Статьи журнала - International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing
Все статьи: 484
Design and implementation of control Unit-ALU of 32 bit asynchronous microprocessor based on FPGA
Статья научная
In today’s fast growing world, the digital design domain has two dominant role factors i.e. the efficiency and speed. The design of asynchronous processor is used to reduce the various challenges faced in synchronous architectures. There are numerous advantages of asynchronous processors, especially in SOC (System on the chip), reducing the crosstalk between analog and digital circuits, easiness in multi-rate circuit integration, reusability of ease of component and at last the less power consumption. The objective of this research paper is to design and simulate control unit of the asynchronous processor by using Xilinx ISE tool in VHDL. A robust control unit has been designed using FPGA. This control unit is responsible for accumulating the whole processor functioning control at a single unit. This paper further presents the optimization techniques for reducing area power and delay constraints related to digital circuits using FPGA.
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Design and implementation of solar tracker to defeat energy crisis in Pakistan
Статья научная
Proposed Solar tracker minimizing the angle of incidence and solar panel position towards the sun to achieve the maximum solar irradiation and strength so that it can produced the maximum output (electricity).
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Design and implementation of urban search and rescue robot
Статья научная
Disasters unsettle the economic and social stability of society. Shortage of skilled rescue workforces, as well as the risks involved in search and rescue operations, are becoming foremost problems during an emergency situation. To solve these problems, we have designed and implemented an Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) robot. The robot is designed and implemented in such a way that includes the application of digital electronics, embedded programming, digital signal processing and digital sensors. This USAR robot uses the microcontroller PIC 16F690 to control its movement by using a radio frequency module and PIC 16F73 to collect the sensor’s data and transmit the data through Bluetooth module. These are low power and cost-effective chips. The PIR sensor, Co2 gas sensor, and temperature sensor will collect the data of the disaster area and transmit the data to the service station. Even though, a camera is operated for visual purpose. In this paper not only we have designed and implemented USAR robot but also we tested and analyzed the result.
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Design of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment for the Centerline of a Federal Highway
Статья научная
Highway engineering standards are constantly improving. In this study, a design has been done for a horizontal and vertical alignment for the centerline of a federal highway. The construction cost and pavement design have been done according to the Malaysian public works department for the federal roads system (JKR). The results indicate that the designed highway has an adequate, accurate, and economical system based on the proposed data. Accordingly, the objective has been achieved since the reliability of the designed highway was 94%.
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Design of Low Power Current Mode Square-Root Circuit
Статья научная
Analog circuits have been viewed as a voltage dominated type of signal processing. With the advent of CMOS technology, shrinking feature size, and reduction of supply voltage a new class of circuits developed: current-mode circuits. Among current-mode circuits "Translinear circuits" is one of the important and emerging research interests for low power analog designers. It is the practical means of implementing nonlinear signal processing functions. The performance of analog circuits strongly depends upon techniques used to exploit the characteristics of the transistors. In this paper, using exponential current-voltage relationship of MOS transistor when biased in subthreshold-mode, a square-root circuit is proposed. The circuit simulations were carried on TSMC 0.18 micrometer technology using ELDO Simulator.
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Design of Low Voltage and High-Speed BiCMOS Buffer for Driving Large Load Capacitor
Статья научная
BICMOS circuits are interesting for designers when a high speed output driver is required especially in I/O circuits. Buffer is an important block in high speed circuits, so designing a buffer with high drive capability has a great effect on circuits with large load capacitor. This paper presents a new BiCMOS buffer which uses 32nm technology node for CMOS transistors and 0.18um technology node for BJT transistors. The proposed buffer operates properly in voltage ranges from 0.8v to 1.5v. The capacitor range is from 0.5pf to 200pf; the overshoot of the output in this capacitor range is less than 10% of the supply voltage that is negligible. The proposed design has improvements in delay for about %88 respectively compared to similar CMOS buffers with high capacitor values.
