Краткие сообщения Института археологии @ksia-iaran
Статьи журнала - Краткие сообщения Института археологии
Все статьи: 1956
Статья научная
Maragheh, located in the northwestern geographical area of Iran, is one of the important areas in the studies of Islamic period of Iran. The name of the city has been mentioned many times in various historical sources and is most often referred to as the seat of the Azerbaijani state. But information on its history and background is very limited, because it has been so far neglected from an archeological point of view. Only few historical and archeological studies have generally addressed the status of formation and sequence of its historical periods. This article presents the results of new archaeological excavations and study, the purpose of this research is mainly attempted to provide a detailed chronology of the status of residence and settlement in the central part of the city by presenting a detailed stratigraphy of cultural materials of different historical eras and adapting them to historical events. The results, obtained in archaeological studies of the historical context of the city, show that the settlement in this part of the city has been started without interruption since the beginning of Islam.
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Clothes make the woman: the beads fashion in the Sarmatian cemetery from Hunedoara Timisana
Статья
This article analyses the beads discovered in the Sarmatian cemetery from Hunedoara Timisana (Arad County, West Romania). Beads are the most numerous dress items in the graves at Hunedoara Timisana, a total of 1396 beads (beside other fragmentary pieces) being identified in the 14 analysed graves. Beads fulfilled various functionalities within the analysed graves: they were part of necklaces, belts, earrings or buttons, but most often were sewn onto female garments. The custom of embroidery-decorating garment hems with hundreds or even thousands of beads of various colours is recorded in the Sarmatian milieu of the Great Hungarian Plain as early as their settling of the area. The fashion peaks in the period after the Marcomannic wars, very likely influenced by the arrival in this area of new groups of Sarmatians by the end of the 2nd - early 3rd c. AD.
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Contributions of the Domuztepe Excavations to Mesopotamian Prehistory
Статья научная
Domuztepe, located in Türkiye’s Eastern Mediterranean region, is situated at the intersection of the Taurus and Amanos Mountains in an area that was once semi-swampy. Excavations at Domuztepe were conducted as a joint American-British project between 1995 and 2012, and since the 2013 excavation season, have been carried out by a Turkish team from Hacettepe University in Ankara. A mound settlement, Domuztepe, covers an area of approximately 30 hectares and has two peaks, one in the north and one in the south. These peaks are approximately 12 meters above the plain. The highest point of Domuztepe is 540 meters above sea level, and it is now located within an area where intensive agricultural activities take place. In addition, medieval ceramic fragments are visible on the surface. A Roman garrison was identified in the northern peak during the work of the previous excavation team. Furthermore, both the former and current excavation teams have shown that the settlement exhibits Halaf characteristics, which hold a special place in the prehistory of Upper Mesopotamia. The surface of this pottery is mostly covered with painted decoration. In addition to traditional Halafian motifs, those unique to Domuztepe are also noteworthy. On the other hand, alongside Halafian pottery, different types of Dark Faced Ware, common in the Late Neolithic Period of Syro-Cilicia, are also found in the excavations. Findings that appear characteristic of the eastern and western regions of Upper Mesopotamia are present in the same context at Domuztepe. In addition, the presence of some pottery that gives a blended appearance of elements from both regions indicates that Domuztepe held a special position in the Late Neolithic Period of Mesopotamia.
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Discovering New Rock Arts at Meshgin Shahr’s Ghafeleghatar, Northwest of Iran
Статья научная
The historical site of the Ghafeleghatar was discovered in 2018 during archaeological survey in the Ardabil province in the northwest of Iran. Totally 50 images including goat, deer, and human figures have been identified and documented in this area. These motifs are represented individually and in compositions placed on black magnetite stones by scratching and striking technique. Most of the images show goat, which is comparable to many specimen from Iran and Azerbaijan. The images illustrate the nomadic and hunting-gathering nature of the designers of these works. The periods of formation of the images are unclear, so that no reliable dating and clear chronology can be suggested based on comparative studies.
