International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science @ijitcs
Статьи журнала - International Journal of Information Technology and Computer Science
Все статьи: 1235
New RLS Wiener Smoother for Colored Observation Noise in Linear Discrete-time Stochastic Systems
Статья научная
In the estimation problems, rather than the white observation noise, there are cases where the observation noise is modeled by the colored noise process. In the observation equation, the observed value y(k) is given as a sum of the signal z(k)=Hx(k) and the colored observation noise v_c(k). In this paper, the observation equation is converted to the new observation equation for the white observation noise. In accordance with the observation equation for the white observation noise, this paper proposes new RLS Wiener estimation algorithms for the fixed-point smoothing and filtering estimates in linear discrete-time wide-sense stationary stochastic systems. The RLS Wiener estimators require the following information: (a) the system matrix for the state vector x(k); (b) the observation matrix H; (c) the variance of the state vector x(k); (d) the system matrix for the colored observation noise v_c(k); (e) the variance of the colored observation noise.
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NoC Research and Practice: Design and Implementation of 2×4 2D-Torus Topology
Статья научная
Design and Implementation of network on chip interconnection architecture for eight compute-intensive processors are mainly presented in this paper. Firstly, it introduces the basic concept and architecture of the NoC, through analysis and comparison of three common NoC topologies, 2×4 2D Turos is chosen as the final topology, and the single routing node architecture is designed, including packet format, routing and arbitration. Secondly, routing nodes coding, routing algorithm and node degree routing direction are designed. Thirdly, the programming and simulation of 2×4 NoC interconnection architecture are designed, and it achieves uninterrupted operation. The result shows the correctness of the interconnection architecture design. Finally, it chooses XC4VSX55-12ff1148 of vertext 4 to synthesize, the maximum frequency can up to 268 MHz, which provides foundation of subsequent research and application.
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Статья научная
Social networks constitute a suitable forum for debate, and exchange on any sort of topic especially highly sensitive issues. They offer a fertile platform for debate on thorny societal issues such as politics, sex, culture and religion among others. Given the fact that they favor anonymity, openness and non-accountability for voiced opinion, a good number of Nigerians have found them suitable for, "hot", "aggressive" and very passionate discussions over subjects like sex, sexuality and religious convictions – issues which have remarkably remained somehow taboos in the Nigerian society. This paper investigates the conduct of online debates and opinion formation on sex in the prolific Nigerian motion picture industry (Nollywood). It is based on the content analysis of 516 comments by Nigerians, reacting or debating online (in social networks) on pornography in the Nigerian film industry. The paper seeks to explore and quantify the phenomenon of noise in online communication (conservation and debate) on sex by Nigerians. It equally examines how this noise affects communication flow in online debate on pornography in the Nigerian film industry. It argues that being somewhat considerable, noise in such a communication context, is mainly psychological in nature, due principally to the dominance of conservative beliefs on sex and pornography in the Nigerian society. This conservatism motivates most Nigerians to mainly have preconceived stereotypes, notions and biases on sex and pornography and to adopt judgmental and censuring reactions to most attempts to celebrate pornography. The effect of the psychological noise (as observed in online conversation on pornography) is mainly to orchestrate a change of topic from sex to other sensitive issues as politics and religion or engender insults and counter insults which further negatively affect communication.
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Non-polynomial Spline Difference Schemes for Solving Second-order Hyperbolic Equations
Статья научная
In this paper, a class of improved methods based on non-polynomial cubic splines in space and finite difference in time direction are constructed for the second-order hyperbolic equations with initial boundary value problems. Truncation error and stability analysis of the methods have been carried out. It is shown that by suitably choosing the parameters, many known methods can be derived from ours. We also obtain a new high accuracy scheme of , which is conditionally stable for .Finally, a numerical experiment is tested and results are compared with other published numerical solutions.
