International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies @ijwmt
Статьи журнала - International Journal of Wireless and Microwave Technologies
Все статьи: 622
An Evaluation of Systems for Detection and Prevention of DoS Attacks in SDN Networks
Статья научная
This paper proposes a study on systems for the detection and prevention of Denial-of-Service attacks (DoS) in Software-Defined Network (SDN) architectures. After a survey of the characteristics of SDN and DoS attacks, we introduce a system based on several components and the sFlow protocol to detect and react to different types of attacks, both from single and distributed sources. The considered attacks include all the main flooding techniques, besides the slowris approach. Finally, an experimental example of an attack on a SDN controller is presented to highlight the interaction between the components and evaluate their timely mitigation effects against the threat.
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An Example of Developing a High-level Requirements Specification for AI-based Software using ChatGPT
Статья научная
Over the past seven years, significant changes have occurred in both the development paradigms and the practical use of software systems of varying complexity. These changes are largely driven by the rapid adoption of online artificial intelligence technologies based on large-scale language models. Such models are currently actively used in software development tasks, including source code generation and test plan creation, thereby integrating across various stages of the software development lifecycle. This article examines a classic research object—namely, the process of developing a system requirements specification—and proposes an approach to its formal verification using the ChatGPT online service. First, a detailed mathematical formalization of the research object is presented, followed by a structured model for preparing system requirements in projects using ChatGPT at various stages of development. Next, the proposed approach is illustrated using a real IT project example, demonstrating the sequential stages of requirements preparation in a modern development environment. The article defines the main categories of system requirements and discusses their representation in project documentation. To support the analysis, relevant tabular data and UML diagrams are provided. Furthermore, the study describes a methodology for formal requirements verification through prompt-based interaction with the ChatGPT system. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the application of requirements verification by modeling the expected behavior of the future software system using ChatGPT. Future research directions include incorporating a fifth category of requirements – business rules – using ChatGPT, which will enable modeling the behavior of the software system in real business processes.
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An Extended Research on the Blood Donor Community as a Mobile Application
Статья научная
In the developing and the least developed countries, the number of blood banks are limited and it is hard to find a blood donor with exact blood group in a crucial moment. Patients have to suffer a lot and in some cases, death is inevitable. Emergency situations like- accidents, ongoing treatments and elective surgeries create critical and immediate need for specific group of blood. In this regards, a little attention has been given on the easier availability of blood from nearest locations. In this paper, we propose a mobile phone application by which anyone will be able to look for their desired blood group at the nearest location. A large number of people is currently using smartphones running on different operating systems. The application will be developed in different platforms e.g. Android, Windows Phone or iOS, where only registered person, with willingness to donate blood will be able to access the service.
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An Improved Dynamic Probabilistic Packet Marking Algorithm
Статья научная
An improved dynamic probabilistic packet marking algorithm named IDPPM is presented, which not only can reduce the marking overhead of routers near the attackers, but also can locate attack source rapidly and accurately. The challenge of weakest node and weakest link is solved with the price of a little more numbers of packets to reconstruct the attack path. Theoretical analysis and NS2 simulation demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
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An Incentive Compatible Reputation Model for P2P Networks
Статья научная
An important challenge regarding peer's trust assessment in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks is how to cope with such issues as the fraudulent behaviors and the dishonest feedback behaviors from malicious peers, and the issue of inactive recommendations to others. However, these issues cannot be effectively addressed by the existing solutions. Thus, an incentive compatible reputation management model for P2P networks, named ICRM, is proposed to solve them. In ICRM, the metric of time zone is used to describe the time property of the transaction experience and the recommendation. Three other metrics such as the direct trust value, the recommendation trust value and the recommendation credibility, based on the metric of time zone are applied to express accurately the final trust level of a peer. Furthermore, the participating level is introduced as the metric to identify a peer's activeness degree. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments demonstrate that, ICRM can effectively suppress the malicious behaviors such as providing unreliable services, or giving dishonest feedbacks to others in the P2P networks. What's more, it also can incent peers to offer recommendations to others more actively.
