Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast @volnc-esc-en
Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1659
Статья научная
He article is devoted to the problems of strategic management of single-industry towns' development in the Russian Arctic. It presents brief characteristics of the government policies in relation to single-industry towns of the Russian Federation as a whole, and, particularly, of its Arctic zone. On the example of single-industry towns of the Murmansk Oblast it studies strategies of their development, typical problems to shape and implement strategic development plans.
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Статья научная
The article is devoted to nano- and femtotechnology as the basis for sustainable noosphere development of the global socio-economic mega system “nature-man-society” in its relation with the Universe (cosmos) in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and other CIS nations. Such factors as the formation of a new (noospheric) political and economic outlook and the changes in scientific and technological structure of economy are gaining paramount importance under the action of the law of time and the adequate need to change the logic of socio-economic behavior of the population of planet Earth. Singular technology can become a strategic priority in finding practical solutions to these issues. When creating new productive forces and relations of production, these technologies act as a synergetic and bifurcation (unpredictable) interaction of the three system technologies: artificial intelligence, molecular nanotechnology and molecular biotechnology. As soon as man grasps the essence of singular technology, it will be possible to create a new structure of matter at the nano- and femtotechnology levels, and to exercise control over this process...
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Sino-Russian cooperation in the arctic: current situation, new directions and challenges
Статья научная
Russia's chairmanship of the Arctic Council from 2021 to 2023 provides new opportunities for China and Russia to deepen Arctic cooperation, especially on the issue of “sustainable development”. Therefore, further research on Sino-Russian Arctic sustainable cooperation is of positive significance for deepening Arctic cooperation between Russia and China. In particular, it is necessary to re-examine the new directions of Sino-Russian Arctic cooperation in the context of today's drastic changes in the international geopolitical situation. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current situation, new directions and challenges of Sino-Russian Arctic sustainable cooperation and to provide concrete paths for deepening cooperation. To achieve this goal, the article analyzes the national policies of China and Russia, identifies the common interests of both countries, and then analyzes the current situation, new directions and problems faced by the Arctic sustainable cooperation between the two countries in the context of the reality of the Russian Arctic region. The innovation of this article is to provide a new path for deepening Arctic cooperation between the two countries based on the perspective of Chinese scholars and a more comprehensive understanding of China's Arctic policy. The significance of this article is that the research content and conclusions can be used to promote the process of Arctic sustainable development cooperation between the two countries at the social and even national levels.
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Статья научная
The Russian economy has faced a number of large-scale geopolitical and socio-economic challenges in recent years. At the same time, the territories with single-industry specialization were the most negatively affected, since their town-forming enterprises are highly dependent on external environmental factors. The list of single-industry towns in Russia was formed ten years ago; during this time there have been many global changes, but the authorities are still guided by this document when developing measures of state support. The work had two objectives: first, to assess the degree of their current monoprofile on the basis of analyzing the activities of the main economic entities in singleindustry towns; and second, to identify how the new geopolitical and socio-economic challenges have affected the activities of town-forming enterprises. The research object was 20 small and mediumsized towns of the European North of Russia, categorized as single-industry towns. We identified three groups of towns: 1) single-industry towns with one or several large enterprises in one industry sector (i.e., towns that have retained their monoprofile); 2) single-industry towns that currently have several large or medium-sized enterprises in different economic sectors; 3) former single-industry towns with one or several town-forming enterprises that are currently liquidated. Based on the analysis of the financial performance of enterprises operating in small and medium-sized towns, we found that sanctions and the disruption of production chains with Western countries led to a marked decline in the profits of most of these organizations. The enterprises of the timber industry complex were particularly hard hit, as their activities were more export-oriented. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development and approbation our own methodological approach to the implementation of the typology of towns classified as single-industry municipalities, based on the analysis of enterprises functioning in them.
