International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies @ijwmt
Journal articles - International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies
All articles: 648
Analysis of Binary Modulations Using Channel Estimation with Machine Learning
Scientific article
To ensure robust signal recovery and efficient data transmission in wireless communication systems, accurate channel estimation plays a vital role, especially under dynamic and complex conditions. Machine learning-based channel estimation is explored for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes over Rayleigh, Rician, and Gaussian fading models. In this work, a framework using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) is developed to predict channel coefficients and analyze the impact on bit error rate (BER), throughput, and spectral efficiency for binary modulations. A comprehensive performance comparison of BPSK and QPSK under ML-based estimation across various fading conditions is provided. The results show that CNNs are effective in tracking time-varying coefficients, while MLPs often yield lower mean squared error (MSE). The study emphasizes practical applications in low-SNR environments and supports energy-efficient designs aligned with SDG goals. Key simulation results include BER vs SNR, throughput, and spectral efficiency comparisons between BPSK and QPSK under ML estimation.
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Analysis of Trusted Identity Based Encryption (IBE-Trust) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Scientific article
The peculiarity of Wireless Sensor Networks demands extra consideration during the design of the security protocol. One of the most challenging yet important security features in Wireless Sensor Network is in establishing trusted communication between sensor node and base station. While the term trusted has been widely used referring to valid nodes in the group, this paper discuss the term trusted based on the specifications of Trusted Computing Group (TCG) and presents an IBE-Trust security protocol utilizing well-known identity based encryption scheme. The protocol incorporates ideas from Trusted Computing Group and Identity-based cryptosystem by Boneh Franklin in ensuring trusted and secured communications between sender and receiver. The proposed protocols were then modeled using the high-level formal language HLPSL and verified using the model checking tool AVISPA. Analysis on the proposed protocols is presented at the end of this paper.
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Analysis of filter bank multi-carrier system for 5G communications
Scientific article
The FBMC now days preferred for 5th Generation communication system. In this paper a detail analysis on Filter bank multi-carrier system for different cases. In FBMC that represents the transmitted data through IFFT available spectral bandwidth into sub-bands. The digital frequency response of the filter simulates for 5G communications with better response.
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Scientific article
This paper deals with the design and study of parameters of square shaped microstrip patch antenna suitable for 5G communication systems. It is designed on Rogers RT Duroid 5880, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2. In this study, a micro-strip line fed patch antenna array, operating at a resonant frequency of 10.21GHz which is preferred for 5G applications, is implemented using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The designed antenna attained a fractional bandwidth of 1.62%, a wide bandwidth of 165 MHz and a reflection coefficient of -14.341dB. The transmission line used for the antenna is an inset feed. In order to design a microstrip patch antenna, the substrate material and its thickness are initially selected. The selection of a proper dielectric material and its thickness is very crucial in designing microstrip patch antenna. This paper also explains how antenna performance changes with the thickness variation of the substrate. The modified antennas can operate around 28 GHz and 10 GHz, the frequency bands recently proposed for 5G applications. The radiation pattern, return loss, 3D gain and VSWR curves are simulated for all designed antennas.
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Scientific article
Negative impedance converter (NIC) circuits are very interesting and beneficial building blocks with the capability of generating negative resistance, capacitance and/or inductance elements which do not exist as a singular electrical component in practice. They are commonly used for the impedance matching and parasitic element cancellation in electrically small antennas and amplifier circuits. In this study, a special kind of NIC circuit in HF band up to 30 MHz is analysed, designed and physically realised with a current feedback (CFB) operational amplifier (OPAMP) which is the core active element of the NIC circuit. The non-inverting terminal of CFB OPAMP is used for RF input signal with the elimination of DC offset voltage in the proposed NIC circuit. The negative impedance conversion capability of the circuit is theoretically proved and simulated first. This capability of CFB OPAMP to generate negative impedance is very important in high-frequency applications as they have low distortion and faster switching than that of voltage feedback (VFB) OPAMP. For the physical realizations, printed circuit board (PCB) is designed and manufactured on FR-4 dielectric material. Measurement results obtained from the realized circuit with resistive (100Ω) and capacitive (10pF) loads to be converted negatively showed that the negative impedance conversion performance of the circuit is very close to its theoretical behaviour in the lower HF frequencies generally in 3- 20 MHz band.
