International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing @ijem
Статьи журнала - International Journal of Engineering and Manufacturing
Все статьи: 544
Design and Simulation of Biomimetic Controller
Статья научная
The development of upper limb prostheses poses a significant challenge in providing amputees with sensory feedback. This paper presents a novel approach by proposing a biomimetic circuit specifically designed to replicate the behavior of slowly adapting (SA-I) afferents, which are responsible for encoding sustained indentation and offering crucial sensory feedback. The circuit has been meticulously designed and simulated using Cadence Virtuoso software, a powerful tool for circuit design and optimization. To validate the functionality and performance of the biomimetic circuit, a grid of mechanoreceptors is simulated and tested, providing realistic inputs for the circuit. The circuit successfully emulates the response of SA-I afferents to sustained indentation, exhibiting a slowly adapting discharge that linearly correlates with the depth of indentation. This ability to replicate the natural behavior of SA-I afferents represents a significant advancement in the field of providing sensory feedback for upper limb prostheses. The biomimetic circuit holds great promise in addressing the crucial need for sensory feedback in upper limb prosthetics. By integrating this circuit into upper limb prostheses, amputees can experience more intuitive and realistic sensations during interactions with their environment. The replication of SA-I afferent behavior provides users with vital information about the magnitude and duration of applied forces, enhancing their overall perception and control of the prosthesis. The findings of this study contribute to the ongoing progress in the field of prosthetics, particularly in the development of more sophisticated and advanced upper limb prostheses. The successful implementation and simulation of the biomimetic circuit demonstrate its potential as a viable solution for providing amputees with enhanced sensory feedback, ultimately improving their quality of life and reintegrating them into daily activities more seamlessly. The new approach emphasizes the development of a biomimetic circuit tailored to replicate SA-I afferent behavior. The proposal addresses the challenge of providing sensory feedback in upper limb prostheses. The study utilizes Cadence Virtuoso software for precise design, layout, and simulation, offering a practical solution for realistic sensory feedback. By accurately emulating the response of SA-I afferents to sustained indentation, the circuit holds the potential to significantly enhance amputees' quality of life and integration into daily activities. The proposed circuit contributes to the advancement of upper limb prosthetics and represents a significant leap forward in achieving more intuitive and authentic sensory experiences for prosthesis users.
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Design and construction of a prototype wireless power transfer device
Статья научная
This project is aimed at developing a prototype wireless charging system that allows for charging convenience using wireless charging also called inductive charging. This allows charging to be made easier and free from connecting leads between charger and handset. In order to successfully achieve this task, the design of the prototype was developed in two parts, a transmitter with resonator and a receiver with resonator. The transmitter converts DC voltage to AC, and transfers energy wirelessly through an LC resonator to the receiver through mutual induction, and hence induces EMF in the receiver. The EMF is rectified, filtered and regulated and output is used to charge mobile phones. Testing results and measurements taken on this prototype shows that significant amount of EMF can be induced at receiver through air coupled transformers due to EM waves at high frequencies. The charging distance is 3cm maximum with end-to-end coupling.
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Design and construction of an obstacle-detecting glasses for the visually impaired
Статья научная
This paper introduces a wearable eyeglass with an ultrasonic sensor to help the blind to navigate alone safely, while avoiding obstacles that may be encountered, fixed or mobile, thereby preventing any possible accident. The main component of this work is the ultrasonic sensor, which is used to measure the distance to an object using sound waves. By recording the elapsed time between the wave being generated and the wave bouncing back, it is possible to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object. A limitation of the project is that even though it can operate alone as an independent device, its full functionality to be achieved, it needs to be part of a whole system hence making it an auxiliary device. An integration of this device with a smart walking stick or an automatic wheelchair can help realize its full potential and make it the ultimate mobility aid. This system is cheap, fast and easy to use and it is an innovation for the blind and visually impaired people to help them overcome the various problems in their daily life.