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Small business and living standards of the population: mutual influence and management issues
Статья научная
Small entrepreneurship is an important element of the socio-economic system of the region, because it contributes to the creation of competitive environment, the consumer’s market saturation and stimulation of aggregate demand, as well as to structural changes, etc. As a systemically important element of the municipal units’ economy, it has an impact on developing the infrastructure and filling the budget of local territories. It contributes to solving one of the main tasks of the social state - to increase the population’s living standards in the country. The high significance of small business determines the demand and necessity of its development. However, at present the aspects of its interconnection with the population’s living standards remain insufficiently elaborated, which makes it difficult to implement effective public policy on managing these categories. The researchers have presented two main approaches to defining this interaction. In the first variant, the functioning of small business contributes to improving the population’s living standards. In the second variant, the availability of capital and consumer demand, provided with people’s high revenues, are the main factors of small business development. Under the conditions of limited resources, the ambiguity of such dependence confirms the relevance and necessity of elaborating scientifically based directions of state influence and the system of measures for stimulating the development of these categories. Therefore, the aim of the study is to assess dependence of small business and the population’s living standards, as well as to establish mainstreaming scientifically based directions of public management and the system of measures, contributing to the development of the small business sector and the improvement of the population’s living standards as a whole. In order to achieve the goal, the empirical assessment of interconnection between the development of small business and the population’s living standards has been carried out, which allows to determine the specific characteristics of their mutual influence. The recommendations on improving the existing system of public management regarding the development processes of small business and improving the population’s living standards in the Russian Federation’s entities have been scientifically justified. The empirical basis of the study includes the data from the Federal State Statistics Service and the results of monitorings, conducted by Vologda Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The materials of the article can be used by the federal and regional government bodies and administrative authorities for adjusting public policy in the field of developing the regional economy.
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Статья научная
The article considers the role and function of small businesses in the development of the municipality on the example of the city of Petrozavodsk. Results of entrepreneurs’ questioning are given, the main problems of small businesses and forms of its support at the municipal level are considered.
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Small business as the factor increasing the employment rate and incomes of the population
Статья научная
Small and medium business is the most important source of increasing employment and incomes of the population. The statistics show that at present the potential of this sphere is not used to the fullest extent in Russia. In order to overcome the existing difficulties, involve the population in business, it is necessary to implement a set of measures aimed at the improvement of the business climate and the disclosure of the population’s entrepreneurial potential. Furthermore, an important step is the development and adoption of the concept of the long-term development programme of small and middle business in the region.
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Small business development as a factor of increasing financial autonomy of municipal entities
Статья научная
The article examines the main results of the reform of local government. It shows that along with the positive results achieved during the transformation, a number of problems remain unresolved. The most significant among them is lack of financial autonomy of municipalities. Solutions to this problem are proposed. One of the promising directions of formation and expansion of own economic base of the municipality is the development of small businesses.
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Small business in Russia: everyday issues and development constraints
Статья научная
The article is based on the data of “Russian longitudinal monitoring survey of economic situation and public health NRU HSE” (RLMS-HSE) and considers current issues and specifics of social well-being of entrepreneurs engaged in small business - managers of micro-enterprises and individual entrepreneurs as one of the least protected professional groups who face great difficulties in organizing their business. The analysis confirms that numerous lingering problems impeding their work cause a reduction in the level of entrepreneurial activity, significantly worsen the social well-being of entrepreneurs and force many of them to change professional and life plans. The study reveals that social well-being of entrepreneurs engaged in small business is complex and uncertain; it is a consequence of an inconsistency between conditions of life and work, and the heterogeneity of this category of employees. They feel happy more often than wage workers. However, possessing a relatively high level of job satisfaction and life satisfaction in general, and having higher self-assessment of professional skills, small-scale entrepreneurs are less concerned with the low prestige of their work and their lack of wide power and authority in comparison to other categories of employed persons; they are cautious in establishing relationships with other people and they have a comparatively low level of law-abidance...
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Small business is an important reserve for development of a one company town
Статья научная
The small business development acquires strategic importance for sustained social and economic development of regions, especially for one company towns located on their territories. The composition of problems occurred in one company towns, the factors that create difficult situations in their economic and social and cultural life are considered in the article. The possibilities of using small business for sustainable growth of a one company towns and improving the quality of life of their people in times of crisis and during the post-crisis development are substantiated.