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Emerging Archaeological Evidence in Iraqi Kurdistan: Reexamining the 7th – Mid 6th Millennia BCE
Статья научная
Recent archaeological investigations conducted in Iraqi Kurdistan have considerably expanded our understanding of the Late Neolithic period in the eastern Fertile Crescent. New surveys and excavations carried out over the past decade provide important data that challenge the traditional view of a relatively homogeneous Halaf cultural horizon across northern Mesopotamia. This contribution aims to present updated information regarding archaeological developments in Iraqi Kurdistan and to reconsider the dynamics of the Late Neolithic between the VII and the mid-VI millennia BCE.
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Gladius hispaniensis из погребения в Прикубанье
Статья научная
В статье рассматриваются материалы воинского сарматского погребения, впущенного в курган эпохи бронзы. В число сопровождающего инвентаря входили керамический кувшин и меч, который по морфологическим характеристикам можно отнести к типу «Gladius Hispaniensis». Появление данного типа клинкового вооружения в Прикубанье, очевидно, относится к эпохе митридатовых войн.
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Gre Fılla: A Pre-Pottery Neolithic Settlement at the Taurus Foothills
Статья научная
Gre Fılla, located to the south of the Southeast Taurus range, was inhabited by settled hunter-gatherers. Period V dates to 9300–8800 cal. BC, and Period IV to 8800–7550 cal. BC. The wild animal bones indicate, beside hunting, the early domestication. Period V has pit-shelters and a communal structure, and Period IV, pit-shelters, single-room structures with rounded corners and communal pit-structures. Burials under the floors are attested in both periods. Periods IVC-B is planned as quadrangular dwellings surrounding communal pit-structures. The structures were burned and filled, each rebuilt into the fill of the previous one. The communal pit-structures became common open places in Period IVA, and the dwellings became larger. Chipped stone tools include obsidian and flintstone, the ground stone artefacts grinding stones, pestles, hammers, flat axes, plaques, grooved stones, labrets and beads. Bone was used for awls and decorated plaques, and horns for sickle or hilts. Copper chisels point to early metallurgy. The finds and special structures require skilled craftsmanship, indicating a complex society.
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Investigating and analyzing the motifs of the tombstones of the Ounar cemetery
Статья научная
Tombstones have great importance in belief and artistic areas due to their close connection with human beliefs. Meshkinshahr’s city was selected as the studied area because of its location in a particular geographical area and its proximity to the Safavid religious capital (Ardabil) as well as its richness in terms of Islamic gravestones and lack of adequate studies in this area. Among the cemeteries of this city, the cemetery of Ounar was investigated due to presence of the main type of graves and various symbolic motifs. The purpose of this study was to identify typology, analyze the used symbolic designs or signs, particularly, paintings assigned to the Shiite religion, and chronologize the gravestones. This research has been conducted through field surveys and library studies based on the descriptive-analytical approach. The conducted studies have shown that the chronology of most graves is related to the Safavid period and the most common motifs are associated with religious traditions. The prayer of the Great Salat and the stylized three-leaf palm image is the symbol of Imam Hussein’s tomb which was common in the Safavid era (the 16th - mid-18th centuries).
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Статья научная
This paper sets the context for the still largely unpublished excavations by N. O. Bader at Tell Sheikh Humsī in the Eski Mosul Dam Project by looking at how that rescue project was initiated by the Government of Iraq, and against the long backdrop of earlier large dam rescue projects beginning with the High Aswan Dam in Egypt where Soviet archaeology abroad was first initiated. The preliminary Iraqi archaeological survey for the Eski Mosul Dam revealed very few prehistoric sites but more were soon discovered by the different expeditions working there from 1981 to 1987. The author worked within this project for three years, and this paper summarises some of the evidence from Tell Abu Dhahir, where he excavated in 1985/1986. This yielded the longest Ubaid sequence after Tell Sheikh Humsī and gives us a rich glimpse into changing patterns of site development and “spiral stratigraphy”, beginning with a cemetery and followed by six phases of vernacular architecture, some with their own sub-phasing.