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Analytical Model for Wireless Channel of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications
Scientific article
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication system is a network of vehicles that communicate with each other to exchange information. The environment between vehicles affect in the signals that travel from the transmitter to the receiver, subsequently, it is important to comprehend the underlying characteristics propagation channels. This paper discusses and models some of the key metrics such as path loss, power delay profile, and delay spread at 5.2 GHz carrier frequency. The analyses are presented for two scenarios; both of the transmitter and receiver are stationary and in moving case with considering the direction of the moving and the separation between the vehicles. Likewise, a probability of a presence of some impediments in between of the vehicles with various separations is considered. The achieved results show that path loss for many types of environments may be predicted with using the presented model channel Model and location of the obstacles is sensitive to the received signals.
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Scientific article
One of the business activities in the company is Inventory management. Stocktaking is an important process to ensure stable operation. A conventional method for item identification is through an attached human-readable label. Employees use an inventory sheet of paper to keep track of items. We propose new system inventory management based on an android application to increase time efficiency for Obtain data tracking through NFC (Near Field Communication) tag-based system. This approach involved 11 participants who performed stocktaking to compare performance between the new and old systems. We collect 54 of the Sample data for time evaluation using a t-test to analyze the data. The result was significantly shorter time in stocktaking process of new system than conventional method (df = 26, t = -7.075, p < .001). Furthermore, the proposed system could be a viable solution for reduce the time needed to complete the stocktaking process in the company.
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Android Mobile Security and File Protection Using Face Recognition
Scientific article
The use of Android devices has increased rapidly in recent years, increasing the chance of hacking and crime. Hackers target smartphones for various purposes, including getting sensitive information, financial fraud, identity theft, and other crimes. As a result, Android users must be aware of these possible dangers and take necessary measures to secure their smartphones. Because smartphones are the primary repository of personal sensitive information, smartphone designers must include security measures and encourage users to install freely available security software. Most studies have evaluated facial recognition as the most secure feature. This paper shows the uses of a facial recognition application to protect user files that contain sensitive information. The application uses machine-learning algorithms, specifically a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for face recognition that detects the user's face, tries to access the file, compares it with the basic image in the local file, and gives the result of whether to open the file or reject depending on the compared image. The application addresses critical concerns and improves file privacy features on Android devices, ensuring user file safety, and achieving success with 99% accuracy. It can also distinguish the faces of women wearing a shawl and people wearing glasses.
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Anomaly Detection in IoT Based Satellite Networks: NidaDeepMix
Scientific article
IOT based satellite networks are one of the modern cyber attack topics. This technology has important application areas such as data collection, monitoring and control without the need for close access. Especially the increasing use of IOT devices and their recent integration with satellite networks have made these devices the target of attacks. The fact that IOT devices have more than one type and require low processing power makes them vulnerable to attacks. The use of IOT devices together with satellite networks increases the complexity of this situation and the size of cyber attacks. This situation has made it necessary to increase the studies on preventing and detecting cyber attacks on IOT based networks. For this purpose, in this article, we propose a new deep learning architecture (NidaDeepMix) that provides high accuracy in order to detect cyber attacks on IOT based satellite networks. The designed layer structure and parameters of the NidaDeepMix architecture are adjusted to effectively cope with complex and difficult situations. The NidaDeepMix architecture has been tested on two separate comprehensive datasets, CSE-CIC-IDS-2018 and BCCC-CIRA-CIC-DoHBrw-2020. As a result of the training, a serious accuracy rate of %99.99 was achieved for the CSE-CIC-IDS-2018 dataset and %99.98 for the BCCC-CIRA-CIC-DoHBrw-2020 dataset. Considering these high accuracy rates, it has been demonstrated that the proposed architecture is quite effective in classifying attacks. These rates obtained on different datasets reveal the generalization success of the model. At the same time the model has also addressed the issue of cyber attacks on IOT based satellite networks with an innovative approach. In this context, a new and effective architecture has been provided to the literature for detecting attacks on IOT based satellite networks. It is envisaged that the proposed method NidaDeepMix will be an important reference model in important issues such as cyber attacks and anomaly detection in the future.