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Статья научная
The article examines the issues of state support of small and mid-sized businesses in the region. The conclusion is made that it is necessary to search for new mechanisms of stimulation of small business activity.
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Small forestry business development peculiarities in Komi Republic
Статья научная
The article considers problems of small business in the forestry sector of Komi Republic in the structural and social aspects. Problems bounding effectiveness increase of small forestry business are shown up.
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Small towns in the spatial structure of regional population distribution
Статья научная
The article discusses the role of small towns in the spatial structure of the regional population. The purpose for the study is to assess the irregularity of spatial distribution of urban population in the Sverdlovsk Oblast and substantiate the prospects for regional distribution system dynamics by using the methods of mathematical modeling. The author analyzes various domestic and foreign theoretical and methodological approaches to analyzing spatial disparities in deployment of economic potential and human capital throughout regions and countries. The author's approach is to apply the methodological tools of Zipf's law, which proved its effectiveness during the study of urban population dynamics in the works of both foreign and domestic scholars, to study trends and prospects for demographic development in the Sverdlovsk Oblast. The research has helped reveal actual and ideal Zipf's distribution for towns of the Sverdlovsk Oblast during 1989-2015. Based on the methodology the author calculates the values of optimal population in the towns of the Sverdlovsk Oblast in each period and concludes that over the past 25 years the deviation of actual distribution from Zipf's distribution has decreased...
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Статья научная
One of the problematic issues of strengthening the positions of the small-scale and medium-scale entrepreneurship with the purpose of the regional socio-economic systems’ development is the issue of their support and stimulation. The work evaluates the contribution of the small-scale and medium-scale business into the socio-economic processes in the region under the realization of the state support measures. One of the variants for the problem’s solution is the legislation improvement in the fields of taxation and infrastructure support to entrepreneurship. The information base is taken from the Federal statistic service’s statistical data. Statistical and economic analysis’ methods are used for the results’ substantiation.
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Smart competencies as a tool for the development of the information culture of society
Статья научная
The article considers the process of formation of smart competencies, which have a synergistic nature, as a tool for creating samples of the information society culture. The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of smart competencies formation in a managed (institutionalized) and unmanaged (non-institutionalized) environment. The paper presents a conceptual understanding of smart competencies as the integration of modern basic and flexible skills in the educational profile of a student. We provide the results of a modeling experiment conducted in 2020-2021. The experiment consisted of the identifying, forming, and resulting stage. Seventy-six schoolchildren from Vologda and Staraya Russa participated in each stage. The participants were divided into a control group and experimental groups. In the framework of the experiment, in accordance with the principles proposed in the study, two measurements of smart competencies (initial and control level) were carried out. In the interval between the measurements, a stable level of smart competencies was maintained in the participants. The results of the experiment have revealed considerable opportunities for the formation of smart competencies in a controlled environment in conventional educational conditions. It was in this case that the strategic level of competence development was preserved during the experiment (which was not observed in other groups). In conclusion, we determine which types of information culture are created by smart education. The novelty of the project consists in the proposed original model for the study of smart competencies, which defines the structure and features of this phenomenon. Within the framework of the study, we propose a methodological approach to organizing the process of development of modern competencies in the smart environment, which can be used by educational organizations in Russian regions.
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Social and cultural portrait of the region in the context of changes during 2008 - 2010
Статья научная
The article considers the social and cultural transformation of the region, which appeared in the crisis period of 2008 - 2010. The study based on data of empirical analysis shows the changes in social well-being and social structure, value motivations of the region inhabitants. It identifies positive and negative aspects of social and cultural shifts in the regional development during the global financial crisis.
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Social and economic damage due to population's mortality from suicides
Статья научная
The paper presents an analysis of the social and economic burden of suicide death rate in Russia, conducted by research team of ISEDT RAS in research “Social health of the population” in cooperation with the Federal State University “The Moscow Scientific Research Institute of Psychiatry” of the Health Ministry in Russian Federation. The place of suicide in the structure of mortality is defined. It is shown that Russia is a country with the highest suicide rate in Europe. Social and economic costs of suicide in different age and gender groups at the regional and state levels are counted. Its highest level is among men aged 20 to 29 years. The regions with the highest number of lost years of productive life due to suicide are concentrated in the south of Russia (the Volga, Urals and Siberian federal districts). A comparative assessment of suicides burden in the rankings with the common mortality causes from natural and external causes is given. By the level of socio-economic loss suicides far exceed the other causes of the class, “Accidents, injuries and poisoning” and are comparable to the losses caused by coronary heart disease.
