in the context of subjective status was demonstrated, although ownership of a second apartment is more common among representatives of the subjective middle classes and in the “high-status” group and living in rented accommodation or in cramped conditions is more often associated with low status self-esteem.
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Substantiating the choice of regional healthcare effectiveness indicators
Статья научная
In the context of modern demographic trends related to population aging, as well as due to the ongoing pro-natalist policy, new challenges arise for healthcare, coupled with an increasing contradiction between the growing demand for medical services from the population and the limited available human, material and financial resources. Consequently, the choice of criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of healthcare becomes crucially important from the practical perspective. Russian and foreign researchers propose various approaches to the development of such criteria and to the way in which the assessment procedure itself is carried out. However, so far, there is no well-established list of criteria for evaluating healthcare effectiveness. The aim of this work is to substantiate the indicators for assessing the effectiveness of the regional healthcare system, applicable to solving optimization problems. The information base of the study includes Russian and foreign research on the topic in question, and statistical data characterizing the functioning of regional healthcare and the state of public health. We consider approaches to determining the effectiveness of healthcare at the levels of individual medical technology, medical organization, and the industry as a whole and reveal strengths and weaknesses of existing approaches to measuring healthcare effectiveness. Special attention is paid to the analysis of current approaches to assessing the effectiveness of management decisions in the healthcare sector. It is proved that the correlation of “input” and “output” is the most relevant method for solving optimization problems simulating variants of management decisions in the healthcare sector. Theoretical novelty of our research lies in substantiating a number of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of regional healthcare. Based on the analysis of data from Russian and foreign studies, as well as taking into account the correlation analysis, we propose to consider life expectancy at birth, mortality of the population over the working age, mortality from diseases of the circulatory system and one-year mortality of patients with malignant neoplasms as the resulting indicators of the functioning of regional healthcare. In the future, these indicators will be used as target parameters for solving optimization problems in the field of regional healthcare using its agent-based model. The proposed approach to assessing the effectiveness of regional healthcare can serve as a theoretical basis for an automated management decision support system in this area, which determines the practical significance of the research findings.
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Sustainability of digital and non-digital forms of employment: comparative assessments
Статья научная
Modern theoretical and practical views on the impact of digitalization on welfare and quality of working life are controversial and fragmentary. The effectiveness of the application of digital social and labor relations is considered in scientific publications, as a rule, outside the context of sustainability. The aim of the work is to identify differences between digital and non-digital employment according to the criteria of sustainability in the context of standard and non-standard forms of social and labor relations. Key tasks are to develop our own methodology for assessing the sustainability of employment forms; carry out comparative and rating assessment of the sustainability of digital and non-digital forms of employment based on objective and subjective indicators. Empirical basis includes the results of a nationwide survey of able-bodied population aged 20 to 59, N = 2,896 people, quota sample. Key controlled features are sex and type of residence area (region’s administrative center, city, rural settlement). All federal districts are covered with the exception of the Southern Federal District. We reveal that, according to most indicators, digital standard and non-standard forms of employment are more stable than non-digital forms, they occupy 1st and 2nd places in the final ranking. Digital standard employment is inferior to non-digital standard employment only in terms of the ratio of labor income to subsistence minimum. According to other objective indicators, digital employment demonstrates either significantly better working conditions or comparable social effectiveness. Digital non-standard employment is significantly more sustainable than non-digital non-standard employment in terms of the ratio of labor income to subsistence minimum, probability of a normal working week and possibility of voluntary choice of afterhours. The non-digital format is more stable in terms of legitimacy of labor relations and possibility of voluntary choice of underemployment. Subjective assessments of the effectiveness of employment formats among respondents in the digital segment are higher in all indicators of sustainability, especially in terms of job satisfaction and financial situation. A promising direction for future research les in conducting expert assessments of the significance of the proposed indicators for the development of an integrated index methodology for assessing employment sustainability.