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Design and development of a mixed-mode domestic solar dryer
Статья научная
This work focuses on the design and development of a mixed-mode domestic solar dryer in which the slices of pepper, okra and yam were dried simultaneously by both direct radiation through the transparent glass roof of the drying chamber and by the heated air from the solar collector. The dryer was made up of the solar collector, the desiccant chamber and the drying chamber which contains a rack of three trays. The air comes in through the air inlet and heated up within the solar collector and then channeled through the drying chamber by natural convection where it is utilized for drying purposes. The development was done using locally sourced and readily available materials such as wood, transparent glass sheet, mild steel metal sheet, mosquito galvanized wire mesh and chicken galvanized wire mesh. The maximum temperature attained by the solar collector, drying chamber during test were 69oC and 55oC respectively, with a corresponding ambient temperature of 39oC. The mass of water removal of 43g, 136g and 255g from pepper, okra and yam slices respectively was achieved making use of the passive solar food dryer as against the water removal of 39g, 126g and 218g from pepper, okra and yam slices respectively achieved using the sun drying method which indicates a difference of 4g, 10g and 37g for pepper, okra and yam slices respectively. The rapid rate of drying achieved with the use of this dryer shows that it has the ability to dry food items rapidly to an acceptable moisture content level.
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Design and development of class 2B-lpl compliant constant-force compression slider mechanism
Статья научная
This research work focuses on the design and development of Class 2B-lpl compliant constant-force compression slider mechanism. It also expresses the desire to simplify the behavioral model for easy usage. Results obtained indicated an average non-dimesionalized parameter value of 1.2573, 1.2991, 1.3483, and 1.4081 for a 10, 20, 30, and 40% displacement respectively. The result also shows that the average force generated by the mechanism for a 10, 20, 30, and 40% displacement were 901.23N, 316.56N, 171.17N, and 110.44N respectively using the maximum flexible segments parameter values for the different percentages of mechanism slider displacement. This indicates clearly that using the non-dimensionalized parameter, the average force generated by this class of mechanism can easily be determined which greatly simplifies its usage.
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Design and implementation of a DDR2 SDRAM controller for audio data on a reconfigurable platform
Статья научная
Multimedia applications play a very important role in the field of VLSI design and embedded systems. They need a large amount of memory storage with higher bandwidth and higher speed. To overcome this hazard, a memory controller is required. A memory controller is a device that stores the data and gives it back whenever required. Real-time recording of an audio data and finally storing it without losing the data is a difficult task. This paper describes the usage of Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access memory controller for storing the audio data. The design uses finite state machine (FSM) architecture that is developed for testing of this algorithm. Audio codec device is used for the conversion of analog data into digital and vice versa. The tool used to simulate this design is Xilinx ISE design suite. The hardware used to synthesize this design is FPGA Spartan-3 kit.
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Design and implementation of control Unit-ALU of 32 bit asynchronous microprocessor based on FPGA
Статья научная
In today’s fast growing world, the digital design domain has two dominant role factors i.e. the efficiency and speed. The design of asynchronous processor is used to reduce the various challenges faced in synchronous architectures. There are numerous advantages of asynchronous processors, especially in SOC (System on the chip), reducing the crosstalk between analog and digital circuits, easiness in multi-rate circuit integration, reusability of ease of component and at last the less power consumption. The objective of this research paper is to design and simulate control unit of the asynchronous processor by using Xilinx ISE tool in VHDL. A robust control unit has been designed using FPGA. This control unit is responsible for accumulating the whole processor functioning control at a single unit. This paper further presents the optimization techniques for reducing area power and delay constraints related to digital circuits using FPGA.
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Design and implementation of solar tracker to defeat energy crisis in Pakistan
Статья научная
Proposed Solar tracker minimizing the angle of incidence and solar panel position towards the sun to achieve the maximum solar irradiation and strength so that it can produced the maximum output (electricity).
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Design and implementation of urban search and rescue robot
Статья научная
Disasters unsettle the economic and social stability of society. Shortage of skilled rescue workforces, as well as the risks involved in search and rescue operations, are becoming foremost problems during an emergency situation. To solve these problems, we have designed and implemented an Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) robot. The robot is designed and implemented in such a way that includes the application of digital electronics, embedded programming, digital signal processing and digital sensors. This USAR robot uses the microcontroller PIC 16F690 to control its movement by using a radio frequency module and PIC 16F73 to collect the sensor’s data and transmit the data through Bluetooth module. These are low power and cost-effective chips. The PIR sensor, Co2 gas sensor, and temperature sensor will collect the data of the disaster area and transmit the data to the service station. Even though, a camera is operated for visual purpose. In this paper not only we have designed and implemented USAR robot but also we tested and analyzed the result.
