Schole. Философское антиковедение и классическая традиция @classics-nsu-schole
Статьи журнала - Schole. Философское антиковедение и классическая традиция
Все статьи: 787
Aspects of the utilization of Gnoseology and Formal Logic in Gregory Palamas
Статья научная
This article attempts to investigate the way in which Gregory Palamas utilizes Platonic and, mostly, Aristotelian Philosophy which relates to Gnoseology and formal Logic in his attempt to prove the distinction between affirmative and apophatic Theology. In particular, it will focus on terms that capture the way in which human beings attempt to describe both metaphysical and natural-empirical Ontology. The most important conclusion we draw is that Gregory Palamas shows a preference for Aristotelian Logic, which he transforms in a Christian way. This insight arises mainly from the way he makes use of the argument about “qualities”, which, on the one hand, determine the essence of created beings-states and, on the other hand, reflect the manifestations of the divine energy of the Holy Trinity. It is an approach which highlights affirmative theology, without affecting the apophatism of the divine essence.
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Beauty, love and art: the legacy of ancient Greece
Статья научная
There is a deep problem with beauty. Beauty is commonly equated with sexual attractiveness. Yet there is also the beauty of art, which arouses an aesthetic response of disinterested contemplation. As Roger Scruton writes in his recent book, Beauty (2009): “In the realm of art beauty is an object of contemplation, not desire.” Are there, then, two kinds of beauty? By looking back at the classical Greek conception of beauty, we may see how it gave rise to the modern dilemma, and some possible ways of resolving it.
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Bee Swarms and New Polities: The Influence of Plato’s Laws on Virgil’s Aeneid
Статья научная
The influence of Plato on Virgil has been the subject of research into the sources for the Aeneid. Plato’s longest work, the Nomoi or Laws, has not received attention as a possible inspiration for Virgil. Close study of certain passages will demonstrate that Plato’s use of bee imagery in particular as part of his metaphorical description of the process by which new polities are established may have been influential on Virgil’s artistic presentation of the development and foundation of what would develop into the Lavinium of the future.
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Between eternity and divine dualism: Hugh of Saint-Cher’s Opus II, pars I
Статья научная
The paper contains the the first Latin transcription and an English translation of the first part of the second book of Hugh of Saint-Cher's Opus, his commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences accomplished between 1231 and 1234. The transcription is based on the codex Vat. lat. 1098 collated with five auxiliary manuscripts. In line with William of Auxerre and Alexander of Hales Hugh critically disavows pagan and heretical stances represented by Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and Manichean regarding the creation of the world. My foreword sheds light on the philosophical value of presented arguments plus the historical background of the issue and Hugh's relation with contemporary theologians whose ideas Hugh rearranges and modifies in one concise text. I argue that Hugh blends together these four authorities to challenge and reject the concepts of eternity and dualism. The theologian imputes dualism - contrary to the run-of-the-mill attribution of three beginnings - to the Stagyrite while putting the concept of opposite principles from Aristotle referenced before by William in Cathar's mouth. Even Plato and Epicurus become proponents of the heretical repudiation of creation from nothing in favor of divine production from adjacent matter which aligns the Greeks with Cathars' metaphysics. Hugh's Opus, if not original in the modern sense, anticipated a surge of refutations aimed at heretics and “Averroists”. The proposed isomorphism between Aristotle-Heretic and Cathar-Peripatetic partially molded early arguments in the theological Sentences as well as inquisitorial Summa. Whereas the focus on Сathars' dualism diminished when they were brutally wiped off the map, William, Alexander, and Hugh's reasons against the Peripatetic view on eternity continued to draw attention among theologians fighting back “Averroism”.
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Bribe and punishment: to the question of persistence of pagan cults in late antiquity
Статья научная
In this article, the corruption of the state apparatus and the clergy of the late Roman Empire is seen as one of the factors of the prolonged preservation of paganism in the Christian empire. A number of examples illustrating the facts of giving bribes to pagans in order to preserve their rights to the administration of ancient cults in the provinces of Thebaida, Egypt, Phenicia of Lebanon, Palestine, Osroena, Sardinia in the 4th-6th centuries are cited. The article suggests that this phenomenon was a consequence of the approval of the institution of suffragia.
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Call me Batieia. The meaning of nicknames in Amazon myths
Статья научная
The Amazon stories in written sources have provided us with most of the names of their protagonists. Antiope, Hippolyta and Penthesilea are the best known, but there were many others. Sometimes they corresponded to secondary characters in works by lesser-known authors, which prevented them from achieving the same renown. The iconographic sources not only reveal the scope of these myths in certain social spheres, but also provide new variants, to the point of creating a panorama that is necessary for the analysis of the Amazon universe. Despite this, and the large volume of information available in art, only a small part of it includes written references to its protagonists. The present work offers a broad and complete record of Amazon onomastics present in art and literature throughout antiquity. Its study provides a basis for unravelling not only the Amazon image in the Hellenistic collective imaginary, but also its political organisation and the transfer of power associated with its mythical culture.
