Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки @jurvestnik-psu
Статьи журнала - Вестник Пермского университета. Юридические науки
Все статьи: 1178
"Estate planning" и выбор супругами вида наследственного распоряжения
Другой
Введение: анализируются виды посмертных наследственных распоряжений, предоставленных супругам по нормам российского законодательства. Введение новых видов распоряжений - совместного завещания и наследственного договора - делает актуальной задачу по их исследованию, сопоставлению с традиционным, «классическим», завещанием и выявлению наиболее эффективного способа наследственного планирования. Цель: на основе анализа доктринальных источников, норм действующего российского и зарубежного законодательства, практики их применения определить основные критерии, которыми следует руководствоваться супругам при выборе вида наследственного распоряжения. Методы: применялись общенаучные и частнонаучные методы исследования: формальной и диалектической логики, методы описания, сравнения, интерпретации, юридико-догматический, исторический и метод толкования правовых норм. Результаты: анализ норм действующего законодательства показал, что ряд положений ГК РФ о совместных завещаниях и о наследственных договорах нуждаются в более детальной проработке и разъяснении. Все установленные законом виды посмертных наследственных распоряжений направлены на реализацию гражданами права наследования и гарантированы к исполнению нормами действующего законодательства. Однако гарантировать беспрепятственное осуществление права наследования, с одной стороны, и обеспечить взаимосвязанность волеизъявлений в совместном завещании или наследственном договоре, с другой стороны, оказалось невозможным. Потому выбор законодателем был сделан в пользу свободы волеизъявления. Выводы: при выборе супругами вида наследственного распоряжения решающее значение имеют их собственный интерес и те цели, которых они желают достигнуть. С точки зрения содержания и условий наследственный договор в сравнении с завещанием и совместным завещанием более разнообразен. Однако ни один из видов посмертных распоряжений не может гарантировать получение наследником обозначенного в завещании, в том числе в совместном завещании или наследственном договоре, имущества. Более предпочтительными в такой ситуации оказываются прижизненные способы распоряжения имуществом.
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"Болевые точки" правового регулирования закрытых территорий в современной России
Статья научная
Введение: в статье раскрываются особенности функционирования закрытых административно-территориальных образований (ЗАТО) через призму трех блоков правоотношений, связанных: с ограничением конституционных прав и свобод граждан, с особенностями социально-экономического развития ЗАТО; с охраной государственной и общественной безопасности. Цель: выявить проблемы правового обеспечения режима закрытых административно-территориальных образований и определить направления дальнейшего развития территорий действия этого режима. Методы: всеобщие методы познания: системный, диалектический; общенаучные подходы: генетический, структурно-функциональный, методы - индукция и дедукция, приемы - анализ и синтез, абстрагирование, восхождения от абстрактного к конкретному и др.; а также специальный метод - формально-юридический. Результаты: выявлены основные подходы к содержанию понятия ЗАТО; обозначены цели административно-правового режима ЗАТО; установлены особенности режима ЗАТО, связанные с ограничениями конституционных прав и свобод человека и гражданина; показаны перспективы социально-экономического развития ЗАТО; раскрыты проблемы привлечения к ответственности нарушителей режима ЗАТО. Выводы: для преодоления нечеткости в правовой ре гламентации административно-правового режима ЗАТО требуются: унификация подходов к содержанию режима ЗАТО; использование инновационных возможностей социально-экономического развития закрытых территорий (реализация кластерных стратегий, привлечение частного бизнеса и пр.); нормативная фиксация на федеральном уровне всех категорий граждан, имеющих право на въезд на территорию ЗАТО; определение природы мер принуждения, устанавливаемых в муниципальных актах и применяемых к нарушителю режима ЗАТО, и соотношение их с мерами административной ответственности, установленными в Кодексе Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях.
