Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast @volnc-esc-en
Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1640
Статья научная
Making premature financial decisions can negatively affect individual households and society as a whole, so public authorities, using various management mechanisms, regulate the population’s financial behavior. The article attempts to understand how the state regulation of the population’s financial behavior presents interventions in order to “change the context” (in particular, the regulatory and procedural foundations of the financial system) and to “change cognition” (in our case - “human change”, in particular personal knowledge and attitudes). Similar research topics cover the legal basis of financial organizations, behavioral tools for managing the population’s financial behavior, the ways to improve their financial literacy, and so on. In contrast, the present study first reflects the views of alternative economic theories (rational choice theory, behavioral economics) on the possibility of regulating economic behavior, the techniques of behavioral “nudging” widely spread in foreign countries are given; second, a scheme for regulating the financial behavior of the Russian population is proposed and the main regulatory documents regulating the activities of financial organizations in the country are analyzed; third, the relation between the regulation lines of “change the context” and “human change” is estimated. It is shown that the impact on the financial behavior of the Russians is mainly devoted to the “change the context”, i.e. at building a bona fide institutional financial system. The impacts in the line of “human change” are secondary; they are implemented through improving financial literacy and introducing mass financial products. This regulation allows a bias towards the person’s “passivity”. The elimination of the identified imbalance will improve the effectiveness of management decisions regarding the citizens’ financial behavior. It is proposed to redirect interventions from the construction of an “ideal” regulatory context of the financial system to the development of a literate and financially active population, able to form the necessary financial environment for the economy and society by their behavior.
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Regulation of industrial emissions based on the agent-based approach
Статья научная
The article demonstrates one of the most advanced methods for regulation of industrial emissions, which is used by governments of different countries - an emissions trading system based on the bubble principle. This method is a tool for incentive-based control to encourage businesses to reduce the burden on the environment, providing emissions limits of harmful substances, but at the same time giving them some freedom to choose the methods to achieve the specified emission standards. To create a domestic comprehensive system for emissions regulation it would be useful to use the instruments for preliminary evaluation of effects from the implementation of various control measures. One of such instruments may be the agent-based regional model developed by the authors in the present paper. The model will help test different combinations of control measures - both administrative and market - with the use of computer experiments in order to find a balanced combination. The model simulates production activity of agent enterprises which employ agent people...
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Regulation of regional industrial development (on the example of the Murmansk region)
Статья научная
I n the article the features of the Murmansk region’s industrial development from the point of view of the regional regulation are considered. Both negative and positive factors influencing the regional industrial branch of the Murmansk region’s economy are revealed. The system of indicators for the characteristic of the industrial complexes’ development in the regions of the similar type is generated. The measures of state regulation of the development are considered. The modern condition of the industrial complex of the Murmansk region is presented.
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Статья научная
The article dwells on the current state of the regulatory framework of the Russian Federation and the mechanism of public participation in forest management. The examples of addressing the problems of public participation in forest management in individual regions are disclosed. The article deals with the issues concerning the provision of in-interests of the local population through the voluntary forest certification system under the FSC scheme. Recommendations on improving the mechanism of public participation in solving the forest management issues are suggested.
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Статья научная
The purpose of this study is to quantify the relationship between fragmentized collective forestland, farmers investment and forest commodity output to examine the rationality of collective forest right reform after dispersed forestland operation. The data is based on the 2420 farmers’ survey data in nine provinces of China including Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Henan, Shandong and Liaoning. The results show that if S index is used, fragmentized forestland reaches 0.41 and can be ordered (from high to low) as Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Liaoning, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangxi and Shandong. Under certain fragmentized intervals (forestland fragmentized ratio lower than 0.22 or higher than 0.51), the higher the forestland fragmentized, the lower the farmers investment. The investment-output model indicates that forest block reflects the negative impacts to forest output while other variables such as labor, tangible inputs and forestland have positive impacts. When bamboo is produced, level of fragmentation has negative impacts on forestland acreage and significant positive impacts on labor used. The study implies that after the land is divided to households, physical investment is the key factor to affect the commodity output and should be considered by the related policies to increase the incentives of farmers. Based on this study, we provide some information and guidance on policy of farmers’ forestland operation in large scale.
