Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1587
Статья научная
Russia and China are among the world’s leading powers, and they exert significant impact on the world economy and the world’s largest markets. In addition, these countries are global scientific centers and occupy leading positions in several branches of science. The intensification of cooperation between Russia and China in recent years is a reason for a growth of interest in studying their scientific and technological potential and finding possible points of interaction in this direction. The problems of socio-economic and scientific and technological development of both countries have much in common, and this fact also increases the interest in its comparative evaluation and the study of the experience of overcoming current problems. In this regard, the goal of the study is to assess the scientific and technological potential and identify areas of its development in Russia and China. Proceeding from the goal, the article studies theoretical aspects of scientific and technological development of territories and provides our own interpretation of the concept “scientific and technological potential” based on the combined option that unites the resource-based and effective approaches to this economic category...
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Статья научная
The article characterizes the current collaboration between the scientists from the academic institutions of Russia and Belarus. It shows the stages of this cooperation within the Union State and points out the main directions of the development of its common research space.
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Scientific life: research in socio-cultural modernization of Russian regions
Статья обзорная
The article makes an attempt to concisely and constructively describe the research under the program “Socio-cultural evolution of Russia and its regions” (initiated by the Centre for the Study of Social and Cultural Change at the Institute of Philosophy RAS, 2005), carried out in the Vologda Oblast since 2008. The sociological monitoring results correspond to the data of the RF modernization processes study. The article describes the experience and work results of the research teams from 25 regions of the country. The big contribution to the elaboration and development of tools was made by RAS Corresponding Member Nikolai Ivanovich Lapin. The developed methodology underlined the large-scale sociological research conducted for more than 10 years. The current program, annually mastering new aspects of knowledge of modern society, demonstrates the effectiveness of the socio-cultural approach to the study of the dynamics of socio-economic development of the society.
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Статья научная
The relevance of research on the secondary employment of students is emphasized by the necessity to study its mixed impact on the professionalization and social integration of young people in the Russian society. The goal of this article is to clarify the meaning of secondary employment for the professionalization and social integration of young people in modern Russia on the basis of empirical data analysis. Originality of the problem statement and its solution are due to the fact that we consider students’ employment motivation in relation to the results achieved, realization of employment expectations, identification of possible outcome from combining studies and work, including the description of studies-work combination results for social and personal development of students and selection of several functions of young people’s secondary employment. Empirical basis of the research is complied from the results of author’s interviews with working students (2011 and 2017). The research showed the hierarchy of students’ secondary employment motives: financial motives are on the top and professional ones are less important. We note relative permanency of this hierarchy and a decrease in importance of the early start of professional carrier for working students. Division of pragmatic and professionally oriented motives of students’ secondary employment is explained. We point out that many working students have implemented their financial expectations, which reveals the leading role of the economic function in students’ employment; devaluation of secondary employment experience as a competitive advantage in social and labor relations; non-productivity of performed work for professionalization of the majority of working students. At the same time, we reveal the significant impact of work on the formation of common labor culture in students. Necessity to strengthen professionalization function within students’ secondary employment is revealed, and practical recommendations are given. The results of this research may help develop theoretical models and accumulate empirical data in the sphere of economic sociology, labor sociology, and youth sociology. It can be used by public authorities, employment services, and vocational education institutions.
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Sectoral and territorial specifics of value-added chains in Russia: the input-output approach
Статья научная
This paper shows the growing role of domestic demand in the development of the modern economy. We consider the capacity of domestic markets of the largest countries of the world. We prove that the low volume of domestic demand inhibits economic dynamics and worsens the quality of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation. We consider that a promising direction for expanding domestic consumer and investment demand is the implementation of state policy to increase the incomes of the population, companies and the state in the framework of lengthening their own value-added chains that produce goods and services for final use. In this regard, the goal of this study is to analyze the existing value-added chains, assess the degree of their fragmentation, sectoral and territorial specifics. The input-output theory serves as a methodological basis for our study. The information source is represented by basic input-output tables and the data of the Unified Interdepartmental Statistical Information System. The novelty of the research consists in adjusting the multidisciplinary approach to the assessment of fragmentation of production to suit the needs of the regional level and in identifying modern patterns in the functioning of Russian value-added chains on the basis of the approbation of the approach on the materials of Russian regions. According to the results of the calculations we reveal the average position of 125 branches of the Russian economy in the supply and sales chains. We substantiate the degree of fragmentation of production chains of various industries; we substantiate the factors that determine the length of a production process. We calculate the average distance along the sales chain, which the goods cover to the moment of their use by the end consumer. We consider regional fragmentation of production in Russia. We reveal a number of statistically significant dependencies between the position of regions in the value-added chains and their socio-economic development performance.
