International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing @ijem
Статьи журнала - International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing
Все статьи: 520
Design Database for an Automated Control System of Typical Wastewater Treatment Processes
Статья научная
Current requests, that are advanced to the cleaning parameters of wastewaters, including the offered by the EU community standards, are quite high. To satisfy them, a lot of parameters need to be maintained at a proper level. The presence of a significant number of control points, and a wastewater treatment process management, many situations affect the cleaning process in the case of deviations from the specified conditions, as well as many pollutants indicate that currently structured information for quality cleaning processes management should be available. Even an experienced operator cannot handle the monitoring and management of so many parameters optimally without the relevant database. The modern phase of the water-saving technology enterprises is characterized by large volumes and complexity of the information being processed, by the need for public access to data elements, by high demands to the speed of the information acquisition and its reliability that can be realized under the conditions of the functioning database. Since the database should not only be a storage, but should also have a link between the different elements, the data structure must be described formally. For that reason, the database subschema was designed (as the conceptual data model) for automation of water-saving processes. With the help of normalization, the hierarchical database model has been reduced to relational. It has significant advantages over the hierarchical and network data structures including the following: clarity of data presentation, ability to use one relational algebra (a language of Codd algebra), as well as simplicity of database reorganization. Due to the lack of a recognized analytical method of database management system selection, the choice of database for automatic water-saving control processes was carried out based on an expert estimations method. To maintain the functioning of the database on the defined criteria, the PostgreSQL database management system has been selected. As a result, that will implement the interface with application software concerning the automation of wastewater treatment technological processes, as well as the main production automation.
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Статья научная
Preliminary studies conducted in the field of ultrasonic broadcast for bird pest control has identified among others, that ultrasound of specific frequencies and certain audio sounds can serves as effective parameters in weaver bird pest scaring. Of interest is ultrasound frequency of 35 kHz as the put-to-flight and stay-away frequency in bird homes, while 25 kHz holds in farm conditions. These findings set the stage for this work which is aimed at determining the compositions, dimensions and specifications of a stand-alone device capable of electronically generating ultrasound of the required frequencies and incorporating audio sounds of predators to effectively scare weaver birds away from farms while overcoming the challenge of habituation. The design consists of sections as: the solar power supply, tripping, timing, oscillatory, frequency selection, amplification, microcontroller, predator cry, LCD and ultrasonic transducer sections and their respective circuits. The design if implemented and tested, will ensure 360o horizontal ultrasound coverage and a vertical boost to effectively repel weave bird pests from the vicinity of broadcast.
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Design Modification and Fabrication of An Active Solar Dryer
Статья научная
This study presents the design modification and performance evaluation of an active solar dryer. The Modified Active Solar Dryer (MASD) is equipped with a non-concentrating flat plate thermal collector and drying chamber to dry various agricultural products. The drying chamber contains trays inside it. These are used to completely circulate airflow inside it. The drying Chamber has a cross-section Area of 0.30m × 0.45m and a height of 0.45m. The Flat plate collector has 0.91 m length, 0.45 m width, 0.12 m depth, and 0.049 m^3 volume. This study performed experimental work and evaluated performance by drying the chili in a Simplified Active Solar Dryer and Modified Active Solar dryer from 8 am to5 pm with average solar irradiance of 883.25W⁄m^2 . The temperature has been recorded at six different points. The difference in temperatures between the dryer input and the surrounding air has been observed continuously. Temperatures at the Thermal Collector and Drying Chamber are the main prime mover of solar drying, so our main concern was on these two temperatures. The temperature achieved by SASD in the thermal collector is in the range of 55 ~ 60˚C meanwhile in the MASD temperature range is 65 ~ 70˚C. In SASD chili was dried in five days meanwhile in Modified Active Solar Dryer it took four days. The moisture content of the chili was reduced to 10% and it took 45hour for SASD and 34 hours for MASD. It is concluded that Modified Active Solar Dryer took 34% less time than the Simplified Active Solar Dryer.