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Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications
Статья научная
Low-profile antennas are required for aircraft, satellites, radar, and a variety of other vehicles due to aerodynamic considerations. The "patch" or microstrip antenna is a narrow band antenna with a low profile and low gain. Patch antennas are becoming more popular as a result of their ability to be printed on a circuit board. Microstrip antennas can be rectangular, circular, elliptical, or any other regular form, but the most common configurations are rectangular and circular. This research constructed a rectangular patch antenna that operates in the 3.3 GHz (S-band) operating frequency based on a description of microstrip antenna working principles. Agilent ADS Momentum software is used to create and simulate the antenna model. Finally, by optimizing and matching to meets, the best performance parameters such as Gain, Directivity, Efficiency, Power Intensity, Radiated power, and Return loss are obtained.
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Design of Wind Power Generator’s Vane Which Based on Computer
Статья научная
In this paper, we have mainly analyzed the relationship between virtual prototype and concurrent design. Then we have concluded the model of virtual prototype and simulation method which based on field object. We also have studied the design of wind power generator’s vane which based on computer, and have simulated the process of vanes’ aerodynamics.
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Design of a Radiation Hardened Register File for Highly Reliable Microprocessors
Статья научная
In this paper, a powerful bit upset masking (PBUM) technique for design of a high reliable register file is proposed. This technique is based on the triple modular redundancy (TMR) technique with the key capability of double faulty bit masking in every triad of bits while the TMR structure, only masks one fault in a triad. We implemented a 64-bit register file comprised of 64 registers protected with the proposed PBUM technique on FPGA. Our simulation results reveal that, over the TMR and some Hamming code-based techniques, our design offers a very higher robustness against radiation induced soft errors. Also, the proposed PBUM technique imposes a lower delay than its counterparts at the expense of a little higher area overhead. To reduce the area overhead, an area-efficient strategy is suggested that balances the reliability improvement and the area overhead. We show that, our technique using this area-aware strategy still has the highest reliability among the other considered techniques.
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Design of an Optimal Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) Controller for the Ball-On-Sphere System
Статья научная
Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is one of the optimal control methods that continue to gain popularity. This paper designed an optimal LQR controller to control the system of the ball-on-sphere. System equations were derived and due to the nonlinearity of the system, the equations were linearized. After that, the coefficient matrices of the system dynamics were derived. Given some initial conditions, the response was simulated and controlled close to the desired values. An improvement of about 87% was achieved and the performance of the controller was observed to be good based on the simulation results. The results showed that LQR controller is one of the best optimal control methods because of its high performance improvement.
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Design of the Wing of a Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAV
Статья научная
Over time, the need to extend the endurance of fixed-wing UAVs has been a challenge and requirement for the aviation industry. As a result, there are many ongoing researches on how to address this challenge while developing new concepts for an aircraft wing. This paper presents the methodology applied in the design of the wing of a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is intended for intelligence and surveillance (ISR) missions. A conceptual design was developed with the aircraft having a hybrid wing for the purpose of improving its structural design. The wing has two spars and thirteen ribs a side with an all-composite structure. Initial calculations were performed theoretically, thereafter, analyzed using the finite element analysis tool.
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Detection and classification of tumour in brain MRI
Статья научная
Brain Tumour is an abnormal cell formation inside the brain. They are mainly classified as benign and malignant tumours. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is used for effective diagnosis of brain tumour. An automated method for detection and classification of brain tumour is preferred as analysis of MRI manually is a difficult task for medical experts. The proposed method uses Adaptive Regularized Kernel based Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (ARKFCM) for segmentation. A combination of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is proposed for detection and classification of brain tumour based on the extracted features. A dataset of 94 images is considered for validation of the proposed method which resulted in an accuracy of 91.4%, Sensitivity of 98%, Specificity of 78% and Bit Error Rate (BER) of 0.12. Comparison of the proposed method is carried out with other conventional methods and the results are tabulated.
