International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies @ijwmt
Статьи журнала - International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies
Все статьи: 596
Attacks on Cyber Physical System: Comprehensive Review and Challenges
Статья научная
CPS is often comprised of several networked systems that could really observe as well as modify real-world objects and operations. They're analogous with IoT systems, and that therefore CPS concentrates mostly on interplay of mechanical, communications, as well as compute operations. As a result of their connection with IoT, a truly innovative CPS element, the “Internet of Cyber-Physical Things (IoCPT)”, has been established. The speedy pace and substantial development of CPS does have a consequence upon several parts of people's lives and permits a plethora of services and applications, including such e-Health, home automation, and e-Commerce. Interlinking the physical and virtual realms, on the other hand, poses additional security risks. As a necessary consequence, CPS cyber-security increasingly piqued the interest of both academics as well as corporations. In this research work, a literature review has been undergone in terms of cyber security in cyber physical systems. All the literature papers on cyber security have been collected from standard journals like IEEE, Springer and Elsevier. The collected papers are analyzed in diverse aspects like application, dataset used, technique utilized, tool and performance recorded. Finally, the research gaps identified is manifested to guide the future researchers on intrusion detection in CPS.
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Attribute-Adaptive Noise Injection for Robust Differential Privacy in Cyber Physical Systems
Статья научная
This paper introduces Attribute-Adaptive Noise Injection (AANI), a novel approach to enhance differential privacy in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). AANI addresses the privacy-utility trade-off by dynamically adjusting noise injection based on individual data attribute sensitivity, correlation, and utility needs. This tailored approach allows for fine-grained privacy control, adapting to the diverse data generated by CPS components. The paper outlines AANI's framework, proposes efficient algorithms for attribute-specific noise calculation, and demonstrates its effectiveness through simulations. Results show AANI outperforms traditional differential privacy methods by improving both privacy protection and data utility in CPS.
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BER Analysis with Adaptive Modulation Coding in MIMO-OFDM for WiMAX using GNU Radio
Статья научная
This paper explores how MIMO increases channel capacity and how the fundamental characteristics of a MIMO system can create significant test challenges. Spatial modulation (SM) is the latest developed modulation method in the field of communication. The latest research on this shows that SM is useful to achieve the multiplexing gain for the single antenna system, this avoids the inter-channel interference but the spatial modulation is inherently unable to get transmit-diversity. In other words, SM is a novel modulation technique which combines the high multiplexing gain provided by the spatial modulation and transmit-diversity gain, given by the space time block codes (STBCs) technology. Different space-time block coding (STBC) schemes including Alamouti’s STBC for 2 transmit antennas as well as orthogonal STBC (OSTBC) for 3 and 4 transmit antennas are explored. The result of using these MIMO techniques is higher data rate or longer transmit range without requiring additional bandwidth or transmit power. This paper presents a detailed study of diversity coding for MIMO systems. In addition, adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) technique in conjunction with MIMO techniques constitute a technological breakthrough that greatly helps in satisfying the ever increasing demands of wireless networks. This paper presents a performance study of Mobile WiMAX networks based on MIMO and AMC perspectives. It also describes how to implement WiMAX PHY with MIMO on software defined radio (SDR) experimental setup with the help of USRP N210 as hardware and GNU Radio as software platforms.
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Статья научная
Free Space Optics is a medium with high bandwidth which has maximum data rate. Demand for large data speed capacity has been increasing exponentially due to the massive spread of internet services. So with the growing transmission rate and demand in the field of optical communication, the electronic regeneration has become more expensive. With the introduction of power optical amplifiers the cost of converting optical signals to electronic signals has been brought down immensely. This research paper describes the effect of varying duty cycle on BER performance of the FSO link with hybrid amplifier having different attenuation.