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Design Of A Optimized Parallel Array Multiplier Using Parallel Prefix Adder
Статья научная
Multiplication is the basic building block for several DSP processors, Image processing and many other. Over the years the computational complexities of algorithms used in Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) have gradually increased. This requires a parallel array multiplier to achieve high execution speed or to meet the performance demands. A typical implementation of such an array multiplier is Braun design. Braun multiplier is a type of parallel array multiplier. The architecture of Braun multiplier mainly consists of some Carry Save Adders, array of AND gates and one Ripple Carry Adder. In this research work, a new design of Braun Multiplier is proposed and this proposed design of multiplier uses a very fast parallel prefix adder (Brent kung Adder) in place of Ripple Carry Adder. The architecture of standard Braun Multiplier is modified in this work for reducing the area and delay due to Ripple Carry Adder and performing faster multiplication of two binary numbers. The design is implemented using Microwind1, digital schematics (DSCH)
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Design Remote Monitoring System for Patients at Real-Time based on Internet of Things (IoT)
Статья научная
The remote real-time patient monitoring system is a healthcare solution that uses ESP32 microcontroller and Blynk IoT cloud platform to monitor the vital signs of patients, including temperature, oxygen saturation, and heartbeat. The system also monitors the environmental factors surrounding the patient, such as temperature and humidity, and determines the GPS location of the patient. Additionally, the system includes an alarm device that alerts healthcare providers in case of emergency. In this paper we design system aims to provide continuous care and monitoring for patients, whether they are in hospitals, at home, or outside. By using Blynk IoT cloud platform, the system aims to reduce the percentage of medical errors and deaths by providing real-time monitoring of the patient's vital signs and environmental conditions, allowing healthcare providers to respond to emergencies quickly and efficiently. The IoT-based patient monitoring system consists of sensors that collect data on the patient's vital signs and environmental factors. The collected data is transmitted wirelessly to the Blynk IoT cloud platform, where it is processed and analyzed. Healthcare providers can access the data through the Blynk mobile app and receive alerts in case of any abnormalities or emergencies.
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Статья научная
In this paper we design and develop a highly stable and low cost regulated DC power supply for Geiger Müller (GM) Counter/detector. A regulated high voltage power supply is an important power source to bias gas-discharge tubes, X-ray tubes, and radiation detectors etc. A highly stabilized regulated 575 volts DC power supply was developed using the pulse width modulation (PWM) control technique from a 5 volt supply. It is specially designed for biasing GM detector for the area radiation monitor. The output high voltage can be adjusted at any suitable value by adjusting the preset potentiometer.
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Design and Development of Pesticide Residue Detection System using EC and pH Sensor
Статья научная
Increase in the population of India, results in higher demand for food as well as decrease in land for farming. Hence to fulfil the increased demand, food is adulterated to get more quantity in short period of time. Moreover, pesticides in crops are using above the legal maximum residue limit by farmers to gain more profit in lesser time. Although pesticides are highly effective on pests but they can reside in an environment. Among the class of organophosphate pesticides, chlorpyrifos is widely used in vegetables. Chlorpyrifos has toxic effects on the human body particularly on brain and nervous system. In this paper, design and development of sensors for pesticide residue detection using parameters like electrical conductivity, pH etc are proposed. It was found that the relative percentage deviation between the value of conductivity in pesticide free samples and the pesticide containing samples of bitter gourd, bottle gourd and tomatoes are 31.4%, 10.7% and 19.09% and also between pesticide free samples and market samples are 33.5%, 8.7% and 16.56% respectively. This large variation among different samples shows the presence of pesticide residue. Hence, the method can be successfully used for the detection of pesticide residues in vegetable samples. The proposed sensor system is easy, rapid and time undemanding method. So, this electronic device can also be used to check impurities in any other liquid like water, milk etc.
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Design and Development of a Versatile and Intelligent Home Security System
Статья научная
This paper deals with the designing and implementation of microcontroller based security system to alert when unauthorized persons try to enter in a home. The first phase of security was implemented using a GSM module to send alert message (SMS). To make the system robust additional layers of security has been incorporated by including security devices such as android based door password, manual keyboard to open the door, PIR motion to detect unauthorized person in the home, rotating ultrasonic sensor by servo motor to active the camera to capture image and RF transceiver to produce voice signal to alert people outside the home. The system's main hardware was designed by Arduino based microcontroller ATmega328. Arduino ISP was used for system designing and Arduino serial monitor is used to test the GSM module. The implemented system was seen to perform well.
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Design and Implementation of Cost Efficient SCADA System for Industrial Automation
Статья научная
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system facilitates the monitoring and control of industrial process from the designated control station. The cost investment for implementing the SCADA system is expensive and is not in approach of small and medium scale industries these days. Developing the customized SCADA system helps to reduce the cost in software components and becomes more close approach to the small and medium scale industries. In this research we presented a SCADA software developed in C# environment and successfully tested in industrial process monitoring and control. The developed SCADA software is capable of remotely supervise, control and data monitoring facility and is also capable of data logging in the IoT server. This approach has been found to be efficient in both aspects, technically and economically.