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Self-Preservation Behavior: Generational Aspect
Статья научная
The purpose of the research is to identify features of self-preservation behavior in different actual generations of Russians to assess the vector of their transformation and the prospects for life expectancy dynamics. The relevance of the topic is determined by the significant lag between Russia and developed countries in terms of life expectancy, largely due to behavioral factors. The scientific novelty consists in the fact that we can adapt the Strauss-Howe generational theory to study generational characteristics of population behavior related to health. By the results of a sociological survey, we have verified the hypotheses about the nature of self-preservation behavior models of five ten-year-old actual cohorts of the population and the combined generation born before 1955 inclusive. Regarding the ratio of self-preservation behavior models of the two oldest cohorts, the paper does not confirm the formulated hypothesis, which may be due to the positive transformation of health-preservation behavior models as people became older, due to changes in health status, as well as in the population of the older cohorts due to high premature mortality in groups with the most unfavorable lifestyle. Regarding four young actual generations, the study has confirmed the hypotheses showing that favorable socio-economic and demographic conditions, anti-alcohol and anti-smoking measures of the 2000s and promotion of an active healthy lifestyle in general have a positive effect in terms of influencing the nature of self-preservation behavior of young cohorts, which indicates the possibility of influencing behavioral health factors at the stage of its formation. The positive vector of transformation of generational patterns of self-preserving behavior, especially clearly manifested in men, allows us to hope for the restoration and prolongation of the growing dynamics of the life expectancy of Russians with the probability of achieving targets in the future, provided that favorable behavioral patterns in the field of health conservation are consolidated.
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Self-regulation of the image of labor in young people's cultural space
Статья научная
The idea of the essence of labor is largely socio-cultural, i.e. it is conditioned by a connection with a certain type of culture. Therefore, this article looks into the socio-cultural approach to self-regulation of the image of labor. Self-regulation of the image of labor is investigated in connection with the cultural space of young people. With the help of theoretical positions of phenomenological sociology we substantiate the concept of socio-cultural foundation used by young people to create an image of labor; we describe the process of formation of cultural space, consider a role of different types of culture in the process of formation of the meanings that form the image and act as semantic basis of what young people expect from labor. This approach contributes to a more adequate understanding of how young people form their attitude toward labor and of the contradictions arising in this sphere of life. The way in which young people understand the meaning of labor forms a basis on which the image of labor is created. We substantiate the most significant features of the conditions for the formation of meanings, reflecting the following changes in social reality in modern society - social uncertainty, destruction of normativity, and semantic hybridization. The construction of young people's new ideas about labor takes place through the contradictory interaction between traditional and modern semantic patterns. We use data of sociological studies to analyze the connection between various characteristics of the image of labor and types of culture; we also analyze the influence of terminal and instrumental values in the constructed image of labor on young people's attitude toward actual labor. The mechanism of self-regulation of the attitude toward labor is revealed as a process of realization of expectations, in trust or distrust toward labor. The role of moral and psychological state of young people in this process is shown. The analysis allows us to understand more deeply the features of self-regulation of the image of labor and its role in the formation of young people's attitude toward labor. We make conclusions about the changes in the image of labor in the direction of more flexible forms that often depend on the moral and psychological state of young people, which is manifested in their attitude toward labor. We show a connection between self-regulation models based on terminal and instrumental values of labor and “adaptive” and “spiritual” types of culture.
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Статья научная
The article provides a conceptual understanding of the semantic space of reality, substantiates its structure and features of its formation in the youth environment. To this end, we consider the process of meaning formation and the content of semantic fields. It is analyzed as the basis for self-regulation of social interactions between young people. Identifying semantic foundations of self-regulation is a relevant research task for both theory and practice. The aim of the study is to identify the structure of relationships and hierarchical clustering of basic elements in the mechanism for self-regulation of social interactions in the youth environment with the help of the structural and taxonomic model. The model was constructed within the framework of the tool for self-regulation of young people's daily life; the tool is being developed at the Center for Youth Sociology, Institute of Socio-Political Research, Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPR FCTAS RAS). The structural and taxonomic approach allows us to obtain structural-taxonomic maps that display multi-layered structures of relationships within the mechanism of self-regulation, as well as connections between different meanings that are reproduced and constructed in the youth environment in the process of everyday interactions. In contrast to the automatic classification as the classical task of taxonomy, the structural and taxonomic approach focuses on identifying the structure of the most significant relationships between the objects being classified; such objects (which are considered in the present paper) are the elements of self-regulation mechanism in the life of young people. We design a structural and taxonomic model using the data of a sociological survey; this allows us to offer reasonable descriptions and explanatory interpretations of the results. The analysis is based on the findings of empirical studies we obtained in the course of a survey of Russian youth 15-29 years of age. We use taxonomic analysis to reveal the structure of the semantic space of young people. We conclude that semantic connections within and between semantic fields are ambiguous. Having implemented structural and taxonomic modeling of the semantic space, we identify several levels of semantic fields. Their analysis allows us to form an idea of the semantic foundations of self-regulation of young people's interactions with each other and with society.