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Статья научная
In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) performance of SFBC-OFDM systems for frequency selective fading channels is observed for various antenna orientations and modulation schemes. The objective is to find out a suitable configuration with minimum number of receiving antenna that requires minimum signal power level at the receiver to provide reliable voice and video communication. We have considered both M-ary phase shift keying (MPSK) and M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (MQAM) in the performance analysis considering both perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI). The authors have expressed the BER under imperfect channel estimation condition as a function of BER under perfect channel condition in this paper. The finding shows, for a BTS with 4 transmitting antenna and MS with 2 receiving antenna BPSK performs better for both perfect and imperfect CSI. Maximum permissible channel estimation error increases with the usage of more receiving antenna at the expense of increased cost.
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Статья научная
The aim of this research is to comparatively evaluate and optimize the performance of active and passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) in Terahertz (THz) Ultra Massive MIMO(UM-MIMO) systems for 6G Wireless Communication. The Primary objective is to analyze the impact of beamforming and adaptive modulation schemes on system capacity, computational complexity and power consumption. The study employs MATLAB based simulations under realistic wireless channel models including Rician fading channel and free space path loss to model the propagation behavior at THz Frequencies. Both active and passive RIS configuration are assessed using hybrid beamforming and multi antenna transmission techniques. Simulation results demonstrate that active RIS improves system capacity compared to passive RIS. Particularly at higher SNR level, while incurring more power consumption. Conversely, passive RIS offers better energy efficiency and lower complexity, making it suitable for low-power scenarios. These findings highlight critical design trade-offs and support the development of hybrid RIS assisted UM-MIMO architectures for efficient and scalable 6G THz communication systems.
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Big Data Compression in Mobile and Pervasive Computing
Статья научная
The usability of Mobile devices and portable computers has been increased very rapidly. The main focus of modern research is to handle the big data in Mobile and pervasive computing. This paper gives an overview of Mobile Data Challenge which was a smart phone based research done by Nokia through Lausanne Data Collection Campaign. The Mobile Data Challenge was introduced when the amount of mobile data was seen to be increased very much in a short period of time. The rise of big data demands that this data can be accessed from everywhere and anytime. For handling such a huge amount of data e.g. SMS, images, videos etc, this data must be compressed for easy transmission over the network. It also helps in reducing the storage requirements. There are various techniques for the compression of data that are discussed in this paper. SMAZ and ShortBWT techniques are used to compress SMS. JPEG and Anamorphic Stretch Transform are used to compress the images.
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Blockchain-enabled Data Integrity in Wireless Sensor Networks
Статья научная
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used across various fields, facilitating the gathering of critical data for monitoring physical and environmental conditions. However, traditional WSNs encounter cybersecurity challenges, including weak node authentication, limited fault tolerance, insufficient detection of malicious nodes, and insecure data integrity management. Given these vulnerabilities, it is essential to develop effective solutions to address WSN cybersecurity issues. A key concern that requires special focus is ensuring robust data integrity management to resolve trust-related problems in WSNs. Most current existing solutions rely on centralized systems, which are vulnerable to tampering and offer no proper data integrity management or traceability for the data gathered from sensors. In this paper, we present an architecture based on blockchain technology to ensure secure data transmission and effective data integrity management for data collected from WSN devices. By employing the decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain, the integration of WSN and blockchain technology provides a robust infrastructure that features tamper-resistant for better decision-making process. The results show that the proposed architecture offers secure data storage and provides strong performance, capable of scaling to accommodate large WSNs through the use of blockchain. This study also identifies the most common challenges in integrating blockchain with WSNs and provides appropriate solutions to fully harness the benefits of blockchain applications in these networks.
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Статья научная
In the recent development of the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI) plays a significant role in enabling cognitive IoT applications. Among popular IoT applications, location-based services are considered one of the primary applications where the real-time location of a moving object is estimated. In recent works, AI-based techniques have been investigated to the indoor localization problem, showing significant advantages over deterministic and probabilistic algorithms used for indoor localization. This paper presents a feasibility study of using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Feed Forward Neural Networks (FFNN) for indoor localization applications. The signal strength values received from thirteen different BLE ibeacon nodes placed in an indoor environment were trained using a Feed-Forward Neural Network (FFNN). The FFNN was tested under other hyper-parameter conditions. The prediction model provides reasonably good accuracy in classifying the correct zone of 86% when batch size is 100 under the learning rate of 0.01.Hence the FFNN could be used to implement on location-based IoT applications.