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An Ontology based Approach for Context-Aware Security in the Internet of Things (IoT)
Статья научная
Due to increased number of IoT devices, the marketplace is showing significant growth of sensor deployments around the world. The context involved in any IoT environment needs proper storage, processing and interpretation to get deeper insights from it. Previous research has not focussed much on context-ware security in IoT environment and has primarily relied on context-ware computing methods. In this research paper we implement logical decisions among IoT nodes in healthcare system using ontological approach. With the help of ontological method collected data is transferred between various healthcare devices to the knowledge base thereby achieving security of context like patient data by providing deeper insights, so as to generate intelligent suggested solutions. Incorporation of context-aware rules based on common experience for specific healthcare scenario is done to get implicit insight among IoT nodes. This work designs security ontology using Security Toolbox: Attacks & Countermeasures (STAC) framework that is implemented in Protégé 5. Moreover, Pellet (Incremental) reasoned is used to evaluate the ontology. Emergency ontology that can prove helpful at emergency times has also been designed. Different parameters addressed in this work are authentication, access-control, authorization and privacy using context-awareness methodology that can enable naive users make informed security decision.
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An Overview of Reconfigurable Antennas for Wireless Body Area Networks and Possible Future Prospects
Статья научная
The use of antennas in various fields and applications is gaining much importance because of their growing advancements and numerous facilities. Due to their vast advantages, now wearable antennas are used in fields of personal healthcare, entertainment, military and many others. For the fabrication of wearable antennas, many aspects need special consideration in order to manufacture a safe system for the user. As the applications of wireless body centric communication with antennas has a great variability, so enhancements are made in the systems by integrating reconfigurable antennas in it. These antennas work better than the single installed antennas because of their adjustable parameters thus increasing the performance of whole system. This paper provides an overview of the existing antennas and their applications, in order to better understand ways in which the limitations associated with wearable antennas could be overcome in the future. Certain design challenges which occur during the fabrication of wearable antennas like safety, cost and tolerance in addition to the recent advancements in this field are discussed. Designing a particular antenna for body area network mainly depends upon the application of the user and the place of installation. To build a review about the reconfigurable antenna for body centric communication, 15 papers from the last 6 years are consulted which fall under the domain of wearable antennas. There is still a margin of improvement in this field and better technologies will be introduced in coming years which include precision medicine.
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An Unconditionally Secure Authentication Code For Multi-Source Network Coding
Статья научная
In network system, network coding allows intermediate nodes to encode the received messages before forwarding them, thus network coding is vulnerable to pollution attacks. Besides, the attacks are amplified by the network coding process with the result that the whole network maybe pollutes. In this paper, we proposed a novel unconditionally secure authentication code for multi-source network coding, which is robust against pollution attacks. For the authentication scheme based on theoretic strength, it is robust against those attackers that have unlimited computational resources, and the intermediate nodes therein can verify the integrity and origin of the encoded messages received without having to decode them, and the receiver nodes can check them out and discard the messages that fail the verification. By this way, the pollution is canceled out before reaching the destinations.
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Статья научная
Recent advancement in microelectronics and sensor devices have led to the development of a new family of networks called Internet of things (IoT). One of the challenges of IoT is the integration of autonomous and smart devices with multiple constraints specific to the wireless sensor network (WSN) environment. Among these constraints, the most important constraint is the energy efficiency of medium access control (MAC) protocol. To solve this problem, we propose an improved protocol called clustering based load adaptive MAC (CLA-MAC) for WSNs in IoT scenario, which involves mainly traffic load balancing within each cluster to provide a tuneable trade-off between energy consumption, delay, and throughput. The proposed solution makes the MAC protocol more energy efficient by reducing competition between sensor nodes with the adoption of clustering scheme and traffic distribution, which can significantly reduce the probability of collision and idle listening. Simulation results indicate that the proposed approach performs better compared with load adaptive MAC (LA-MAC) protocol in typical IoT scenario.
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An improved IOT Authentication Process based on Distributed OTP and Blake2
Статья научная
The Internet of Things operates in vital areas and involves people, objects, and networks. Indeed, it ensures the interconnection and exchange of critical information that does not tolerate flaws. A successful attack on an object in one of these fields will cause fatal damage. Therefore, securing IOTs requires particular attention to the used protocols. It is essential to choose adapted protocols to the requirements of the objects and provide maximum security. Authentication is the first entry to IOTs that must be optimal and secure, without encumbering objects with limited capacities. To address this issue and to avoid concentration points, we present an improved authentication protocol based on the Blake2 hash function and the distribution of calculating OTP function. We will then evaluate, in terms of spatial and temporal complexity, the improvement brought to the IOT authentication process by the proposed process. We will prove that the use of these technics ensure a secure authentication that consumes less time and less memory.