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"Гражданский оборот" как фундаментальная цивилистическая категория
Статья научная
Введение: одной из актуальных задач отечественной цивилистической науки является формирование современного подхода к пониманию фундаментальных цивилистических категорий, к числу которых следует отнести и «гражданский оборот». Цель: разработ-ка авторского подхода к категории «гражданский оборот», включающего семантиче-ское значение категории «оборот», обзор доктринальных подходов к пониманию терми-на «гражданский оборот», определение нормативного значения термина «гражданский оборот», объектно-субъектного состава гражданского оборота, установление его со-держания. Методы: использовались общенаучный диалектический, универсальные науч-ные методы (анализ и синтез, индукция и дедукция, сравнение, абстрагирование, кон-кретно-исторический, структурно-функциональный, формально-логический, системно-структурный), специально-юридические методы (сравнительно-правовой, метод си-стемного толкования). Результаты: гражданский оборот выделяется из имуществен-ного оборота благодаря тем принципам, которые лежат в основе функционирования гражданских правоотношений, - диспозитивности, равноправия, автономии воли, неприкосновенности собственности и иных частноправовых начал. При этом с точки зрения юридической сущности гражданский оборот, в отличие от имущественного обо-рота, представляет собой оборот субъективных гражданских прав на объекты, а не оборот собственно объектов. Выводы: с позиции догматического подхода термин «гражданский оборот» может употребляться, главным образом, в двух смыслах - уз-ком и широком. В узком смысле под гражданским оборотом следует понимать совокуп-ность случаев смены носителей субъективных гражданских прав; в широком смысле данный термин включает в себя и иные волевые акты распорядительного характера.
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A foundation as a legal institution under Polish law
Статья научная
Introduction: the article deals with policy in the field of mental well-being of children and adolescents in Poland. Special attention is paid to the country's educational law and the tasks that face the entities constituting the Polish educational system in terms of taking effective measures to protect mental health of children and adolescents, including health promotion, prevention of mental disorders and the provision of care for people with mental aberration. Purpose: the article aims to identify and discuss some aspects of policy on mental well-being of children and adolescents in Poland. Methods: the complex and interdisciplinary nature of the issue in question determined the methodological framework of the study. The authors employ methods traditionally used in research on public policies, such as political analyses of processes, methods used by researchers in the field of law, administration and economics. The main research tool in this study is the analysis of political public contexts which occur in the administration and enforcement of law. A functional system analysis is employed as an auxiliary tool. Results: despite the fact that the discussion on maintaining the mental well-being of children and adolescents has been taking place for many years, and that the educational law system and health policy, including its elements related to mental health, cover many aspects being of fundamental significance to the issue in question, practice shows that that there are still systemic and institutional deficiencies in this field. Conclusions: mental health promotion and mental disorder prevention in children and adolescents cannot be treated as separate activities, but they require a holistic, systemic, and hence horizontal approach. These activities must be integrated into a unified prevention policy at all decisionmaking and operational (executive)levels.
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Статья научная
Введение: рассматриваются институционально-правовые основы взаимодействия России и неарктических государств в Арктике в новых геополитических реалиях. В связи с изменением характера взаимодействия арктических государств в рамках Арктического совета, Совета Баренцева/Евроарктического региона представляется обоснованной разработка новой институциональной архитектуры взаимодействия государств в полярном регионе.