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Design of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment for the Centerline of a Federal Highway
Статья научная
Highway engineering standards are constantly improving. In this study, a design has been done for a horizontal and vertical alignment for the centerline of a federal highway. The construction cost and pavement design have been done according to the Malaysian public works department for the federal roads system (JKR). The results indicate that the designed highway has an adequate, accurate, and economical system based on the proposed data. Accordingly, the objective has been achieved since the reliability of the designed highway was 94%.
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Design of Low Power Current Mode Square-Root Circuit
Статья научная
Analog circuits have been viewed as a voltage dominated type of signal processing. With the advent of CMOS technology, shrinking feature size, and reduction of supply voltage a new class of circuits developed: current-mode circuits. Among current-mode circuits "Translinear circuits" is one of the important and emerging research interests for low power analog designers. It is the practical means of implementing nonlinear signal processing functions. The performance of analog circuits strongly depends upon techniques used to exploit the characteristics of the transistors. In this paper, using exponential current-voltage relationship of MOS transistor when biased in subthreshold-mode, a square-root circuit is proposed. The circuit simulations were carried on TSMC 0.18 micrometer technology using ELDO Simulator.
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Design of Low Voltage and High-Speed BiCMOS Buffer for Driving Large Load Capacitor
Статья научная
BICMOS circuits are interesting for designers when a high speed output driver is required especially in I/O circuits. Buffer is an important block in high speed circuits, so designing a buffer with high drive capability has a great effect on circuits with large load capacitor. This paper presents a new BiCMOS buffer which uses 32nm technology node for CMOS transistors and 0.18um technology node for BJT transistors. The proposed buffer operates properly in voltage ranges from 0.8v to 1.5v. The capacitor range is from 0.5pf to 200pf; the overshoot of the output in this capacitor range is less than 10% of the supply voltage that is negligible. The proposed design has improvements in delay for about %88 respectively compared to similar CMOS buffers with high capacitor values.
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Design of Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 3.3 GHz Frequency for S-band Applications
Статья научная
Low-profile antennas are required for aircraft, satellites, radar, and a variety of other vehicles due to aerodynamic considerations. The "patch" or microstrip antenna is a narrow band antenna with a low profile and low gain. Patch antennas are becoming more popular as a result of their ability to be printed on a circuit board. Microstrip antennas can be rectangular, circular, elliptical, or any other regular form, but the most common configurations are rectangular and circular. This research constructed a rectangular patch antenna that operates in the 3.3 GHz (S-band) operating frequency based on a description of microstrip antenna working principles. Agilent ADS Momentum software is used to create and simulate the antenna model. Finally, by optimizing and matching to meets, the best performance parameters such as Gain, Directivity, Efficiency, Power Intensity, Radiated power, and Return loss are obtained.
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Design of Wind Power Generator’s Vane Which Based on Computer
Статья научная
In this paper, we have mainly analyzed the relationship between virtual prototype and concurrent design. Then we have concluded the model of virtual prototype and simulation method which based on field object. We also have studied the design of wind power generator’s vane which based on computer, and have simulated the process of vanes’ aerodynamics.
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Design of a 165-178 GHz 4-way Power Combined Amplifier with output Power Greater than 18.8 dBm
Статья научная
The Terahertz (THz) spectrum is the next frontier for efficient imaging applications and high-bandwidth wireless communication. A high-powered signal is imperative for the improvement of image resolution. The SiGe HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors) low output power level is one of the fundamental difficulties in the development of systems at high frequency and hence the importance of amplification at THz frequency range. This research is about designing, modeling, and simulating a 3-stage, 4-way power combined solid state PA (SSPA). The 3-stage design performance was optimized using a transmission line whose values were chosen optimally to ensure low loss. A single unit of the SSPA contains three stages and by using a splitter and combiner, 4 units of the SSPA were combined to give the desired output power. Simulations were performed using ADS Keysight and a gain of 30dB, saturation power out of 18.847dBm, and PAE (PAE) of 5.7% was achieved. This is a 28.8% increase in gain, an 11.36% increase in PAE, and a 3.3 % increase in saturation power compared to state-of-the-art results.