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Статья научная
This paper derives a new procedure for age classification of facial image based on the local region of facial image. The local region of facial image is extracted from a Significant Binary Pattern of Local Maximum Edge (SBPLME). The SBPLME is generated by calculating the absolute value of local difference between the average of local 3×3 sub window pixel values and its neighbors instead of the center pixel value. In the case of Local Maximum Edge Binary Pattern (LMEBP) calculating the absolute value of local difference between the center pixel value of local 3×3 sub window and its neighbors. The proposed SBPLME can generate 512 (0 to 511) different patterns. The present paper utilized Prominent LBP (PLBP) on the proposed SBPLME. The PLBP contains the significant patterns of Uniform LBP (ULBP) and Non Uniform LBP (NULBP). Thus the derived Significant PLBP of Local Maximum Edge (SPBPLME) becomes an efficient image classification and analysis, which will have a significant role in many areas. The novelty of the proposed SPBPLME method is, it has shown excellent age classification results by reducing the overall dimension, thus reducing the overall complexity.
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Novel Hybrid Model: Integrating Scrum and XP
Статья научная
Scrum does not provide any direction about how to engineer a software product. The project team has to adopt suitable agile process model for the engineering of software. XP process model is mainly focused on engineering practices rather than management practices. The design of XP process makes it suitable for simple and small size projects and not appropriate for medium and large projects. A fine integration of management and engineering practices is desperately required to build quality product to make it valuable for customers. In this research a novel framework hybrid model is proposed to achieve this integration. The proposed hybrid model is actually an express version of Scrum model. It possesses features of engineering practices that are necessary to develop quality software as per customer requirements and company objectives. A case study is conducted to validate the proposal of hybrid model. The results of the case study reveal that proposed model is an improved version of XP and Scrum model.
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Novel Optimized Designs for QCA Serial Adders
Статья научная
Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is a new and efficient technology to implement logic Gates and digital circuits at the nanoscale range. In comparison with the conventional CMOS technology, QCA has many attractive features such as: low-power, extremely dense and high speed structures. Adders are the most important part of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU). In this paper, four optimized designs of QCA serial adders are presented. One of the proposed designs is optimized in terms of the number of cells, area and delay without any wire crossing methods. Also, two new designs of QCA serial adders and a QCA layout equivalent to the internal circuit of TM4006 IC are presented. QCADesigner software is used to simulate the proposed designs. Finally, the proposed QCA designs are compared with the previous QCA, CNTFET-based and CMOS technologies.
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Novel Spectrum Handoff in Cognitive Radio Networks Using Fuzzy Logic
Статья научная
Cognitive radio is a technology initiated by many research organizations and academic institutions to raise the spectrum utilization of underutilized channels in order to alleviate spectrum scarcity problem to a larger extent. Spectrum handoff is initiated due to appearance of primary user (PU) on the channels occupied by the secondary user (SU) at that time and location or interference to the PU exceeds the certain threshold. In this paper, we propose a novel spectrum handoff algorithm using fuzzy logic based approach that does two important functions: 1) adjusts transmission power of SU intelligently in order to avoid handoff by reducing harmful interference to PUs and 2) takes handoff decisions intelligently in the light of new parameter such as expected holding time (HT) of the channel as one of its antecedent. Simulated results show impact analysis of selection of the channel in the light of HT information and the comparison with random selection algorithm demonstrates that there is considerable reduction in handoff rate of SU.
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Numerical Implementation of Nonlinear Implicit Iterative Method for Solving Ill-posed Problems
Статья научная
Many nonlinear regularization methods may converge to local minima in numerical implementation for the complexity of nonlinear operator. Under some not very strict assumptions, we implement our proposed nonlinear implicit iterative method and have a global convergence results. Using the convexity property of the modified Tikhonov functional, it combines nonlinear implicit iterative method with a gradient method for solving ill-posed problems. Finally we present two numerical results for integral equation and parameter identification.