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Relationship between informal employment and socio-economic development in Russian regions
Статья научная
The relevance of the study is due to the prevalence and long-lasting nature of informal employment practices among the Russian population, as well as the ambiguity of their social and economic implications. The article presents the results of a multidimensional statistical analysis of socio-economic processes in the regions of Russia for 2018 and 2020. The empirical base includes a system of indicators we formed according to Rosstat data. More than 100 variables characterizing the state of the regions have been tested: macroeconomic conditions, labor market, standard of living and quality of life, human capital, and demographic development. According to the calculated factor models for 2018 and 2020, two key components are identified, which we interpret as integral indicators characterizing the intensity of various manifestations of unemployment and informal employment in Russian regions. Further, on the basis of correlation analysis, we show the nature of the interrelationships of the integral indicator (factor) “informal employment” with key macro indicators of regional development. There is a close relationship between informal employment and indicators of economic growth, investment, consumption and income levels, and the lack of connection with indicators of the social sphere. We also classify regions according to indicators of informal employment and analyze the (non)stability of the composition of groups over time and their relationship with the dynamics of regions’ socio-economic development. The novelty of the study consists in an attempt to find hidden patterns and features of manifestation of informal employment in regions and assess their stability over time. The value of the results obtained lies in clarifying the nature of the interrelationships between the specifics of socio-economic development of territories and informal employment models; and also, in designing the approaches to assessing its social and economic effects and identifying regional specifics.
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Relationship between metallurgical works and the budget: debt increases, taxes decline
Статья научная
Large enterprises of ferrous metallurgy consolidate a significant share of cash flows and are important taxpayers for the budget. In 2008-2013 two-thirds of the aggregate profit tax from the ferrous metallurgical industry were provided by seven largest plants: Novolipetsk Steel (NLMK); Cherepovets Steel Mill (CherMK); Nizhniy Tagil Iron and Steel Works (NTMK); Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works (MMK); Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant (OEMK); West-Siberian Metallurgical Plant (ZSMK) and Chelyabinsk Metallurgical Plant (ChMK). All these plants are the key assets of the largest multinational corporations; therefore, the analysis of their statements makes it possible to assess the financial condition not only of individual corporations, but also of the whole ferrous metallurgy. The article presents the results of the analysis of the financial statements of the leading domestic enterprises of ferrous metallurgy for 2008-2013. Particular emphasis is placed on their relations with the budget in the field of profit tax administration. The author investigates the factors in the formation of profit before tax and reveals the destructive impact of the existing tax legislation on the mobilization of budget revenues. The article draws a conclusion about the role of large enterprises in the economic development of the country and its regions. The author proposes several options to change the tax policy in relation to large taxpayers.
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Relationship of production level and wages in agricultural organizations of NWFD
Статья научная
The article examines the dependence of wages on the economic condition of agricultural production properties in the enterprises of the North-west federal district. On the example of agricultural enterprises of the Vologda oblast it examines the impact of funds provision level and availability of labor resources on wages. It compares wages in agricultural enterprises of the region with the level of wages in the industry, justifies the directions of wages growth in the countryside. A model based on the econometric is developed enabling to determine the level of wages in the forecast period based on gross production, its marketability and funds provision of agricultural workers.
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Representation of subjects’ capacities in an architectural model of the information system
Статья научная
The article presents the results of modeling characteristics of subjects of the information system on the basis of the architecture framework of J. Zachman. We discuss a set of attributes of a subject role, the results of the analysis of sources of requirements for the IT capacities of subjects, including management practices for the information technology infrastructure ITIL, ITSM, CobiT, MOF and others, and justify their relevance to specification of requirements for particular knowledge, skills and experience of specialists in relation to a particular item of control. As an example for the role of technical support specialist there is description of its architectural model look at the system that allows to define the required competence. Problems of correlating of identified requirements to professional competence level provided by the industry professional standards, and range of training directions and specialties of professional education. Thus the architectural model of the information system can justify the structure and staff list of IT services, formulate professional qualification and experience requirements. The results of the study are used in the learning process in a number of universities of Vologda.
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Reproduction aspects of the agro-industrial complex in the northern area
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the reproduction aspects of the agro-industrial complex in the Northern area. Its aim is to analyze the connection between the reproduction and the expansion of investment opportunities. The article can be used in the field of activity researches when studying the agriculture functioning conditions.