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Development and Evaluation of BOD–DO Model for River Ghataprabha near Mudhol (India), using QUAL2K
Статья научная
The present study involves the application of a water quality model QUAL2K for developing the BOD-DO model and evaluation of the results for a 50 km stretch of river Ghataprabha near Mudhol town of Bagalkot district, Karnataka. QUAL2K is a modeling framework for simulating river and stream water quality. Arc-GIS technique is used to obtain some hydro-geometric data of the river for input to model QUAL2K. For calibration and validation of the model, the BOD and DO values were monitored at six different locations. The calibrated model was validated to predict water quality using a different set of data under different conditions. The performance of the model was evaluated using statistics based on Standard errors (SE), Normalized Mean Errors (NME) and Mean Multiplicative errors (MME). The SE and MME values for BOD and DO during calibration are, 1.41 (1.12) and1.28 (0.90), respectively. The values in the bracket show MME. Corresponding values for the validation are 1.27 (1.09) and 1.10 (0.96). These results show that the values predicted by the model are in close agreement with measured values.
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Development of a 120kg Load Lifting Capacity Scissor Elevator Platform
Статья научная
This work focused on the development of a 120kg load lifting capacity scissor elevator platform (SEP) with a horizontally positioned rack and pinion gear actuating mechanism which is driven by a DC motor. The time of lift to an elevated height of 0.9m is 30s. Simulation of a typical SEP structure in the 3D workspace of a Computer Aided Design (CAD) software package was carried out to investigate the balance of the SEP structure, the stresses experienced, the efficiency, and safety of operations. A prototype was also fabricated for the physical demonstration of SEP. The SEP can be used for a range of engineering applications such as making an adjustable workbench for workshop use, solving the problem of table adjustment for height-challenged personnel, or used as a load-transferring device if mobile to transfer loads between two or more elevated locations during construction or maintenance work. Calculated results give the platform weight as 136.693N, the scissor arms weight as 188.205N, the total structure weight as 1502.098N, the stress in the scissor arm at maximum platform elevation as 1.702MPa, the stress in the scissor arm at minimum platform elevation as 4.928MPa, the maximum actuation force as 4126.980N, and the power required to drive the mechanism as 26.963W. Autodesk Inventor Pro simulation results show that a wide range of data can be sourced when one considers the real-time behavior of SEP. The results also indicated the values of the reaction forces, reaction moments, stresses, strains, and displacements developed at every joint, link, hinged support, and every other point in a 3D workspace.
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Development of a Mobile Liquid Spraying Machine for Small and Medium Scale Crop Production
Статья научная
This article presents the design, simulation, fabrication and performance evaluation of a liquid spraying machine for application of pesticides in a small and medium scale crop plantation. In this article, components of the conceptualized spraying machine were modelled and assembled in SolidWorks CAD environment. The modelled components were designed in order to obtain design parameters for simulation. An extensive simulation on the stress and strain analysis was carried out on the designed components. The significance of the simulation is to predict the structural integrity and performance of the component parts of the machine before fabrication. The components were fabricated from locally sourced material in order to ensure a lower cost of production. The fabricated spraying machine was tested and the performance indicated that a field efficiency of 79% is obtainable in an average time of 1374 s to spray a maize crop field area of 1813 m2 having an average crop height of 0.52m. Further observations from the performance analysis also show that the field efficiency of the spraying machine drops to a value of 75% when used in a crop field area of 2206.3 m2. This is an indication that the spraying machine’s efficiency will reduce as the field area increases. In essence, the significance of the approach presented in this article is to ensure that the simulation predicts the performance of the design and the fabrication of the spraying machine using locally sourced material will ensure lower cost of fabrication.
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Development of a Multi Degree-of-Freedom Vibration Exciter for Laboratory Applications
Статья научная
Introduction of vibration to manufacturing operations such as casting and welding has proved to improve the physical and mechanical properties of manufactured parts. A vibration exciter is developed for the purpose of generating and inducing vibration, along different degrees of freedom, on objects placed on its surface. The equipment applies an eccentric mass drive system which gives the equipment an overall advantage in varying the vibration parameters. The acceleration of the vibratory motion of the equipment was measured using an accelerometer and oscilloscope set-up. The natural frequencies of the different vibration modes are also obtained from a developed mathematical model executed using the MATLAB Simulink software. The developed equipment successfully generated random sinusoidal vibrations of accelerations ranging from −5 m/s^2 to 8 m/s^2 along the principal axes and angular accelerations ranging from −40 rad/s to 40 rad/s about the pitch and roll axes. Natural frequencies of f_x = 3.78 Hz, f_θ = 7.94 Hz and f_φ = 9.89 Hz are obtained along the vertical, pitch and roll directions respectively. The presented results indicate that the developed machine successfully satisfied the proposed hypothesis of being able to measure vibrational characteristics along different degrees of freedom.