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Design and Implementation of Diagnosis System for Cardiomegaly from Clinical Chest X-ray Reports
Статья научная
With the increasingly broadening adoption of Electronic Health Record (EHR) worldwide, there is a growing need to widen the use of EHR to support clinical decision making and research particularly in radiology. A number of studies on generation, analysis and presentation of chest x-ray reports from digital images to detect abnormalities have been well documented in the literature but studies on automatic analysis of chest x-ray reports have not been well represented. Interestingly, there is a large amount of unstructured electronic chest x-ray notes that need to be organized and processed in such a way that it can be automated for the purpose of giving urgent attention to abnormal radiographs in clinical findings to allow for quicker report analysis and decision making. This study developed a system to automate this analysis in order to prioritize findings from chest x-rays using support vector machine and Lagrange Multiplier for the constraint optimization. The classification model was implemented using Python programming language and Django framework. The developed system was evaluated based on precision, recall, f1-score, negative predictive value (NPV). Expert’s knowledge was also used as gold standard and comparison with the existing system. The result showed a precision of 96.04%, recall of 95.10%, f1-score of 95.57%, specificity of 86.21%, negative predictive value of 83.33% and an accuracy of 93.13%. The study revealed that a limited but important number of relevant attributes provided an effective and efficient model for the detection of cardiomegaly in clinical chest x-ray reports. From the evaluation result, it is evident that this system can help the clinicians to quickly prioritize findings from chest x-ray reports, thereby reducing the delay in attending to patients. Hence, the developed system could be used for the analysis of chest x-ray reports with the purpose of diagnosing the patient for cardiomegaly. Chest X-ray reports are usually textual, therefore, further studies can introduce spell checker to the system to provide higher sensitivity.
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Статья научная
To meet the ever-growing demand of this power hungry world, wasted energy can play a significant role. Wasted energy is the one which is not used in any part of a transferred or transformed process. Footstep energy is such a type that can be utilized properly in potential areas like crowded places. Every time people walk, a system captures this energy as pressure or stress and then converts it into electrical energy. This paper presents the design of a prototype of pressure transduced intelligent power management system for the street lighting system that can be self-enabled automatically from dawn to dusk. A way of avoiding the risk of battery damage is introduced in this design. A priority based power connection scheme is also shown to make an effective power management system for this system. The output results are also in accord with the design scheme that indicate almost linear relationships between stress in piezo transducers and voltage or power produced from it.
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Design and construction of a prototype wireless power transfer device
Статья научная
This project is aimed at developing a prototype wireless charging system that allows for charging convenience using wireless charging also called inductive charging. This allows charging to be made easier and free from connecting leads between charger and handset. In order to successfully achieve this task, the design of the prototype was developed in two parts, a transmitter with resonator and a receiver with resonator. The transmitter converts DC voltage to AC, and transfers energy wirelessly through an LC resonator to the receiver through mutual induction, and hence induces EMF in the receiver. The EMF is rectified, filtered and regulated and output is used to charge mobile phones. Testing results and measurements taken on this prototype shows that significant amount of EMF can be induced at receiver through air coupled transformers due to EM waves at high frequencies. The charging distance is 3cm maximum with end-to-end coupling.
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Design and construction of an obstacle-detecting glasses for the visually impaired
Статья научная
This paper introduces a wearable eyeglass with an ultrasonic sensor to help the blind to navigate alone safely, while avoiding obstacles that may be encountered, fixed or mobile, thereby preventing any possible accident. The main component of this work is the ultrasonic sensor, which is used to measure the distance to an object using sound waves. By recording the elapsed time between the wave being generated and the wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object. A limitation of the project is that even though it can operate alone as an independent device, its full functionality to be achieved, it needs to be part of a whole system hence making it an auxiliary device. An integration of this device with a smart walking stick or an automatic wheelchair can help realize its full potential and make it the ultimate mobility aid. This system is cheap, fast and easy to use and it is an innovation for the blind and visually impaired people to help them overcome the various problems in their daily life.