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Reproduction of Human Capital in the Arctic Regions of Russia: Socio-Cultural Context
Статья научная
The formation and reproduction of human capital, as the most important prerequisite for modern development, has not only sectoral, but also regional features. The article, which continues a series of our works on human capital in the conditions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, considers the influence of socio-cultural factors on human capital in the Arctic territories. The aim of the study is to present a new approach to the role of socio-cultural factors (foundations and components) in human capital development in the Arctic regions for a new (neo-industrial) stage of their exploration. In this regard, we clarify conceptual foundations of the studies on human capital presented in the works of researchers from Russia and other countries. Within a certain theoretical and methodological framework, we analyze, compare, and summarize the findings of a sociological study conducted in March – May 2018 in the Arkhangelsk Oblast (in the Arctic territories) and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug; to this end, we use methods such as mass surveys and statistical data analysis. We provide data that characterize human capital of the Northerners in terms of their financial situation; we prove the existence of a direct dependence on regional (higher – in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), sectoral (especially oil and gas enterprises), socio-professional (especially managers, highly qualified specialists, state and municipal employees) aspects. With the use of multidimensional measurements, we show the interrelations and individual dependencies of the variables that characterize education, health and socio-professional status in the structure of human capital in the surveyed regions. We also focus our attention on the role of value orientations in the formation and reproduction of human capital. In conclusion, we note that the impact of socio-cultural factors on human capital is ambivalent: on the one hand, they act as a fundamental basis, on the other hand, some of them (education, work motivation, etc.) act as structural components. We propose measures aimed at strengthening national and regional policies (including investment) in the development of human capital in the Russian Arctic
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Reproductive attitudes of modern youth toward multi-child parenting: patterns and contradictions
Статья научная
In the context of depopulation and reduction in the number of young people at the most active reproductive age, it becomes relevant to determine the features of their attitudes related to having children. Currently, quite a large number of studies are being conducted, which cover various aspects of the problem, combining some of the stable relationships identified in reproductive attitudes, which can be considered as patterns. At the same time, the younger generation is characterized by contradictions in their judgments concerning various aspects of life. We can assume that similar contradictions manifest themselves in reproductive choice, as well. The problem regarding the attitudes of modern young people toward multichild parenting needs to be researched more thoroughly; therefore, the purpose of the study is to detect patterns and contradictions in the reproductive attitudes of modern youth toward having many children. To achieve this goal, a sociological survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire among students in 20 cities of Russia. As a result, we have revealed that the reproductive attitudes of modern youth toward multi-child parenting, on the one hand, represent a number of natural and expected judgments, and on the other hand, reflect contradictory opinions regarding the large family model. The opinions are as follows: for example, reproductive plans can be more optimistic provided that living conditions are improved; there can be regional differentiation according to the planned, desired and ideal number of children; young people can follow their parents’ reproductive behavior patterns; besides, young people can focus on having many children, although they do not perceive a large family as an ideal model; they may not want to have many children while acknowledging that a family with three or more children is the most optimal one; it may also happen that young people want to have many children, but at the same time show an increasingly negative attitude toward other multi-child families. Thus, these contradictions can be considered as a kind of barrier that can restrain the implementation of young people’s reproductive plans; therefore, they should be leveled within the framework of socio-demographic policy.
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Статья научная
Promoting population reproduction is one of the key tasks from the standpoint of ensuring national security. In the conditions of aging motherhood, the young family becomes the most important object of demographic policy, since it is a prosperous two-parent family with children that is the main resource of quantitative and qualitative parameters of human capital. The article analyzes reproductive attitudes of young families and the drivers of their implementation. We reveal that, on average, young people are focused on creating a family and having few children. The registered failure to fulfill reproductive intentions (the desired number of children is more than their expected number) is due to the financial and economic situation of the family, the uncertainty (possible risks) of the future, and intra-family relations. The formation of young people's reproductive attitudes largely depends on their parents' example, the quality of child-parent relations and the immediate environment. With a high probability, those raised in a family with few children or those who have no siblings at all may not want to have many children or have children at all. As for children from medium and large families, they may have different views on having children. Reproductive attitudes are linked to marital ones. As a rule, the orientation toward a legitimate happy marriage is reinforced by the desire to have children. A variant of child-centered motives is observed in girls and manifested in the desire “to have a big family and many children”, which somewhat shifts the focus of the priority of intra-family relations. The importance of the housing issue and ensuring a decent standard of living for oneself and one's children is determined by the fact that the unresolved nature of these problems influences the intention to have the first child and reduces the chances of having a few and many children even if they are desirable. State support for young families is needed, despite differences in the estimates of its effectiveness. The difference lies in determining the most desirable mechanisms - it is either direct support in the form of allowances, benefits, etc., or the creation of conditions for raising children (affordable quality social infrastructure) and the possibility of decent earnings for parents. Today, a young family needs state support, and, undoubtedly, the needs of young families should be taken into account in the national demographic policy.
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Reproductive health as a factor in quality of population reproduction
Статья научная
The paper substantiates the significance of health for population reproduction, examines reproductive health trends in the Vologda region in comparison with Russia in whole. It reveals main problems and causes of worsening reproductive health and therefore reproduction of population.
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