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Off-line sindhi handwritten character identification
Статья научная
Handwritten Identification is an ability of the computer to receive and translate the intelligible handwritten text into machine-editable text. It is classified into two types based on the way input is given namely: off-line and online. In Off-line handwritten recognition, the input is given in the form of the image while in online input is entered on a touch screen device. The research on off-line and online handwritten Sindhi character identification is on its very initial stage in comparison to other languages. Sindhi is one of the subcontinent's oldest languages with extensive literature and rich culture. Therefore, this paper aims to identify off-line Sindhi handwritten characters. In the proposed work, major steps involve in characters identification are training and testing of the system. Training is performed using a feed-forward neural network based on the efficient accelerative technique, the Back Propagation (BP) learning algorithm with momentum term and adaptive learning rate. The dataset of 304 Sindhi handwritten characters is collected from 16 different Sindhi writers, each with 19 characters. The novelty of proposed work is the comparison of the recognition rate for the single character, two characters and three characters at a time. Results showed that the recognition rate achieved for a single character is more than the recognition rate of multiple characters at a time.
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Offline Handwriting Recognition Using Feedforward Neural Network
Статья научная
Many business especially Banks’s services are expanding to include services directed not only to corporate customers but also to individual customer. Furthermore, by the increment of those services, many individual applications to be processed also increases as well. Facing an immense moment, in which requiring more improvements in how it should manage or maintain its applications, some systems or procedures must be improved to match currently increasing customers’ applications. Prior to the improvements, many application forms are filled, input to machine and even to be processed and approved manually. Until recently, application fulfillment processes consists of manual information filling by applicants in an application request paper and later to be re-input by electronic data processing staff which is actually redundant. Aware of such situation, this paper proposes and idea to reduce input processes in an integrated business system by utilizing character recognition system.
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Offline Handwritten Devanagari Script Recognition
Статья научная
Handwritten Devanagari script recognition system using neural network is presented in this paper. Diagonal based feature extraction is used for extracting features of the handwritten Devanagari script. After that these feature of each character image is converted into chromosome bit string of length 378. More than 1000 sample is used for training and testing purpose in this proposed work. It is attempted to use the power of genetic algorithm to recognize the character. In step-I preprocessing on the character image, then image suitable for feature extraction as here is used. Diagonal based feature extraction method to extract 54 features to each character. In the next step character recognize image in which extracted feature in converted into Chromosome bit string of size 378. In recognition step using fitness function in which find the Chromosome difference between unknown character and Chromosome which are store in data base.
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On Achievable QoS Bounds for Mobile IP through Rayleigh Channel in VANET
Статья научная
Vehicular Ad Hoc network is a versatile mobile wireless Ad-Hoc network targeted to support traffic monitoring, vehicular safety and many more applications. For the robust and reliable services in the VANET there is need to investigate the performance under frequent handovers in Mobile IP to prevent packet loss. Mobile IP is an interface that helps to track the mobile nodes and deliver messages even if vehicles are out of the coverage area of home node. In order to find the achievable performance bounds in terms of throughput, packet drop, collision rate and packet broadcast rate, extensive simulations have been done. A realistic city scenario has been proposed here by using the Rayleigh channel simulator, mobile IP enabled IEEE 802.11p OBUs and RSUs. The transmission powers of RSUs and threshold power levels have been varied to obtain the optimum performance through realistic conditions. Simulations are performed using NCTUns6.0 (National Chiao Tung University Network Simulator) in mobile IP interface.
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On Approximate Equivalences of Multigranular Rough Sets and Approximate Reasoning
Статья научная
The notion of rough sets introduced by Pawlak has been a successful model to capture impreciseness in data and has numerous applications. Since then it has been extended in several ways. The basic rough set introduced by Pawlak is a single granulation model from the granular computing point of view. Recently, this has been extended to two types of multigranular rough set models. Pawlak and Novotny introduced the notions of rough set equalities which is called approximate equalities. These notions of equalities use the user knowledge to decide the equality of sets and hence generate approximate reasoning. However, it was shown by Tripathy et al, even these notions have limited applicability to incorporate user knowledge. So the notion of rough equivalence was introduced by them. The notion of rough equalities in the multigranulation context was introduced and studied. In this article, we introduce the concepts of multigranular rough equivalences and establish their properties. Also, the replacement properties, which are obtained by interchanging the bottom equivalences with the top equivalences, have been established. We provide a real life example for both types of multigranulation, compare the rough multigranular equalities with the rough multigranular equivalences and illustrate the interpretation of the rough equivalences through the example.