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Статья научная
The relevance of studying the social and labor sphere from the position of its tendencies and risks for the formation of the quality of working life is due to the search of determinants causing its low estimates. It is important to address the issues concerning the quality of working life because the quality of life in general becomes today the main criterion of social progress, indicating the turn of the economy toward human needs and its humanization. The article analyzes trends in the social and labor sphere (employment, unemployment, working conditions). It shows changes taking place inside the sociodemographic groups of the employed population (growth of educational level, growth of highly educated population in the composition of the unemployed, etc.). We highlight the causes of economic losses related to the unsatisfactory condition of workplaces, the maintenance of a high share of workers in industries with harmful and hazardous working conditions, and workplace injuries. We provide index assessments of the quality of working life of the employed population and assess workers’ low satisfaction with working conditions. The information base is represented by the data of a sociological survey of employable population of the region, conducted by RAS Vologda Research Center in 2018 and 2020. The article uses the method of subjective evaluation of quality of working life by the indicators that characterize people’s assessment of wages, working conditions, organizational and economic characteristics, and socio-psychological conditions. Scientific novelty of the research consists in substantiating the influence of social and labor sphere on the formation of the quality of working life of the working population. Practical significance lies in the development of proposals to improve the quality of working life, which helps to obtain positive results in terms of improving the efficiency of working activity. Various social innovations (organizational, environmental, aesthetic, etc.) in the workplace that influence employees’ work efficiency (for example, the introduction of health saving programs at enterprises and organizations, which will reduce losses from disability) can be such tools. They can also include surveys of employees about their satisfaction with the quality of working life in a special assessment of working conditions.
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Статья научная
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), nearly 60-80 million couples worldwide struggle with infertility - inability to conceive a child without medical assistance. Infertility is a relevant medical, social, socio-psychological, and demographic problem that negatively affects the demographic situation across the world. In this regard, assisted reproductive technologies help. Infertility diagnosis and treatment is a lengthy and burdensome process, and patients need socio-psychological support while going through it. The purpose of the study is to analyze the situation with the treatment of infertile couples using assisted reproductive technologies in the Republic of Poland and the Russian Federation in the context of the perception of socio-psychological support provided to couples (case study of the Polish research). We used sociological methods: in particular, the author’s own questionnaire and R. Schwarzer and U. Schulz’s test psychological methodology for assessing a respondent’s subjective perception of socio-psychological support. The study involved 39 couples treated for infertility. The majority of respondents (27 couples; 69%) were married. Most female (32 women; 82%) and male (31 men; 79%) respondents did not have children. The results showed that women need more support than men: women received more statistically significant points on the “support-seeking” scale. According to the study, support of a family and a partner were assessed highly. It was revealed that social and psychological support during infertility leads to a positive effect that provides acceptance of the disease (infertility) and reduces stress and a feeling of a loss. Moreover, social and psychological support has a significant impact on the prevention of mental disorders among people treated for infertility. We conclude that socio-psychological support is important for patients diagnosed with this problem.
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Social aspects of modernization in Russia's regions
Статья научная
Modernization is a long process that is going on unevenly in the world and in every country, and especially in Russia taking into account its vast territory and national diversity. Moreover, very acute issues that our country has to face include its lagging behind developed countries by 2-4 times in terms of the standard of living, and profound interregional differences. Each subject of the Russian Federation has its own degree of socio-economic development and, consequently, its own level of modernization. This article aims to outline some important social aspects of territories' development on the background of modernization change. The authors try to show the specifics of change in the trends in health, education, and financial situation on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of statistical and sociological data. The authors conclude that modernization in Russia's regions should be considered not only as an achievement of the highest international standard in economic and technological fields, but also as an updating of the society in thesocio-cultural and spiritual perspective.
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