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Статья научная
A Wireless Network is an assortment of organization hubs that can work with framework or Adhoc mode. Because of the absence of incorporated control in Adhoc-based remote organizations, planning a steering convention to give a proficient and appropriate technique to course the information with fewer clogs, bundle drop has turned into a difficult issue in remote organizations. The significant goal of the present review is to foster a Load Aware Congestion Control. The further developed rendition of directing conventions is proposed Fuzzy Enhanced Load Aware Routing in Ad hoc (FE-LARA). Here, WNs climate is recreated in MATLAB for different situations to figure LARA and FE-LARA. Outcomes got from this extensive investigation discover that FE-LARA offers a strong improvement in opposition to winning methodology with LARA and it largely concentrates for corresponding flow of load of data amidst various multi-paths which are exposed, lower queue length for various nodes. A network would consequently be resilient to node catastrophes and activate through diminutive or no mainstay substructure
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CNN-based Security Authentication for Wireless Multimedia Devices
Статья научная
Security is a major concern for wireless multimedia networks because of their role in providing various services. Traditional security techniques have inadequacies in identifying emerging security threats and also lacks in computing efficiency. Furthermore, conventional upper-layer authentication doesn’t provide any protection for physical layer, thus leading to leakage of privacy data. Keep these issues in mind, the paper has envisioned an artificial intelligence-based security authentication system that is lightweight, adaptive and doesn’t require any explicit programming. The neural network is built on convolutional filters which explore the data and learns the features or characteristic of the data. With this learned feature, the model will be able to recognize whether a wireless multimedia device present in a network is legitimate or not. Experimental analysis and validation have been performed on the trained model and ensure that the authentication of wireless multimedia devices can be achieved and also ensuring lightweight authentication system, which ensures less computation needs. The different neural model is also trained using gaussian noise of different standard deviation so that it can be used in a practical scenario like smart industry etc.
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CPW-fed Compact antenna for WiMAX/WLAN applications
Статья научная
A compact antenna with Coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed for WiMAX/WLAN applications is presented in this paper. Antenna is fabricated on FR4 substrate having size of (35mm×25mm).The rectangular antenna is etched with slit and stub which obtains triple band. The measured results shows that S11< ̶ 10dB impedance bandwidths are at 100MHz(2.39-2.49 GHz), 800MHz(3.4-4.2 GHz) and 1680 MHz(5.4-7.08 GHz).These frequency ranges meet the bandwidth requirement for Wireless local area network (WLAN) 2.4/5.8 GHz bands and Worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) 3.5 GHz band. Bandwidth, S11, VSWR, radiation and gain characteristics of the antenna are investigated. Antenna exhibits good resemblance between measured and simulation results
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CPW-fed Wideband Antenna with U-shaped Ground Plane
Статья научная
This paper proposes the design of CPW-fed wideband antenna with U-shaped ground plane. The proposed antenna is a simple printed antenna, which is fed by a 50Ω CPW line. The Antenna has a compact size of 13mm×25mm. To obtain wide bandwidth, a slot is cut in ground plane and radiating patch is modified. The proposed antenna yields the operating frequency range from 7.3GHz to 15.1GHz, which offers the bandwidth of 7.79GHz. Simulation has been performed by using CST Microwave Studio Software. This frequency range satisfies the system requirements for Narrowband PCS Services, Satellite, Cellular Phone, Domestic Public Land Mobile Communication and International Public Broadcasting applications.
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Статья научная
Multiple input multiple output (MIMO) is one of the key technology to accomplish the goal of the future wireless broadband communication.This paper deals with the bit error rate (BER) and capacity performance of the Vertical Bell laboratories layered space-time (VBALST) MIMO systems with a linear receiver such as minimum mean-square error (MMSE) and zero forcing (ZF) over Nakagami-m channel. Both the BER and the capacity of MIMO systems have been analyzed for different modulation techniques and also with various configurations of MIMO systems. We have also analyzed the VBLAST MIMO system performance in a higher SNR region.