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Cicero’s inference from a non-axiomatic system
Статья научная
Cicero posed a controversial claim. He proposed that the Stoics admitted an inference hard to accept. That inference is also incorrect in propositional calculus. It consists of two premises and a conclusion. The first premise is the negation of a conjunction. The second premise is the negation of one of the conjuncts of that conjunction. The conclusion provides that those premises allow deriving the truth of the other conjunct. My purpose here is not to analyze whether the inference can be valid in the general framework of Stoic logic. My intention is not to argue in favor of or against the idea that Cicero made a mistake either. The aim of the paper is only to show that a non-axiomatic logic can make inferences akin to that described by Cicero, and that, hence, an Artificial Intelligence system based on that logic can also do that. Two components of the logic are essential here: its inheritance copula and its concept of extensional difference.
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Classical antiquity in the Russian empire
Рецензия
A review on an annotated bibliography of the works dedicated to Antiquity, published in the Zhurnal ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya from 1834 to 1917, prefaced, collected and annotated by A. I. Ruban and E. Yu. Basargina. St. Petersburg, 2015.
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Commentary on “The Division of the Quadrant” by Omar Khayyam
Статья научная
In his treatise On the Division of the Quadrant, Omar Khayyam examines two interconnected geometric problems leading to cubic equations. This paper provides a detailed mathematical commentary on Khayyam’s text, translating his verbal geometric operations into the language of symbolic algebra. By analyzing the internal logic of Khayyam’s constructions–including his unsuccessful attempts in the main text and their subsequent corrections in the appendix–the author restores the sequence of reasoning that led to his algebraic findings. Furthermore, the study examines these problems in the light of Alpay Özdural’s hypothesis, which links Khayyam’s geometry to practical architectural ornamentation found in an anonymous Persian manual. The analysis demonstrates how Khayyam’s “pure” mathematics, while presented in a closed and abstract style, is intrinsically embedded in the applied tradition of medieval Islamic design.
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Comparison of Religions in the Medieval Arab and Latin Traditions
Статья научная
According to some recent studies, until the 16th or 17th century, there was no concept of religion as such (“religion in general”), because before then, people only recognised their own faith as religion, and it was only after the European Reformation, which created conditions for religious pluralism, that this situation changed. The purpose of this article is to introduce and validate an alternative perspective. The authors argue that long before the European Reformation, in both the Islamic East and Christian West, the concept of “religion” (“faith,” “sect,” etc.) was utilised by certain scholars, who were engaged in the comparative analysis of religions. Typically, the conceptual framework for such analysis was provided by (proto)science and philosophy: thus, ʾAbū Maʿšar (d. 886) examined religions in the naturalistic context of astronomy (astrology), while al-Fārābī (d. c. 950) used the core concepts of Aristotle’s moral and political philosophy. As early as the 13th century, Roger Bacon (c. 1214 – c. 1294) developed the ideas of his predecessors and produced what might be referred to as a synthetic medieval theory of religion, which, in turn, influenced the later discussions on “religion” and religions.
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Constantine Lascaris, his manuscripts and his ethical concerns
Статья научная
This article aims to examine Constantine Lascaris’s work on Aristoteles’ ethical corpus. We consider evidence from the textual witnesses of the Nicomachean Ethics, the Eudemian Ethics, the Magna Moralia, and some other minor ethical writings, which belonged to Lascaris, in order to reconstruct his working methods. We also explore Lascaris’ own statements about virtuous life; a life devoted to the service of the common good, to philosophy and to the study of texts. For him philosophy was a way of life, rather than simply a discourse. We look at the link between written culture and philosophical life and propose further research into how Byzantine and Renaissance scholars understood their own intellectual activities to be a special kind of spiritual exercise intended to promote moral improvement in both individuals and societies.
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Corpus Dionysiacum и классическая традиция
Статья обзорная
Два библиографических обзора, посвященные Дионисийскому корпусу . В первом обзоре кратко рассматриваются недавние работы, посвященные проблеме неоплатонических источников корпуса. Эта тема будет продолжена в следующем выпуске. Во втором обзоре дается очерк славянской традиции бытования корпуса. Этот текст публикуется по-английски, поскольку до настоящего времени не выходило ни одной обобщающей работы по этой теме на английском языке.Two bibliographic summaries are dedicated, respectively, to the Dionysian corpus and the classical tradition and Dionysius the Areopagite in the context of Byzantine-Slavonic literary relations. The former outline is in Russian and it will be continued in the next issue (this time focused in the Christian sources of Pseudo-Dionysius), while the latter is prepared in English, since no detailed outline of this subject is available in English so far.
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Статья обзорная
Two bibliographic summaries are dedicated, respectively, to the Dionysian corpus and the classical tradition and Dionysius the Areopagite in the context of Byzantine-Slavonic literary relations. The former outline is in Russian and it will be continued in the next issue (this time focused in the Christian sources of Pseudo-Dionysius), while the latter is prepared in English, since no detailed outline of this subject is available in English so far.