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Design of a Radiation Hardened Register File for Highly Reliable Microprocessors
Статья научная
In this paper, a powerful bit upset masking (PBUM) technique for design of a high reliable register file is proposed. This technique is based on the triple modular redundancy (TMR) technique with the key capability of double faulty bit masking in every triad of bits while the TMR structure, only masks one fault in a triad. We implemented a 64-bit register file comprised of 64 registers protected with the proposed PBUM technique on FPGA. Our simulation results reveal that, over the TMR and some Hamming code-based techniques, our design offers a very higher robustness against radiation induced soft errors. Also, the proposed PBUM technique imposes a lower delay than its counterparts at the expense of a little higher area overhead. To reduce the area overhead, an area-efficient strategy is suggested that balances the reliability improvement and the area overhead. We show that, our technique using this area-aware strategy still has the highest reliability among the other considered techniques.
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Design of an Optimal Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) Controller for the Ball-On-Sphere System
Статья научная
Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is one of the optimal control methods that continue to gain popularity. This paper designed an optimal LQR controller to control the system of the ball-on-sphere. System equations were derived and due to the nonlinearity of the system, the equations were linearized. After that, the coefficient matrices of the system dynamics were derived. Given some initial conditions, the response was simulated and controlled close to the desired values. An improvement of about 87% was achieved and the performance of the controller was observed to be good based on the simulation results. The results showed that LQR controller is one of the best optimal control methods because of its high performance improvement.
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Design of the Wing of a Medium Altitude Long Endurance UAV
Статья научная
Over time, the need to extend the endurance of fixed-wing UAVs has been a challenge and requirement for the aviation industry. As a result, there are many ongoing researches on how to address this challenge while developing new concepts for an aircraft wing. This paper presents the methodology applied in the design of the wing of a lightweight unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) that is intended for intelligence and surveillance (ISR) missions. A conceptual design was developed with the aircraft having a hybrid wing for the purpose of improving its structural design. The wing has two spars and thirteen ribs a side with an all-composite structure. Initial calculations were performed theoretically, thereafter, analyzed using the finite element analysis tool.
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Detection and classification of tumour in brain MRI
Статья научная
Brain Tumour is an abnormal cell formation inside the brain. They are mainly classified as benign and malignant tumours. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is used for effective diagnosis of brain tumour. An automated method for detection and classification of brain tumour is preferred as analysis of MRI manually is a difficult task for medical experts. The proposed method uses Adaptive Regularized Kernel based Fuzzy C-Means Clustering (ARKFCM) for segmentation. A combination of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is proposed for detection and classification of brain tumour based on the extracted features. A dataset of 94 images is considered for validation of the proposed method which resulted in an accuracy of 91.4%, Sensitivity of 98%, Specificity of 78% and Bit Error Rate (BER) of 0.12. Comparison of the proposed method is carried out with other conventional methods and the results are tabulated.
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Development and Evaluation of BOD–DO Model for River Ghataprabha near Mudhol (India), using QUAL2K
Статья научная
The present study involves the application of a water quality model QUAL2K for developing the BOD-DO model and evaluation of the results for a 50 km stretch of river Ghataprabha near Mudhol town of Bagalkot district, Karnataka. QUAL2K is a modeling framework for simulating river and stream water quality. Arc-GIS technique is used to obtain some hydro-geometric data of the river for input to model QUAL2K. For calibration and validation of the model, the BOD and DO values were monitored at six different locations. The calibrated model was validated to predict water quality using a different set of data under different conditions. The performance of the model was evaluated using statistics based on Standard errors (SE), Normalized Mean Errors (NME) and Mean Multiplicative errors (MME). The SE and MME values for BOD and DO during calibration are, 1.41 (1.12) and1.28 (0.90), respectively. The values in the bracket show MME. Corresponding values for the validation are 1.27 (1.09) and 1.10 (0.96). These results show that the values predicted by the model are in close agreement with measured values.
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