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Sustainability strategies of socially oriented NPOs: grant support mechanism
Статья научная
The amount of grant support allocated by the state to the non-profit sector of social services is increasing annually; the number of social projects and the volume of their funding are growing as well. The state’s interest in the qualitative development of socially oriented non-profit organizations and expansion of the segment of their participation in social services is determined by the opportunities that non-profit organizations possess as new performers of social services, capable of introducing innovation in addressing social problems of citizens in need of support. In Russia, the Presidential Grants Foundation is the major grant operator that accumulates public funds and distributes them on a competitive basis among non-profit organizations. Its unique competitive system complies with modern standards for supporting project applications and supports socially oriented non-profit organizations in the process of implementing winner projects. The Foundation is also distinguished by a more significant amount of funds allocated to support grants in comparison with other grantmakers, including private foundations. The problem that determined the focus of the issues considered in the article is the contradiction between the significant amount of support provided to regional socially oriented non-profit organizations in the process of their formation as providers of social services, and the continuing low efficiency of these organizations. We investigate major strategies for raising funds by socially oriented non-profit organizations and show that their income portfolio consists mainly of the funding that comes from grant support, which is accompanied by risks of financial instability of organizations and an increasing dependence on grant funds as the main source of income. The empirical base of the study includes open source data and interviews with representatives of regional socially oriented non-profit organizations, resource centers and grantgivers (n = 27). Based on the analysis of interviews with the participants of the study, the article examines the possibilities of income diversification for non-profit organizations and the risks each strategic perspective may entail. We reveal the readiness of non-profit organizations to develop strategies aimed at attracting donor funding and income-generating activities. We also define conditions under which organizations are able to implement the discussed strategies in practice.
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Telemedicine in modern conditions: the attitude of society and the vector of development
Статья научная
The intensive development of information technology and the external challenges, primarily the coronavirus pandemic, have caused a revision of attitudes toward telemedicine. The article is devoted to the study of problems concerning the development of Russian telemedicine, analysis of existing trends and the possibilities of its application, taking into account the development of communication technology and the legal field. Research on this issue is connected, on the one hand, with analyzing modern capabilities of telemedicine technologies and the need for their application in connection with the complex epidemiological situation in a number of Russia’s regions, on the other hand, with the assessment of the level of trust in telemedicine on the part of end users: who, how, when and where can use telemedicine services. The object of our research is telemedicine technology, the subject is the dynamics of perception of new forms of medical services by Russian society. We use a classical approach to studying the problems under consideration: at the first stage, we conduct a comprehensive desk study and analyze secondary information; at the second stage, we collect primary data: on the basis of the developed tools, we conduct an exploratory study of the attitude of Russian society toward telemedicine. The uniqueness and novelty of our findings are due to the comparison of the data concerning the attitude of Russians toward telemedicine, obtained before the outbreak of the pandemic, with the data obtained at the stage of a significant reduction in the incidence of COVID-19 in regions that have become “pilot” ones in the use of telemedicine technologies in primary care in the midst of the epidemic. During data collection and analysis, we applied statistical, mathematical and sociological methods, including content analysis to study legal issues of the possibility of using telemedicine technologies. The study has revealed the main reasons for Russians’ distrust of telemedicine, as well as possible ways and areas of its application in the future to provide medical care to the population. The results obtained can be used to study the application of telemedicine in Russia in the system of training and retraining of medical personnel, as well as by health care organizers, lawyers and other specialists who deal with the application of telemedicine technologies, including at the level of legislative and executive authorities.
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Статья научная
National priorities in the development of Russian society in the field of demography are related to population reproduction, health preservation, decrease in working-age mortality, increase in life expectancy, etc., and also correlate strategically with the effective functioning of business. This brings to the fore the need to develop, implement and elaborate on corporate social policy in general and corporate demographic policy in particular. The aim of the study is to analyze social policy pursued by major Russian corporations (PAO Severstal, Magnitogorsk Iron & Steel Works PJSC, Gazprom Neft PJSC, PJSC Lukoil, JSC Russian Railways, PJSC PhosAgro, PJSC Acron) and substantiate the concept for corporate demographic policy of enterprises. We consider prerequisites for the establishment and implementation of corporate demographic policy in Russian society. We have found that at the present stage of its development, corporate social responsibility is most often reduced to cash payments and participation of enterprises in individual social projects. The article analyzes social policy practices that Russian companies are implementing and that are directly related to demographic issues (childcare allowances, employee benefits, health resort treatment, etc.). We look into the approaches to understanding corporate demographic policy and its effectiveness; we show the benefits of implementing corporate demographic policy at Russian enterprises. Such benefits include promotion of business reputation, reduction in social tension, participation of enterprises in addressing demographic development issues, etc. According to some studies, the introduction of corporate health promotion programs can reduce disability losses from a number of causes by almost 30%. The practical significance and scientific novelty of our research consists in the development of a concept for corporate demographic policy of Russian enterprises, definition of its targets, implementation mechanisms and substantiation of the expected results, which consist in enhancing the effectiveness of state demographic policy as a whole and improving the results of implementation of corporate programs.