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Статья научная
Protein 3D structure is one of the key factors in recognizing gene functions. The availability of protein structure data in Protein Data Bank (PDB) enables us to conduct gene function analysis. However, the molecules in the PDB, whose structures have been determined, are always not corresponding to a unique gene. That is to say, the mapping from gene to PDB is not one-to-one. Thus this uncertain property complicates the analysis and increases the difficulty of gene function analysis. In this paper, we attempt to tackle this challenging issue and we study the problem of predicting gene function from protein structures based on the gene-PDB mapping. We first obtain the gene-PDB mapping, which is important in representing a gene by the structure set of all its corresponding PDB molecules. We then define a new gene-gene similarity measurement based on the structure similarity between PDB molecules. We further show that this new measurement matches with gene functional similarity nicely. This means that the measurement we introduced here can be useful for gene function prediction. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate our claim.
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On Transforming Business Patterns to Labeled Petri Nets Using Graph Grammars
Статья научная
In this work we present an approach and a tool for transforming business patterns to labelled Petri nets. This transformation is justified by the fact that Petri nets have efficient analysis techniques. We specify first, business patterns and labelled Petri nets Meta-Models in UML Class Diagram formalism with the Meta-Modelling tool Atom3, and then we generate visual modelling tools according to the proposed Meta-Models. Finally, we define a graph grammar which transforms Business Patterns models to Labelled Petri Nets model for analysis purposes. The approach is illustrated with examples.
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On the Quick Construction of the Edge-Balance Index Sets of a Classes of Nested Network Graph
Статья научная
The research of Boolean index sets of graphs is one of the important graph theory in the graph theory. Boolean index sets of graphs are to use the vertex sets and the edge sets of graphs to study the characteristics of various graphs and their inherent characteristics through corresponding the mapping function to Z_2. Its theory can be applied to information engineering, communication networks, computer science, economic management, medicine, etc. The edge-balance index set is an important issue in Boolean index set. In this paper, we defined edge-friendly labeling of the graph, edge-balance index set of the graph and the graph C_(n^m) × P_(m_n) (n=4,m≥2). We completely determine the edge-balance index sets of the graph C_(4^m) × P_(m_4) (m=0(mod3)) and solve formula proof and graphic tectonic methods.
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On the Selection of MAC Optimised Routing Protocol for VANET
Статья научная
In today's era of modernization, the concept of smart vehicles, smart cities and automated vehicles is trending day by day. VANET (Vehicular Adhoc Network) has also been emerging as a potential applicant to enable these smart applications. Though VANET is very much similar to MANET (Mobile Adhoc Network) but VANET has more severe challenges as compared to MANET due to hostile channel conditions and high degree of mobility. So lot of work related to MAC and Network Layer need attention from the network designers. In this paper MAC Layer has been optimised in terms of Queue Size by using QoS Parameters namely Packet Collision Rate, Packet Drop Rate, Throughput Rate and Broadcast Rate. In doing so, simulative investigations have been done to find out optimum queue size. For this purpose various routing protocols namely DSDV, AODV, ADV and GOD have been considered and optimum queue length for each of these have been obtained. Further the most efficient routing protocol has also been identified. Moreover this paper also compares the performance of most efficient Routing Protocols selected in terms of QoS parameters for different MAC Interfaces.
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On the Selection of Physical Layer Optimized Network Topologies for the Zigbee Network
Статья научная
Zigbee standard has been designed for low data rate, low cost and limited power applications for short-range wireless communication. The successful implementation of Zigbee based network depends on the suitable selection of physical (PHY) layer and medium access control (MAC) layer parameters. In this work the PHY layer parameters have been optimized for star, tree and mesh topologies. The performance investigations have been carried out for different frequency band and data rate and different bandwidth (BW) in each of standard topologies. Through extensive simulations, QoS parameters like throughput, network load and delay have been evaluated to achieve optimal performance of physical layer.
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On the Two SAOR Iterative Formats for Solving Linear Complementarity Problems
Статья научная
Han et.al have applied two SAOR splitting formats for solving the linear complementarity problem. We improve them by introducing a class of preconditioners based on the SAOR methods. The convergences of the modified methods have been analyzed. We also show the applicability of the methods by numerical example.
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