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Design and development of a mixed-mode domestic solar dryer
Статья научная
This work focuses on the design and development of a mixed-mode domestic solar dryer in which the slices of pepper, okra and yam were dried simultaneously by both direct radiation through the transparent glass roof of the drying chamber and by the heated air from the solar collector. The dryer was made up of the solar collector, the desiccant chamber and the drying chamber which contains a rack of three trays. The air comes in through the air inlet and heated up within the solar collector and then channeled through the drying chamber by natural convection where it is utilized for drying purposes. The development was done using locally sourced and readily available materials such as wood, transparent glass sheet, mild steel metal sheet, mosquito galvanized wire mesh and chicken galvanized wire mesh. The maximum temperature attained by the solar collector, drying chamber during test were 69oC and 55oC respectively, with a corresponding ambient temperature of 39oC. The mass of water removal of 43g, 136g and 255g from pepper, okra and yam slices respectively was achieved making use of the passive solar food dryer as against the water removal of 39g, 126g and 218g from pepper, okra and yam slices respectively achieved using the sun drying method which indicates a difference of 4g, 10g and 37g for pepper, okra and yam slices respectively. The rapid rate of drying achieved with the use of this dryer shows that it has the ability to dry food items rapidly to an acceptable moisture content level.
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Design and development of class 2B-lpl compliant constant-force compression slider mechanism
Статья научная
This research work focuses on the design and development of Class 2B-lpl compliant constant-force compression slider mechanism. It also expresses the desire to simplify the behavioral model for easy usage. Results obtained indicated an average non-dimesionalized parameter value of 1.2573, 1.2991, 1.3483, and 1.4081 for a 10, 20, 30, and 40% displacement respectively. The result also shows that the average force generated by the mechanism for a 10, 20, 30, and 40% displacement were 901.23N, 316.56N, 171.17N, and 110.44N respectively using the maximum flexible segments parameter values for the different percentages of mechanism slider displacement. This indicates clearly that using the non-dimensionalized parameter, the average force generated by this class of mechanism can easily be determined which greatly simplifies its usage.
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Design and implementation of a DDR2 SDRAM controller for audio data on a reconfigurable platform
Статья научная
Multimedia applications play a very important role in the field of VLSI design and embedded systems. They need a large amount of memory storage with higher bandwidth and higher speed. To overcome this hazard, a memory controller is required. A memory controller is a device that stores the data and gives it back whenever required. Real-time recording of an audio data and finally storing it without losing the data is a difficult task. This paper describes the usage of Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access memory controller for storing the audio data. The design uses finite state machine (FSM) architecture that is developed for testing of this algorithm. Audio codec device is used for the conversion of analog data into digital and vice versa. The tool used to simulate this design is Xilinx ISE design suite. The hardware used to synthesize this design is FPGA Spartan-3 kit.
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Design and implementation of control Unit-ALU of 32 bit asynchronous microprocessor based on FPGA
Статья научная
In today’s fast growing world, the digital design domain has two dominant role factors i.e. the efficiency and speed. The design of asynchronous processor is used to reduce the various challenges faced in synchronous architectures. There are numerous advantages of asynchronous processors, especially in SOC (System on the chip), reducing the crosstalk between analog and digital circuits, easiness in multi-rate circuit integration, reusability of ease of component and at last the less power consumption. The objective of this research paper is to design and simulate control unit of the asynchronous processor by using Xilinx ISE tool in VHDL. A robust control unit has been designed using FPGA. This control unit is responsible for accumulating the whole processor functioning control at a single unit. This paper further presents the optimization techniques for reducing area power and delay constraints related to digital circuits using FPGA.
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Design and implementation of solar tracker to defeat energy crisis in Pakistan
Статья научная
Proposed Solar tracker minimizing the angle of incidence and solar panel position towards the sun to achieve the maximum solar irradiation and strength so that it can produced the maximum output (electricity).
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Design and implementation of urban search and rescue robot
Статья научная
Disasters unsettle the economic and social stability of society. Shortage of skilled rescue workforces, as well as the risks involved in search and rescue operations, are becoming foremost problems during an emergency situation. To solve these problems, we have designed and implemented an Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) robot. The robot is designed and implemented in such a way that includes the application of digital electronics, embedded programming, digital signal processing and digital sensors. This USAR robot uses the microcontroller PIC 16F690 to control its movement by using a radio frequency module and PIC 16F73 to collect the sensor’s data and transmit the data through Bluetooth module. These are low power and cost-effective chips. The PIR sensor, Co2 gas sensor, and temperature sensor will collect the data of the disaster area and transmit the data to the service station. Even though, a camera is operated for visual purpose. In this paper not only we have designed and implemented USAR robot but also we tested and analyzed the result.
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Design of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment for the Centerline of a Federal Highway
Статья научная
Highway engineering standards are constantly improving. In this study, a design has been done for a horizontal and vertical alignment for the centerline of a federal highway. The construction cost and pavement design have been done according to the Malaysian public works department for the federal roads system (JKR). The results indicate that the designed highway has an adequate, accurate, and economical system based on the proposed data. Accordingly, the objective has been achieved since the reliability of the designed highway was 94%.
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