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The age factor in the digital divide: the edges of inequality
Статья научная
At the end of the 1990s - beginning of the 2000s, due to the spread of the Internet at an increasing rate in certain countries, while others were lagging behind, it became necessary to study the digital gap issues. At the present stage, when the existence of the digital divide in the world and individual states is obvious and proven, researchers have focused on studying its factors. The article aims to assess the influence of the age factor on the scale and prevalence of the digital divide within a three-level model. To do this, we consider theoretical and methodological approaches to studying the age factor of the digital divide; we analyze trends in the use of information and communication technologies by representatives of various age groups, and the inclusion of children, adolescents and the elderly in the digital environment. The model of three levels of the digital divide developed by modern scientists is used as a theoretical basis. According to the model, inequality manifests itself in access to technical means, differences in the digital literacy, and the benefits derived from digitalization. In the course of the work, we use a set of general scientific methods. We reveal significant differences in the practices of using personal computers and the Internet among representatives of different age groups and calculate the time periods necessary to reduce intergenerational gaps in Russia and the Vologda Oblast. We assess the impact of online habits on a person’s life, the purposes of using the Internet and the possibility of receiving bonuses from it, the availability of digital skills for various age groups of Vologda Oblast population. The scientific novelty of the study consists in assessing the influence of the age factor on the prevalence of digital gap parameters at the regional level. The results can be used for identifying the groups that are at risk of being excluded from the processes of digital development. The findings will be also useful in formulating the relevance of social retraining programs for the able-bodied population in accordance with the requirements of new jobs, in teaching older people digital skills, and in making managerial decisions for successful digital development.
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Статья научная
The territories of the Russian Arctic exhibit pronounced differentiation in their socio-economic development. Disparities are substantial both in living standards and household incomes, as well as in the material costs associated with daily life. Investigating the human capital of Arctic territories requires an integrated analysis of these dimensions. The aim of this study is to delineate the welfare boundaries of the population across the regions and municipalities of the Russian Arctic. An additional objective is to conduct an exploratory spatial analysis of dependencies in the distribution of household income levels, calculated in relation to welfare groups. The object of the study comprises five regions and thirty-two municipalities within the European part of the Russian Arctic. The data sources include findings from sociological surveys of the population conducted in these territories in 2023–2024 (n = 4,871), as well as a series of expert interviews with representatives of business, government, and non-profit organizations. The methodological framework draws upon the principles of regional and spatial economics, the theory of economic behavior, and the economics of living standards. The methodological toolkit combines sociological and econometric techniques for data processing, with spatial analysis performed using Stata and GeoDa software. The study reveals significant territorial differentiation both in the structure of population welfare groups and in the average income levels corresponding to each welfare tier. Based on principles of municipal contiguity and geographic proximity, local Moran's I index statistics were calculated for all welfare groups, and spatial dependencies in the associated income levels were identified. The most pronounced dependencies are observed within the middle-welfare group. A low income threshold for achieving this welfare level is characteristic of the White Sea coastal territories of the Republic of Karelia, whereas a high threshold is found in the Murmansk Urban Okrug and the municipal okrugs of Kolsky, Monchegorsk, and Olenegorsk. A juxtaposition of low and high income levels is recorded in Zapolyarny District of the Nenets Autonomous Area and the Urban Okrug of Naryan-Mar, as well as in the Inta Municipal Okrug and its surrounding areas.
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Статья научная
The need to integrate volunteering into national strategies for achieving sustainable development goals, and the importance of its role in curbing the implications of crisis processes caused by the coronavirus pandemic have intensified the scientific search for barriers to civic participation in volunteering and mechanisms for eliminating them. At the same time, researchers focus on identifying barriers of a certain type on the example of one country or group of countries, and, when searching for ways to eliminate those barriers, they underestimate the role of national culture. The purpose of our study is to systematize barriers and promising technologies for intensifying the diffusion of volunteering among the population and to identify major features of national culture in this process. Barriers to the diffusion of volunteer activity in society are systematized into three groups: barriers on the part of the state, barriers on the part of the non-profit sector, and barriers on the part of the individual. We show national features of their formation, which proceed from the specifics of emergence and evolution of volunteerism in the course of socioeconomic development. Using the postulates of institutional economic theory, we identify a system of institutions that intensify the diffusion of volunteering in society, including institutions for the promotion of volunteer practices, institutions for the development of civil society, institutions for the development of horizontal ties through network mechanisms for the diffusion of norms of civic participation, institutions for improving the reputation of volunteering among the population, the institute of volunteer education, institutions for increasing the motivation of participation in volunteering. On the basis of econometric analysis, we have determined that the cultural dimensions highlighted by G. Hofstede, such as the level of individualism, femininity and tolerance, have a significant impact on the extent of development of volunteering in the country. Taking into account the identified cultural features and effective technologies that promote residents’ engagement in volunteer activities, we determine directions for intensification of this process in Russia. Development of a comprehensive system of institutions for the diffusion of volunteering in our country will be a promising area for our future research.