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Scientific article
Artificial Neural Networks have been widely used in security and privacy domains for alleviating the issues of malicious attacks. Several embedded codes like Visual Basic for Application Macros are reasonably powerful scripts that can help to automate iterative processes in word processing documents. It has been observed that, unethical hackers exploit these embedded scripts for their malicious intents. Since most of the Microsoft Word users are unaware of such malicious attacks because they are layman end users and mistakenly considers less suspicious contents. And therefore, these hackers prefer to use Microsoft Office documents as most vulnerable items for or Attack vectors. As a general approach, non-executable files are assumed to be less vulnerable than executable files. This implies that these document files could provide an easy and convenient exploitable pathway that can allow hackers to execute their intended malicious actions on the victim’s machine. This research paper presents an automatic detection of malicious embedded codes in general and Microsoft Office documents as a specific case for experimental analysis. This research paper considered only malicious behavior of the embedded codes i.e. checks the status of inclusion or exclusion of the executable code. The malicious datasets are developed to create a knowledgebase where documents are pre-processed. Thereafter the data sets are disassembled using reverse engineering and then malicious features are extracted from the documents. In this research paper, nineteen different malicious keys were extracted. Later, feature reduction technique was applied. Based upon actions; these malicious keys were reduced to eight behaviors. Finally, a machine is trained using artificial neural network with eight input features; extracted from individual disassembled scripts. Afterwards, output nodes that represent malicious or benign behavior classify the existence of attack i.e. exists or does not exists. Based on the training model, a total of seven hundred ninety-two samples of documents were tested. Finally, the research has achieved an average accuracy of 92.2% in the identification of maliciousness of embedded codes in Microsoft Office documents as a case. This result shows that the proposed system has high accuracy in detecting malicious Embedded in word processing documents.
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Application of Digital Mockup Technology
Scientific article
Digital simulation design is one of the mechanical product modern design methods. We have introduced the concept and meaning of digital mockup technology in mechanical design and its architecture, design cycle, which are concerned multi-domain UML, multi-body dynamics and multidisciplinary design. We also have analyzed the automobile digital simulation design method and digital mockup technology.
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This paper analyzes and researches the theories of the encryption communications and identities authentication over the Internet banking based on the PKI technology. Combined with the specific Internet banking system, this research tries to design Internet banking system communication encryption and identities verification and the workflow and main functions. Implementing application to enhance confidentiality of the information transferred by the network communication, this research solves the problems of encrypting Internet banking data and verifying the identities of users and Internet banking. Finally, this paper explores the key technology more in-depth in the designing.
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Scientific article
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have gained popularity among cybercriminals as a favoured method of disruption. Application layer DDoS attacks are particularly intricate, as they overload web servers with re-quests, rendering them inaccessible to legitimate users and causing availability issues. These attacks are challenging to detect through network and transport-level security measures, making them even more concerning. This paper explores various categories of DDoS attacks, encompassing volumetric and protocol-focused attacks, with a particular focus on application-layer attacks, classifying them into Protocol-specific attacks and Generic attacks. It also delves into diverse defence strategies tailored to combat related attacks, such as HTTP Flood, DHCP starvation, SlowLoris, and others. Unlike earlier surveys, which centre on vulnerability-oriented taxonomies through 2017–2020, this work introduces an explicit, criterion-based comparative evaluation framework for attacks and defences, and extends the taxonomy with post-2020 developments containerized and cloud native low-rate attack surfaces, machine learning-driven detection and adversarial evasion, and zero-trust-based mitigation illustrated with the 2023 HTTP/2 ‘Rapid Reset’ incident. Finding that detection-only mechanisms still dominate current defences, the paper identifies recurring bottlenecks and proposes con-crete future-research directions, including detection resistant to adversarial machine learning and low-rate attack detection in containerized and serverless environments.