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Analysis and Detection of various DDoS attacks on Internet of Things Network
Статья научная
Internet of Things is used for those devices, which are connected over a network, once the devices are connected to the internet they are known as smart devices. These devices share information and communicate with each other to influence our day to day lives. Due to the rise in these devices, security is compromised. Malware is malicious software that can damage the computer, server, or network intentionally. Malware can also exploit the confidentiality, integrity, availability (CIA) triad. Rather than the traditional malware, IoT malware can damage different internet connected devices such as routers, DVRs, CCTV, or many internets connected devices. The IoT devices are more vulnerable due to weak passwords, missing authentication schemes, backdoor entries, lack of high-security algorithms, and plug and play services. There is no widespread survey available about IoT malware in an efficiently organized manner, publicly. In this article, we have classified the IoT malware according to their release and provide on the basis of their functionalities, growth, revolution, and their detection mechanism. We perform DDoS attack on Raspberry PI to hamper the home automation system. We employ Wireshark to monitor network traffic and demonstrate the service unavailability.
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Analysis of AODV Protocol against Pause Time Using NS2.34
Статья научная
An ad hoc network is very popular because of its easy deployment. It is a self-organising network which has dynamic topology. The routing is a major issue in the ad hoc network due to its node mobility. As nodes are moving continuously the source to destination pair is completely broken and repeated route discovery increases delay and network load and reduces throughput of ad hoc network. The routing protocols play a vital role in data transmission and affect the efficiency of the ad hoc network. Also, mobility factor affects the efficiency of the ad hoc network. The ad hoc network is said to be efficient if it transfers data with higher throughput, minimum delay and low overheads. In this paper, researcher studies efficiency of AODV protocol against node mobility. The node mobility term relates to the pause time i.e. the amount of time node is stable at a particular location. The high pause time means nodes in the network have low mobility and low pause time means nodes have high mobility. The performance of AODV protocol is evaluated on the basis of four performance matrices i.e. throughput, delay, routing load, and packet delivery ratio using the Network simulator NS2.34. This study will help the researcher further to regulate the scenario parameters of ad hoc network which will help to improve performance of the protocol.
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Analysis of Alamouti Diversity Schemes and Techniques for Wireless Communication
Статья научная
External communications clients seek higher communication levels, better speech quality and higher network limitations due to limited radio recurrence spectrum connectivity, bandwidth, channel efficiency, physical zones and transmitting problems induced by factors such as blurring (Fading) and multi-way bending (Distortion). Fading is a significant impedance of the remote communication tube. Within this article, we find different procedures for alleviating the fading issue in the remote system. The simple solution to the fading problem will be to have the fading edge of the transmitter. In any scenario, this is not a fruitful agreement in any way whatsoever. One exchange agreement is beneficial to take a stance on the truthful behaviour of the deteriorating outlet. There follows the basic concept of good variety; where at least two inputs from the recipient are required to receive uncorrelated signals.
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Analysis of Binary Modulations Using Channel Estimation with Machine Learning
Статья научная
To ensure robust signal recovery and efficient data transmission in wireless communication systems, accurate channel estimation plays a vital role, especially under dynamic and complex conditions. Machine learning-based channel estimation is explored for binary phase shift keying (BPSK) and quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation schemes over Rayleigh, Rician, and Gaussian fading models. In this work, a framework using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Multilayer Perceptrons (MLP) is developed to predict channel coefficients and analyze the impact on bit error rate (BER), throughput, and spectral efficiency for binary modulations. A comprehensive performance comparison of BPSK and QPSK under ML-based estimation across various fading conditions is provided. The results show that CNNs are effective in tracking time-varying coefficients, while MLPs often yield lower mean squared error (MSE). The study emphasizes practical applications in low-SNR environments and supports energy-efficient designs aligned with SDG goals. Key simulation results include BER vs SNR, throughput, and spectral efficiency comparisons between BPSK and QPSK under ML estimation.
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Analysis of Trusted Identity Based Encryption (IBE-Trust) Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Статья научная
The peculiarity of Wireless Sensor Networks demands extra consideration during the design of the security protocol. One of the most challenging yet important security features in Wireless Sensor Network is in establishing trusted communication between sensor node and base station. While the term trusted has been widely used referring to valid nodes in the group, this paper discuss the term trusted based on the specifications of Trusted Computing Group (TCG) and presents an IBE-Trust security protocol utilizing well-known identity based encryption scheme. The protocol incorporates ideas from Trusted Computing Group and Identity-based cryptosystem by Boneh Franklin in ensuring trusted and secured communications between sender and receiver. The proposed protocols were then modeled using the high-level formal language HLPSL and verified using the model checking tool AVISPA. Analysis on the proposed protocols is presented at the end of this paper.