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Development of a low-cost air quality data acquisition IoT-based system using arduino leonardo
Статья научная
Air pollution is responsible for an estimated 5.5 million deaths in 2013 which costed the global economy approximately US$225 billion in lost labor income. To address the problems caused by air pollution, this study aims to develop a low-cost and portable air quality monitoring system that detects the levels of CO, PM2.5, PM10, temperature, and humidity. Using Internet of Things (IoT), the data that the system gathers can be accessed through the internet. Moreover, the system assesses the obtained data through a comparative analysis with the AQI. The Iterative Design Loop method was used in the development of the air quality monitoring system. Furthermore, the sensors were programmed using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Using the Welch’s t-test, it was found that the obtained data of the system is not significantly different to that of the standard air quality monitoring systems. To achieve more accurate data from the developed system, the raw data of the developed and standard system were calibrated through an equation from the trendline. Through the use of Acer CloudProfessor, the study successfully developed an air quality monitoring system that can be accessed through the internet.
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Статья научная
Wireless sensor networks (WSN), when applied to the field of water quality monitoring and management, has the potential to bring numerous benefits as compared to traditional methods since it is accurate, reliable in remote areas and in the tough condition such as during rainy seasons, and less costly. With the ever-growing application of Internet of Things (IoT) and technology in general, sensor devices have become less expensive and widely used in many applications that require remote monitoring. In this work, we present an innovative and secure water monitoring and management system using remote sensor prototype, which has been developed to monitor physiochemical parameters including pH, Turbidity, Temperature, and Dissolved Oxygen. Qualitative research methods were used for gathering system requirements through questionnaires and interviews conducted in Pangani water basin authority, in the United Republic of Tanzania. Documents were also reviewed to provide secondary knowledge. Furthermore, the system was developed using Dynamic System Development Methodology (DSDM). Firstly, the proposed system prototype is able to provide real-time measurements accurately. Secondly, the proposed system uses Advanced Encryption Standards to provide a secure transmission and storage of data transmitted from remote sensor nodes to a central database system. Thirdly, the web application was developed for data visualization using tabular and graphical formats. Lastly, the system prototype provides decisions support on quality of water present in Pangani river basin by evaluating sensor measurements and sends SMS alerts once the measured value is above the recommended standard values.
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Development of machine vision system for automatic inspection of vehicle identification number
Статья научная
The vision system is developed to reduce the human effort and improve productivity in the Vehicle Quality Assurance (VQA) shop for inspection of a car bearing a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), assigned to it at the assembly shop. This project work is carried out in association with M/s Renault Nissan Automotive India Pvt Ltd, Chennai. The vision system consists of a camera fixed on a pan-tilt camera frame and an Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The camera frame is mounted on a belt conveyor with remote control of forward, backward and tilting motion. The image of VIN present at the car door is captured through a digital camera placed adjacent to the car. The characters in the VIN image thus obtained are extracted using MATLAB, with configurable OCR software. Template matching method is followed in the OCR process. The MATLAB code can overcome trivial issues in VIN image inspection at the quality shop. Development of a graphic user interface to the software is also described.
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Diffraction Tomography: It's Application in Ultrasound
Статья научная
Ultrasound Diffraction Tomography (UDT) is an important alternative to conventional B-mode imaging. Generally, in diffraction tomography, the most universal available computational strategies for reconstructing the object from its projections are interpolation in the frequency domain and interpolation in the space domain. They are analogous to the direct Fourier inversion and backprojection algorithms of straight ray tomography. In this paper two B-spline interpolation functions are introduced. Due to the computational expenses in the space domain interpolation, we apply the interpolation in the frequency domain to implement our new interpolation functions. We also compare our results with filtered backprojection algorithm result. The validity and feasibility of our method was tested using an agar phantom to mimic the human tissue, olive to mimic the cancer, and water to mimic the cyst. The experimental results show that this method has a promising impact in clinical applications.
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