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Applications of Leaky-wave Antennas: A Review
Scientific article
This review discusses some of the widely used applications of Leaky-wave antennas (LWA) along with their certain types. LWAs have been used extensively in various fields since their origin in the 1940s. They provide wide range of applications that include radars, human sensors, imaging and satellite communication. These antennas have advantage of frequency scanning in a single sweep which make them better choice for frequency scanning applications. Different techniques are integrated with them which increase their importance by providing ease of fabrication and low-profile system. In addition to discussing different types of LWA, this paper contains a comparative analysis of these types which helps in providing a clear knowledge of how and where these antennas can be used. Most of the antenna parameters have a tradeoff between gain and radiation patter, for which careful evaluation of these parameters is needed to make a choice for antenna. Slight modification in the antenna renders great increase in its performance or sometimes degrade it as well. LWA are used for 5G applications which is the latest trend and has great potential of development in coming years. Recent advances in LWA put emphasis on attaining radiations at the broadside which is a challenge for them. The challenges and possible future directions which can draw from existing data have been briefly discussed in this review. To form this review, 15 papers from last 6 years are considered which discusses various parameters of these antennas like radiation pattern, directivity and their fabrication complexities.
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Approaches of Buried Object Detection Technology
Scientific article
This paper describes the different art of buried object detection technology and algorithms. This detection of buried object finds application in many areas, importantly in the Landmine detection which is of growing concern due to the danger of buried landmines to people’s lives, economic growth and development. This paper describes and analyzes different technology available. The approaches discussed are Electrical Impedance Tomography, X-ray backscatter, Infrared Systems, Acoustics/seismic systems; Neutron based Method and finally Ground-Penetrating Radar with two commonly available approaches: Least squares and SVD approach. Finally, the paper concludes highlighting the need to improve the way this information is processed and compared.
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Area Limitations on Smart Grid Computer Networks
Scientific article
Smart grid implementations rely on the real-time monitoring and controlling of the electric power grid. To achieve real time there is need for a messaging system with minimum delays. After mentioning latest implementations and their delays we analyze the role of the different communication protocols needed within smart grids and we describe key factors to a message's delay. Taking into consideration a packet's speed constraints we then calculate a radius, within which, the ETSI communication requirements for smart grids are satisfied.
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Scientific article
This paper presents a machine learning-based model designed to forecast trends in enrollment in the Department of Computer Studies at NEMSU–Cantilan Campus, specifically for the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science (BSCS), Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering (BSCpE), and Bachelor of Science in Information Technology (BSIT) programs. Twenty semesters (2015–2025) of historical program-level enrollment were chronologically split, with the most recent semesters withheld for validation, and a lagged feature set (Lag 1–Lag 3) was constructed for an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and benchmarked against Holt-Winters Exponential Smoothing and ARIMA, both tuned on the same training split. Employing the ANN model, this study achieved an aggregate Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 3.62%, outperforming the Holt-Winters (25.59%) and ARIMA (31.09%) baselines on this dataset, a ranking corroborated by RMSE and MAE (Table 6) and confirmed against a small LSTM and Prophet, neither of which outperformed the ANN at this sample size; a per-program breakdown (Table 7), however, shows this advantage is not uniform, ranging from 3.93% MAPE for BSCS to 13.48% for BSIT. The enrollment projections indicate consistent growth across all programs. The BSCS program is likely to increase from 297 students in 2025 to 401 by 2028, exhibiting a 35% growth. The BSIT program is projected to experience the most significant expansion, growing from 1,078 students in 2025 to 2,714 students by 2028-an increase of 151%, a trend consistent with the program’s sharp historical acceleration after 2022 and the recursive nature of the multi-step forecast, which compounds this recent growth forward. Meanwhile, the BSCpE program is expected to grow more gradually, from 153 students in 2025 to 186 by 2028, showing a 21.6% increase. Overall, the total enrollment in the Department of Computer Studies is expected to rise from 1,517 students in the second semester of 2025 to 3,031 by the first semester of 2028, marking a 100% increase. These findings highlight the accuracy and adaptability of ANN-based models in capturing nonlinear trends in enrollment, offering a valuable tool for strategic planning, faculty and classroom allocation in state universities and colleges in the Philippines.