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Статья научная
The environmental Phillips curve hypothesis reveals a negative relationship between unemployment and environmental pollution. In this study, we examined whether the environmental Phillips curve hypothesis is valid for Russia. In the analysis covering the period 1992–2022, Fourier Augmented ARDL approach was applied. CO2 emissions, which are used as an environmental pollution indicator, are the dependent variable of the model. The independent variables are the unemployment rate, economic growth, total energy supply and urbanization rate. According to the results of the analysis, there is a negative relationship between the unemployment rate and environmental pollution in Russia. This result demonstrates that the environmental Phillips curve hypothesis is valid in Russia. Moreover, it was found that the increase in economic growth reduces environmental pollution. The effects of the total energy supply and urbanization on environmental pollution are positive. However, the effect of the urbanization rate on environmental pollution is statistically insignificant. Russia should harmonize its employment policies and environmental policies with each other. The share of renewable energy use and total energy supply should be increased, and green job policies should be established. By increasing employment opportunities in sectors that use environmentally friendly technologies, Russia can reduce environmental pollution without suffering high unemployment rates.
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The impact of employment barriers on the employment characteristics of persons with disabilities
Статья научная
Disability is a complex phenomenon that generates a number of negative socio-economic consequences including working-age population decrease. At the same time, disability is not always accompanied by a complete loss of the ability to work. Usually, persons with disabilities of the second and third groups retain the opportunity to work in the presence of suitable conditions, but in practice the realization of their labor potential is limited by a number of circumstances. The purpose of this work is to substantiate the negative impact of barriers to employment of disabled people on the characteristics of their employment. Based on the statistical data analysis, we have shown a modern socio-demographic portrait of working disabled people, and analyzed the characteristics of their employment and economic activity. We have found that for a long period the highest economic activity was shown by persons with the third disability group. The paper proves that their higher representation in the composition of employed persons with disabilities is due, on the one hand, to less pronounced health disorders and relatively low need to create specialized jobs, and on the other hand, has economic prerequisites. We have shown that the realization of the labor potential of disabled people is not always accompanied by a significant increase in their material well-being. Employment for some disabled people may be a forced step, which confirms the prevalence among them of employment not in their specialty, as well as on the basis of an oral agreement, without official employment. The final part of the article outlines recommendations that can contribute to the fuller realization of the labor potential of disabled people and improve their financial situation.
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The impact of employment digitalization on parenting strategies
Статья научная
The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative assessment of the number of children and the time spent on childcare among Russians of reproductive age working in non-digital and digital (including remote) employment formats. The data source is the Rosstat sample observation database on the population's use of daily time budgets (N=27,082). The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach to studying the digitalization of employment, the key feature of which is the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) at work. According to the All-Russian Classifier of Occupations, digital employment includes: 1) IT specialists; and 2) specialists who actively use ICT in their activities. Statistically significant differences in the average number of children were identified between groups with digital and non-digital employment, between remote and non-remote workers, and between representatives of flexible and other work schedule formats. Hypotheses that the time spent on childcare would differ depending on the level of employment digitalization were also tested. The conducted analysis of variance showed that the fertility rate in the group of workers with digital employment is lower than among those who work without using ICT. The remote work format does not have a statistically significant effect on the number of children; however, the flexibility of the work schedule demonstrates a certain influence: the digitalization of employment positively affects the amount of time devoted to children, both by mothers and fathers. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: the digitalization of job content does not have a direct impact on reproductive behavior; expanding access to remote work formats can positively affect fertility, provided there is flexibility in the work schedule. This aspect should be taken into account when developing corporate social support measures for employees with family responsibilities.
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The impact of intergenerational differences on employee engagement in an organization
Статья научная
The relevance of the study is driven by the need to adapt corporate engagement policies to the specifics of the workforce’s age structure, especially in the context of demographic aging and the growing share of employees from Generations Y and Z. The aim of the work is to identify the specifics of how employees of different generations perceive engagement programs, using an industrial enterprise operating in a special economic zone as an example. In the scientific literature, engagement is interpreted as a multidimensional construct encompassing emotional, behavioral, and cognitive components; however, the generational aspect remains understudied. The novelty of the research lies in the empirical comparison of the levels and semantic characteristics of engagement among representatives of Generations X, Y, Z, and older employees, based on the validated international Kincentric model. The empirical base includes the results of a questionnaire survey of 72 employees of “SEZ ‘Titanium Valley”’ JSC conducted in the spring of 2025. An adapted questionnaire was used, comprising 24 statements grouped into four blocks: Engagement, Management, Resources, and Development. Percentage values were calculated based on the number of respondents who answered each question. Methods of descriptive statistics and intergroup analysis were applied. The obtained data indicate the highest level of engagement among Generation Y and a decrease in indicators among employees aged 56 and older. Differences in career expectations and perceptions of the corporate environment were identified. The practical significance of the study lies in the formation of personalized HR strategies for a multi-generational workforce. The limitations of the study are associated with the territorial specifics and the single-organization sample; promising directions for future research include expanding the geographical scope and comparing industry-specific cases.