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Статья научная
The article presents a research into the approaches to the zoning of the Russian Federation aimed at defining the southern border of the Arctic zone. The conducted analysis of legal documents and scientific literature devoted to the substantiation of the Arctic zone revealed the lack of definite criteria for determining the list of territories included in this zone. As a result of the research, several recommendations have been worked out that substantiate the inclusion of specific administrative-territorial formations of the Russian Federation in the Arctic zone.
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Статья научная
The shadow economy is one of the most complex socio-economic phenomena in almost any state. The shadow economy, which has become an integral structural element of an economic system, has a diverse and sometimes ambiguous impact on it. The nature and assessment of this phenomenon and the ways to deal with it have been in the focus of attention of scientists, government authorities, trade unions, and economic entities for a long time. Having reviewed the definitions of the shadow (underground) economy that are suggested by modern domestic and foreign sources, we consider this phenomenon as an economic activity of actors that are hidden from the influence of state control. In this regard, we can highlight the following priority areas of research: identification of factors that have a significant impact on the volume and nature of the shadow economy, development of measures to overcome it, and search for more adequate quantitative methods for its assessment at different levels of public administration. Of particular interest is the regional aspect of the shadow economy, which is not given due attention in publications. The article presents an attempt to compensate for this lack of attention. The aim of the work is to assess the scale of the shadow economy nationwide and in Russia’s individual constituent entities on the basis of generalization of the methods applied and with the use of official statistical information of all- Russian agencies: the Federal State Statistics Service, the Federal Tax Service and their regional offices. Scientific novelty of the study lies in adjusting the traditional approach to the assessment of the shadow economy by the tax method, which consists in eliminating the amount of depreciation deductions from the indicators of gross profit of the economy and gross mixed income. The proposed method has been tested on the economy of Russia and several regions of the Central Federal District. We have revealed significant differences in the estimation of the scale of this phenomenon if various calculation methods are used. We review a set of measures aimed at reducing hidden income at the federal and regional levels, taking into account the current socio-economic situation complicated by the coronavirus pandemic.
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Shaping the population and labor resources in the Russian Far East
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the problems of demographic situation in the Far East of Russia. It considers the formation of the population and labor potential; shows the dynamics of the population in the Far East according to the all-Union (1989) and all-Russian population censuses (2002 and 2010) and the current population accounting for 01.01.2018; reveals the trend of long-term reduction in the number of inhabitants in the macroregion; substantiates the need to implement the objective to secure population. The relevance of the study is due to the need to determine the risks with the emerging parameters of the natural and migration components involved in the demographic indicators of the Far Eastern region, in the implementation of the strategy to achieve the population according to the Concept of demographic policy in the Far East1 adopted in 2017. The factors contributing to the reduction of natural population growth are covered. The negative role of migration in the population dynamics in the macroregion is noted...
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Shared values in the formation of a modern techno-economic paradigm
Статья научная
The article presents the evolution of the concept of techno-economic paradigm. It points out that the concept of transformative investments (impact investing) has a significant impact on the formation of a modern techno-economic paradigm. In the framework of this concept, “shared values” are considered as a central element in the development strategy of any state. The ideology of shared values is based on pragmatic principles that create economic value to meet the interests of society. It is based on “three pillars of sustainable development”: planet, people and profit. The authors identify three main types of impact investing - responsible investing, development investing, localizing investing. The paper highlights the most important areas of impact investing and substantiates the expediency of promoting the ideas of impact investing at the level of individual business entities, which formulate a specific approach to the management of socio-economic systems of the micro-level, the authors call this approach “impact management”...
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Статья научная
The article deals with the problem of food security provision in the regions of the European North of Russia, stresses the capacity of local agriculture and the necessity of its maintaining, preserving and increasing of the production of organic agricultural output. Thereupon we have substantiated the necessity of consistent implementation of the budget subsidy expenses to maintain profitable industries which produce ecological foodstuffs and we’ve pointed out the criteria for classifying of agricultural products to the category of agricultural organic output. The article deals with the conditions and factors of production and realization of organic crop products in the Komi Republic.
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Simulation of structural changes in the region's economy based on the matrix of financial flows
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the improvement of instruments assessing the impact of exogenous factors on the structure of the regional economy. In distinction from previous studies, the analysis is carried out not only on the basis of short-term multiplier effect, but also changes the values of multipliers, demonstrating the sensitivity / elasticity of the economic system in the region to exogenous influences in the long term. Structural changes are analyzed by the example of assessing the impact of the financial measures of the state policy of import substitution. The article presents a method of estimating the multiplicative effects, based on the balance sheet approach and the methodology of the system of national accounts. A distinctive feature of the methodology is to reflect the reproductive structures of institutional sectors in the region in relation to the import and export flows. On an example of the Sverdlovsk Oblast the authors demonstrate the possibility of using methods in predicting changes in key economic indicators in the region (wages, gross profit, tax revenues of the consolidated regional budget, final consumption expenditure, etc.)...