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Attacks on Cyber Physical System: Comprehensive Review and Challenges
Scientific article
CPS is often comprised of several networked systems that could really observe as well as modify real-world objects and operations. They're analogous with IoT systems, and that therefore CPS concentrates mostly on interplay of mechanical, communications, as well as compute operations. As a result of their connection with IoT, a truly innovative CPS element, the “Internet of Cyber-Physical Things (IoCPT)”, has been established. The speedy pace and substantial development of CPS does have a consequence upon several parts of people's lives and permits a plethora of services and applications, including such e-Health, home automation, and e-Commerce. Interlinking the physical and virtual realms, on the other hand, poses additional security risks. As a necessary consequence, CPS cyber-security increasingly piqued the interest of both academics as well as corporations. In this research work, a literature review has been undergone in terms of cyber security in cyber physical systems. All the literature papers on cyber security have been collected from standard journals like IEEE, Springer and Elsevier. The collected papers are analyzed in diverse aspects like application, dataset used, technique utilized, tool and performance recorded. Finally, the research gaps identified is manifested to guide the future researchers on intrusion detection in CPS.
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Attribute-Adaptive Noise Injection for Robust Differential Privacy in Cyber Physical Systems
Scientific article
This paper introduces Attribute-Adaptive Noise Injection (AANI), a novel approach to enhance differential privacy in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). AANI addresses the privacy-utility trade-off by dynamically adjusting noise injection based on individual data attribute sensitivity, correlation, and utility needs. This tailored approach allows for fine-grained privacy control, adapting to the diverse data generated by CPS components. The paper outlines AANI's framework, proposes efficient algorithms for attribute-specific noise calculation, and demonstrates its effectiveness through simulations. Results show AANI outperforms traditional differential privacy methods by improving both privacy protection and data utility in CPS.
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BER Analysis with Adaptive Modulation Coding in MIMO-OFDM for WiMAX using GNU Radio
Scientific article
This paper explores how MIMO increases channel capacity and how the fundamental characteristics of a MIMO system can create significant test challenges. Spatial modulation (SM) is the latest developed modulation method in the field of communication. The latest research on this shows that SM is useful to achieve the multiplexing gain for the single antenna system, this avoids the inter-channel interference but the spatial modulation is inherently unable to get transmit-diversity. In other words, SM is a novel modulation technique which combines the high multiplexing gain provided by the spatial modulation and transmit-diversity gain, given by the space time block codes (STBCs) technology. Different space-time block coding (STBC) schemes including Alamouti’s STBC for 2 transmit antennas as well as orthogonal STBC (OSTBC) for 3 and 4 transmit antennas are explored. The result of using these MIMO techniques is higher data rate or longer transmit range without requiring additional bandwidth or transmit power. This paper presents a detailed study of diversity coding for MIMO systems. In addition, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) technique in conjunction with MIMO techniques constitute a technological breakthrough that greatly helps in satisfying the ever increasing demands of wireless networks. This paper presents a performance study of Mobile WiMAX networks based on MIMO and AMC perspectives. It also describes how to implement WiMAX PHY with MIMO on software defined radio (SDR) experimental setup with the help of USRP N210 as hardware and GNU Radio as software platforms.
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