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Статья научная
The eighteenth century is the period when the Pomor colonization ofSpitsbergen reached its peak. Most temporary camps and wooden crosses dated tothis period. The crosses performed various functions; however, most of them have notsurvived, though in the past these crosses were an integral feature of the Arctic landscape.Presently, two five-meter high Orthodox Church crosses, the last remaining crosses on thearchipelago, stand high in the northern part of the archipelago in the Murchison Bay fjordat 80° north latitude. The characteristics of the inscriptions allow the scholars to attributeat least one cross to the Old believers’ tradition. Written, figurative and archaeologicalsources provide ample evidence to conclude that Pomors who were Old rite believersplayed an important role in arranging temporary camps on Spitsbergen; they alwayserected crosses near such camps.
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Статья научная
Studies aimed at identifying the exact location of historic buildings is of special interest for archaeologists. The historic buildings of Panj Gonbadan (Five Domes) are among the constructions of the Islamic period in the northwestern region of Iran mentioned in the historical sources of the Seljuk (5 and 6 AH) and Ilkhanid (7 and 8 AH) periods. Antiquities of the Seljuk period in northwestern Iran were neglected in archaeological studies for a long time, no research has been carried out, which show the necessity of their investigation. This research is aimed at exact localization of this architectural complex in northwestern Azerbaijan with special stress on the compatibility of archaeological data with historical sources. Based on historical sources and data obtained from the excavation season in the historical context of Maragheh, the locations of these buildings were identified. Accordingly, in the area between Gonbad-e Kabood and Modavvar Towers, there were identified materials from three other tombs studied and analyzed in this paper.
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Статья научная
Based on written sources of the Islamic period and archaeological data, the authors try to pinpoint the famous city of Varsan located in the northwestern region of Iran. The names of a number of Azerbaijan's cities in Iran are mentioned in the historical written sources of the Islamic period. However, the location of some of these centers remains unclear so far and no proper research has been carried out on its localization. The historical city of Varsan is one of the famous cities of the Islamic period in northwestern Iran, which had an important position in the early Islamic centuries. The city was mentioned repeatedly in written texts of the 3rd to 5th centuries AH. These texts locate the city in the foothills of the Sabalan Mountains. Then the city was abandoned, and no investigations have been undertaken aimed at its localization and investigation of the site. The present study seeks to answer the following basic question by field studies and written sources of the Islamic period: with which ancient site in northwestern Iran the location of Varsan city is compatible? The results obtained by archaeological research and analysis of historical texts match the geographical location of Varsan city in the Mughan Plain and the margin of the Araxes River. Today, the relics of this city are known as the ancient site called «Ultan Qalasi».
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Статья научная
This paper presents a study on the earliest examples of niello scientifically identified up to now. Niello is a black material consisting of one or more metal sulfides that can be used as decorative filling in keyings or channels cut on metals. On the origins of niello there exists quite a few misunderstandings and confusion, because in the past all black materials on metals were called “niello” without any discrimination between different substances and techniques. For instance, formerly it was believed that niello was employed in Egypt and in the Mycenaean world in the mid 2nd millennium BC, however various studies in the nineties of the last century demonstrated that the earlier black inlays on metal objects are not metal sulfides, but copper-based, artificially black patinated alloys. After the identification of the black patinated alloys it was then supposed that niello had been invented by the Romans, because it seemed that the earliest instances of decorative black sulfides on metal appeared in the 1st century CE. However, at the end of the nineties of the last century, three different instances of niello were identified on Late Classical and Early Hellenistic objects. In the meantime, more examples of early niello have been discovered and confirm the existence of this material in the 5th-4th century BC. The method employed for the identification of niello on the various objects has been X-ray Diffraction (XRD) in most cases. In some cases, when sampling was not allowed, non-destructive methods such as Energy Dispersive Spectrometry in the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM-EDS) was employed when the objects were small enough to be put into the SEM chamber. When the objects were larger X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) was used. In some other instances, only an autoptic examination of some pieces was sufficient to establish if a black material had been applied on specific objects or not. This paper discusses the new discoveries and discusses the possible area of origin of this decorative material.
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