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Could Iamblichus help us to understand one ancient relief?
Статья научная
Describing Pythagoras’ activities in Croton Iamblichus summarizes the content of his public speeches addressed to young men, to the Thousand who governed the city, as well as children and women of Croton. The earliest evidences about the Pythagoras’ speeches, available to us are found in an Athenian rhetorician and a pupil of Socrates Antisthenes (450-370 BCE), the historians Dicearchus and Timaeus, and Isocrates. In the present paper I consider the content of the Pythagoras’ speeches, preserved by Iamblichus, in more details, in order to suggest a new interpretation of the famous grave relief from the Antikensammlung, Berlin (Sk 1462). The relief, found in an “Olive grove on the road to Eleusis” and dated to the first century BCE, presents an image of a sitting half-naked bearded man with a young man, also half-naked, standing behind his chair, and a group of peoples consisting of a child, an older man and a woman, standing in front of him. Our attention attracts a big and clear image of the letter ‘Psi’ above the scene. The comparison of the content of Pythagoras’ speeches with the scene depicted on the relief allows us to interpret the image as following: we suggest that the sitting man, undoubtedly a philosopher, could be a Pythagorean or Pythagoras himself; he is attended by his pupil and gives speeches to different groups of peoples, symbolically represented as a young man, a public agent, a woman and a child. Admittedly, the letter ‘Psi’ symbolizes the Pythagorean teaching about psyche (the soul), and the relief itself, contrary to general opinion, was initially designed to adorn a school or a private building rather than a funeral monument. An alternative interpretation suggested is that the sitting figure could be a wandering physician.
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Crypto-Paganism in the later Roman Empire. Part I: Concealed identity and false conversion
Статья научная
This article explores crypto-paganism in the later Roman Empire as a phenomenon of concealed religious identity shaped by coercion, conformity, and false conversion to Christianity. It argues that successful dissimulation normally leaves no documentary trace, while accusations of paganism are frequently preserved only in polemical or judicial contexts, often arising after political disgrace or conflict with ecclesiastical authorities. As a result, modern attempts to identify “cryptopagans” risk reproducing the ambiguities already present in Late Antique evidence. By combining narrative, legal, and rhetorical sources, this article shows that covert adherence to traditional cults nevertheless persisted from the fourth to at least the early seventh century, particularly among members of the political and cultural elite. At the same time, from the mid-sixth century onward, accusations of paganism increasingly lost precise confessional meaning and functioned as a flexible instrument of social mobilization and denunciation, especially in periods of crisis. Crypto-paganism thus appears not as a marginal survival strategy, but as a structural by-product of Christianization under conditions of legal and social pressure.
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Cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 and Pythagorean triples in ancient Babylon
Статья научная
The article proposes a new reconstruction of the ancient Babylonian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322, containing 15 Pythagorean triples. This reconstruction is based on a sequential listing of sexagesimal fractions that have a finite number of digits and lie within the specified interval.
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Статья научная
This paper is an overview and introduction to the key elements of Damascius’ philosophy. I examine the attributes and the relationship between the Ineffable, the One, and the All as the cornerstones of his theoretical system. I then investigate the role of this system of thought for Damascius and his contemporaries as a guide to the philosophical life and its repercussions for attaining the highest principles. Is contemplation possible or are other means needed, such as theurgy and purification of the soul? Does the philosopher occupy a privileged position in this system, as in the preceding Platonic tradition or is the philosopher’s position different, by the experience of void and the inability to speak about and grasp the ‘nothingness’ of the highest principles?
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De arte metrica беды досточтимого и христианизация образования в раннем Средневековье
Статья научная
В статье показано, какие тексты христианских поэтов Беда Досточтимый использовал при написании De arte metrica , как он их цитировал и привлекал; демонстрируется, каким образом в образовательном процессе раннего Средневековья происходило вытеснение существующих норм классического стиха и их замена на христианские.
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Статья научная
Статья завершает исследование эротического ритуала предсвадебных мистерий Артемиды в античной Митилене и его отображения в поэзии Сапфо и Алкея. Девушки-невесты либо новобрачные, проходя посвящение в мистерии Артемиды, приносили в жертву Артемиде свою девственность (ср.: Sapph. Fr. 99 (a-b), Sapph. Fr. 114 Campbell; SEG XX 717, 84-97; IG XII (2) 255; Ps.-Aeschin. 10 и др.). При этом старшие девушки в ходе этого ритуала, по-видимому, выступали в образе Гермеса, фаллического божества плодородия (ср. Sapph. Fr. 141, Sapph. Fr. 150 Campbell; TAM III/1 35, A1). В пользу такой интерпретации свидетельствует сопоставительный анализ данных археологии, эпиграфики и литературной традиции.
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