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Characterization of Shielding Effectiveness of General Metallized Structure
Статья научная
This paper describes the step-by-step procedure to design an aperture and calculation of Shielding effectiveness (SE) based on the literature reviewed and is analytically and experimentally verified using High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS).Also this paper includes the characterization of SE for different materials like copper, aluminum, stainless steel and nickel, which is further examined for different parameters variation effect (like dimension of wire, length of wire and frequency) is analyzed.
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Статья научная
This article investigates on developing a methodology for statistical channel modeling for 60 GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) system. The most significant characteristics of indoor 60 GHz propagation channels such as large scale propagation path loss, quasi-optical propagation nature, reflection, diffraction, shadowing effect, clustering nature of the channel, effective impact of polarization and necessity of steerable directional antennas are taken into account. This research work has focused on modeling of the 60 GHz WLAN system to estimate the RMS delay spread (RDS) considering both directional and non-directional antennas for residential indoor environment. RDS is a measure of communication channel delay and estimates fading characteristics. Multipath effects and channel deep-fade can be alleviated by minimizing the channel RDS. This research work analyses the RDS characteristics of a living room environment considering two different indoor channel model approaches. Here, the IEEE 802.11ad living room channel model and the Saleh-Valenzuela (S-V) model are considered while developing channel impulse response as well as RDS. The investigations show that highly directional steerable antennas can effectively reduce the channel delay spread. A comparative study between the IEEE 802.11ad and the S-V models has also been performed in the later section.
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Classification of attacks on wireless sensor networks: a survey
Статья научная
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is one of the fastest rising emerging technologies that find widespread use in various applications comprising of military, health, agriculture, habitat etc. Seen as sensor network deployed at sites which can be considered as remote and hostile, the technology is seriously faced with challenges to the network and functional security at the cost of their inherent limitations in energy capacity and computing power. In this paper we have delved upon and summarized earlier research on security challenges poised to WSNs, classified the threats and then presented a generic WSN security model keeping in line with the intended security targets to be met. We have also tried to give a realistic theoretical analysis of our WSN security model against these threats.
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Cloud Forensics: Challenges and Blockchain Based Solutions
Статья научная
With the advancement in digital forensics, digital forensics has been evolved in Cloud computing. A common process of digital forensics mainly includes five steps: defining problem scenario, collection of the related data, investigation of the crime scenes, analysis of evidences and case documentation. The conduction of digital forensics in cloud results in several challenges, security, and privacy issues. In this paper, several digital forensics approaches in the context of IoT and cloud have been presented. The review focused on zone-based approach for IoT digital forensics where the forensics process is divided into three zones. Digital forensics in cloud provides the facilities of large data storage, computational capabilities and identification of criminal activities required for investigating forensics. We have presented a brief study on several issues and challenges raised in each phase of Cloud forensics process. The solution approaches as well as advancement prospects of cloud forensics have been described in the light of Blockchain technology. These studies will broaden the way to new researchers for better understanding and devising new ideas for combating the challenges.
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Clustering algorithms of wireless sensor networks: a survey
Статья научная
In the recent few years the research on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) and its variants have risen enormously. The researchers all across the globe are trying to develop a routing protocol that is energy efficient and provides adequate security level in data communication. One of the techniques the researchers use is Clustering of the sensor network. This technique inherently consumes less energy during data communication as the nodes have assigned a dedicated task to perform. A total of 35 clustering algorithms / protocols have been surveyed and comparison of these protocols based on the metrics like heterogeneity, clustering method, size of the cluster etc. have been presented.
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CoAP Protocol for Constrained Networks
Статья научная
This paper discusses the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), an application layer protocol introduced by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Constrained RESTful environment (CoRE) Working Group for use with low power and resource constrained nodes in the internet of things. The paper discusses the CoAP architecture supported with suitable examples. CoAP protocol message format, types, methods and security feature is also discussed. In this paper, we present a CoAP based car parking system implemented using Contiki, an open source operating system for resource constrained device. The Cooper (Cu) CoAP user agent for Firefox browser is used for handling CoAP URI scheme.
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