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Статья научная
The relevance of the research topic is due to the growing impact of precarity on the quality of employment and standard of living among generational groups of economically active population. The opportunities and threats of current employment associated with standard of living may be manifested differently in these generational groups, especially among representatives of the middle generation. Information base of the study is compiled on basis of representative data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of HSE (RLMS-HSE) for 2021. A sample has formed among employed and unemployed people of the middle generation in age from 36 years up to retirement age. The results obtained denote that the presence of a high level of education and specialized ICT skills enables qualified representatives of the middle generation to ensure sustainable employment and minimize precarity risks. In general, a higher level of ICT skills increases the possibilities of the middle generation to apply their present labor capacities in the labor market. It was discovered that precarious employment is found not only in poor population. It is common among all social groups according to living standards, while it is most evident among low-income households of middle generation workers with per capita incomes of 1-2 subsistence minimums. Taking into account the position of middle-generation people in employment, their qualification and educational characteristics, as well as level of ICT skills, this research has produced some recommendations, which will contribute to neutralize precarity threats and implement professional potential of middle-generation workers in order to enhance living standards of their households.
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The impact of precarization on the standard of living and employment situation of Russian youth
Статья научная
The study of precarization implications focuses on young people who are facing serious problems on the way to stable employment. The lack of clear competitive advantages in the labor market complicates employment in the formal sector of the economy, where workers have access to an extensive system of social guarantees. In this regard, young people often feel vulnerable and uncertain about their future. Despite the relevance of the problem and wide discussion, there are not many specific empirical studies in this area. The aim of the paper is to determine the impact of precarization on the standard of living and the employment situation of young people. The information base is represented by the data of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey conducted by the Higher School of Economics for 2021 (30th round). Based on the original toolkit, the scale of precarious work was estimated depending on the concentration of precarization indicators and taking into account individual parameters of respondents. The indicators were calculated using the method of multivariate frequency distribution of attributes. According to the results obtained, the overwhelming majority (almost 80%) of young people are involved in precarious work. To a much lesser extent, this applies to the part of youth that has a high level of education, ICT skills and is engaged in skilled labor. The depth of precarization penetration is also closely linked to per capita income. As its size increases up to two subsistence minimums, the share of those involved in precarious work decreases significantly; and in this regard it does not matter what part of income is used for consumption. In conclusion, we substantiate proposals to counter the threats of precarization for young people. Prospects for further research are connected, first of all, with the identification of educational and professional trajectories that have a negative impact on employment stability.
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The impact of the pandemic on demographic processes in the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
Russia has achieved a high level of Internet connectivity and the use of digital technologies; this helps to accumulate and systematize huge amounts of population data. Modern challenges, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, require a more prompt and detailed analysis of the demographic situation. Understanding the information collected by digital platforms and services can improve the quality of decision-making and be widely used in science and management. The aim of our study is to assess the change in the demographic situation in the Russian Arctic under the influence of the pandemic, with the use of new sources of population data that have emerged as a result of digitalization of the economy and public life. The article proposes an outline for the formation of a demographic knowledge base by combining traditional population statistics with data from digital platforms. We consider advantages and disadvantages of new data sources, features and examples of their application. We provide a detailed description of demographic processes in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation in 2020-2021 with the use of municipal statistics, data from Yandex online platforms and international pandemic databases. With the help of the proposed outline, we consider the dynamics of morbidity, mortality and vaccination against coronavirus infection. We study the reaction of the population of the Russian Arctic to the pandemic by analyzing the structure of search queries and the intensity of movement in city streets. We reveal the specifics of the spread of COVID-19 in the Arctic and estimate the impact of the pandemic on the natural population change and human mobility in the Arctic Zone. We calculate excess mortality at the regional and municipal levels. Based on the vaccination rates, we draw conclusions about the prospects for further development of the pandemic. The results obtained can be used for development of socio-demographic policy measures and construction of demographic forecasts for the Northern and Arctic territories.
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