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Статья научная
He article is devoted to the problems of strategic management of single-industry towns' development in the Russian Arctic. It presents brief characteristics of the government policies in relation to single-industry towns of the Russian Federation as a whole, and, particularly, of its Arctic zone. On the example of single-industry towns of the Murmansk Oblast it studies strategies of their development, typical problems to shape and implement strategic development plans.
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Статья научная
The article is devoted to nano- and femtotechnology as the basis for sustainable noosphere development of the global socio-economic mega system “nature-man-society” in its relation with the Universe (cosmos) in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and other CIS nations. Such factors as the formation of a new (noospheric) political and economic outlook and the changes in scientific and technological structure of economy are gaining paramount importance under the action of the law of time and the adequate need to change the logic of socio-economic behavior of the population of planet Earth. Singular technology can become a strategic priority in finding practical solutions to these issues. When creating new productive forces and relations of production, these technologies act as a synergetic and bifurcation (unpredictable) interaction of the three system technologies: artificial intelligence, molecular nanotechnology and molecular biotechnology. As soon as man grasps the essence of singular technology, it will be possible to create a new structure of matter at the nano- and femtotechnology levels, and to exercise control over this process...
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Sino-Russian cooperation in the arctic: current situation, new directions and challenges
Статья научная
Russia's chairmanship of the Arctic Council from 2021 to 2023 provides new opportunities for China and Russia to deepen Arctic cooperation, especially on the issue of “sustainable development”. Therefore, further research on Sino-Russian Arctic sustainable cooperation is of positive significance for deepening Arctic cooperation between Russia and China. In particular, it is necessary to re-examine the new directions of Sino-Russian Arctic cooperation in the context of today's drastic changes in the international geopolitical situation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current situation, new directions and challenges of Sino-Russian Arctic sustainable cooperation and to provide concrete paths for deepening cooperation. To achieve this goal, the article analyzes the national policies of China and Russia, identifies the common interests of both countries, and then analyzes the current situation, new directions and problems faced by the Arctic sustainable cooperation between the two countries in the context of the reality of the Russian Arctic region. The innovation of this article is to provide a new path for deepening Arctic cooperation between the two countries based on the perspective of Chinese scholars and a more comprehensive understanding of China's Arctic policy. The significance of this article is that the research content and conclusions can be used to promote the process of Arctic sustainable development cooperation between the two countries at the social and even national levels.
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Small business and living standards of the population: mutual influence and management issues
Статья научная
Small entrepreneurship is an important element of the socio-economic system of the region, because it contributes to the creation of competitive environment, the consumer’s market saturation and stimulation of aggregate demand, as well as to structural changes, etc. As a systemically important element of the municipal units’ economy, it has an impact on developing the infrastructure and filling the budget of local territories. It contributes to solving one of the main tasks of the social state - to increase the population’s living standards in the country. The high significance of small business determines the demand and necessity of its development. However, at present the aspects of its interconnection with the population’s living standards remain insufficiently elaborated, which makes it difficult to implement effective public policy on managing these categories. The researchers have presented two main approaches to defining this interaction. In the first variant, the functioning of small business contributes to improving the population’s living standards. In the second variant, the availability of capital and consumer demand, provided with people’s high revenues, are the main factors of small business development. Under the conditions of limited resources, the ambiguity of such dependence confirms the relevance and necessity of elaborating scientifically based directions of state influence and the system of measures for stimulating the development of these categories. Therefore, the aim of the study is to assess dependence of small business and the population’s living standards, as well as to establish mainstreaming scientifically based directions of public management and the system of measures, contributing to the development of the small business sector and the improvement of the population’s living standards as a whole. In order to achieve the goal, the empirical assessment of interconnection between the development of small business and the population’s living standards has been carried out, which allows to determine the specific characteristics of their mutual influence. The recommendations on improving the existing system of public management regarding the development processes of small business and improving the population’s living standards in the Russian Federation’s entities have been scientifically justified. The empirical basis of the study includes the data from the Federal State Statistics Service and the results of monitorings, conducted by Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The materials of the article can be used by the federal and regional government bodies and administrative authorities for adjusting public policy in the field of developing the regional economy.
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Статья научная
The article considers the role and function of small businesses in the development of the municipality on the example of the city of Petrozavodsk. Results of entrepreneurs’ questioning are given, the main problems of small businesses and forms of its support at the municipal level are considered.
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