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Analysis of filter bank multi-carrier system for 5G communications
Статья научная
The FBMC now days preferred for 5th Generation communication system. In this paper a detail analysis on Filter bank multi-carrier system for different cases. In FBMC that represents the transmitted data through IFFT available spectral bandwidth into sub-bands. The digital frequency response of the filter simulates for 5G communications with better response.
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Статья научная
This paper deals with the design and study of parameters of square shaped microstrip patch antenna suitable for 5G communication systems. It is designed on Rogers RT Duroid 5880, which has a dielectric constant of 2.2. In this study, a micro-strip line fed patch antenna array, operating at a resonant frequency of 10.21GHz which is preferred for 5G applications, is implemented using the Computer Simulation Technology (CST) software. The designed antenna attained a fractional bandwidth of 1.62%, a wide bandwidth of 165 MHz and a reflection coefficient of -14.341dB. The transmission line used for the antenna is an inset feed. In order to design a microstrip patch antenna, the substrate material and its thickness are initially selected. The selection of a proper dielectric material and its thickness is very crucial in designing microstrip patch antenna. This paper also explains how antenna performance changes with the thickness variation of the substrate. The modified antennas can operate around 28 GHz and 10 GHz, the frequency bands recently proposed for 5G applications. The radiation pattern, return loss, 3D gain and VSWR curves are simulated for all designed antennas.
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Статья научная
Negative impedance converter (NIC) circuits are very interesting and beneficial building blocks with the capability of generating negative resistance, capacitance and/or inductance elements which do not exist as a singular electrical component in practice. They are commonly used for the impedance matching and parasitic element cancellation in electrically small antennas and amplifier circuits. In this study, a special kind of NIC circuit in HF band up to 30 MHz is analysed, designed and physically realised with a current feedback (CFB) operational amplifier (OPAMP) which is the core active element of the NIC circuit. The non-inverting terminal of CFB OPAMP is used for RF input signal with the elimination of DC offset voltage in the proposed NIC circuit. The negative impedance conversion capability of the circuit is theoretically proved and simulated first. This capability of CFB OPAMP to generate negative impedance is very important in high-frequency applications as they have low distortion and faster switching than that of voltage feedback (VFB) OPAMP. For the physical realizations, printed circuit board (PCB) is designed and manufactured on FR-4 dielectric material. Measurement results obtained from the realized circuit with resistive (100Ω) and capacitive (10pF) loads to be converted negatively showed that the negative impedance conversion performance of the circuit is very close to its theoretical behaviour in the lower HF frequencies generally in 3- 20 MHz band.
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Analytical Model for Wireless Channel of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communications
Статья научная
Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication system is a network of vehicles that communicate with each other to exchange information. The environment between vehicles affect in the signals that travel from the transmitter to the receiver, subsequently, it is important to comprehend the underlying characteristics propagation channels. This paper discusses and models some of the key metrics such as path loss, power delay profile, and delay spread at 5.2 GHz carrier frequency. The analyses are presented for two scenarios; both of the transmitter and receiver are stationary and in moving case with considering the direction of the moving and the separation between the vehicles. Likewise, a probability of a presence of some impediments in between of the vehicles with various separations is considered. The achieved results show that path loss for many types of environments may be predicted with using the presented model channel Model and location of the obstacles is sensitive to the received signals.
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Статья научная
One of the business activities in the company is Inventory management. Stocktaking is an important process to ensure stable operation. A conventional method for item identification is through an attached human-readable label. Employees use an inventory sheet of paper to keep track of items. We propose new system inventory management based on an android application to increase time efficiency for Obtain data tracking through NFC (Near Field Communication) tag-based system. This approach involved 11 participants who performed stocktaking to compare performance between the new and old systems. We collect 54 of the Sample data for time evaluation using a t-test to analyze the data. The result was significantly shorter time in stocktaking process of new system than conventional method (df = 26, t = -7.075, p < .001). Furthermore, the proposed system could be a viable solution for reduce the time needed to complete the stocktaking process in the company.
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