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Creative Interpretation of International Law and the Status of Kosovo in International Relations
Статья научная
Introduction: The case of Kosovo’s unilateral declaration of independence in 2008 is specific in many ways. Although some Western politicians and/or theorists claim that it is sui generis, the only thing that represents a unique example in this process is precisely the creative interpretations of international law. Creative interpretations of international law by the US and the EU created a new political reality and thanks to this, the case of Kosovo has become more complex than before. Purpose: An attempt to explain the key events that determined the resolution of the status of Kosovo. This explanation actually proves how necessary it is to scrupulously insist on the provisions of international law and respect for signed agreements in order to resolve complex political conflicts. Creative interpretations have not contributed to the resolution of the conflict, but have created patterns and potential for new confrontations. Methods: theoretical methods of analysis, synthesis, modeling, analogy; empirical methods of description, interpretation; special scientific methods: historical method, method of legal norms interpretation. Results: The analyzed events indicate that legal norms were interpreted and contextualized in a way that suited the geopolitical goals of the US and the EU. Such interpretations and contextualizations were necessary for the US and the EU to portray the process of declaring Kosovo’s independence as legal and so that they could lobby for Kosovo’s recognition in international relations. Conclusion: Creative interpretations of international law, relying on political pressure and threats of force (or the use of armed forces), have not contributed to resolving the Kosovo case in the way the US and the EU wanted. More than half of the UN member states still do not recognize Kosovo, and the question of legitimizing the status of this entity remains open. However, at the same time, the US and the EU have created an unpleasant precedent that can now be (mis)used elsewhere in the world. Their actions have also significantly undermined the authority of international organizations such as the UN and the International Court of Justice, which may be a bad thing for overall international relations.
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Digitalization of legal proceedings as a way to ensure access to justice
Статья научная
Introduction: rapid spread of the coronavirus infection caused restrictions that have affected all areas of social relations. Russian legal proceedings have also changed significantly. The new context revealed problems in ensuring the work of the courts and administration of justice. The purpose of the article is to analyze the problems of the justice system during the pandemic, in particular, the inability to exercise the right to protection, lack of access to justice, violation of procedural deadlines, technical unpreparedness of courts for the implementation and use of information technologies in justice. Methods: general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, comparison and classification, abstraction and axiomatic method); statistical methods; special legal methods such as content analysis of legal acts and interpretation of laws. Results: we have analyzed legislation and compared Russian experience with the level of digitalization of judicial systems in foreign countries. The study indicates a low level of digital transformation of Russian legal proceedings and poor quality of the changes that have taken place. The realization of the right to judicial protection appears to be the most urgent problem. Conclusions: the pandemic showed unreadiness of the Russian judicial system for the rapid implementation of information technologies. However, it seems likely that in the short term, due to the information technology development, it will become possible in some cases to abandon the practice of face-to-face hearings on a wide range of cases.
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Статья научная
The purpose of the article is to identify domestic remedies that have to be exhausted in Ukraine when everyone applying to international judicial institutions or to the relevant bodies of international organizations. The above analysis allows to reach such conclusions: the legislation of Ukraine provides a single cassation and review of the judgment. The law may provide for other forms of appeal and review of decisions of courts of general jurisdiction; domestic remedies that have to be exhausted in Ukraine when everyone applying to international judicial institutions or to the relevant bodies of international organizations are high specialized courts as courts of cassation for civil and criminal, commercial and administrative matters. High specialized courts are the High Specialized Court of Ukraine for Civil and Criminal Cases, the Supreme Economic Court of Ukraine, the Supreme Administrative Court of Ukraine.
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Статья научная
With a growing emphasis to the problem of sustainable development and indigenous issues, states and international organizations pay attention to indigenous peoples' 'traditional environmental knowledge' as a particular form of knowledge of the diversity and interactions among plants and animals, landforms, watercourses, and other traits of the biophysical environment in a given place. Sometimes its called Traditional Ecological Knowledge, it is typically associated with aboriginal peoples [6, p. 198]. The purpose of the article is to show in practice how states apply indigenous knowledge to protect environment, especially in fishery activity.
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International Nuclear Law: The Nature and Complexities
Статья научная
Introduction: Reflecting the discussion on the position of Nuclear/atomic law within the system of international law, this article argues that international nuclear law has been developed into an independent branch of public international law, being a particular set of principles and norms acknowledged by the international community of States. Further, the article also discusses certain aspects of mutual relationships between nuclear law and other legal disciplines, such as international security law, international environmental law, law of international relations. Purpose: The author seeks to analyze the various aspects of international nuclear law. Methods: The author uses a comparison analysis in the content of legal documents to discover the origin, nature, potentials, and complexities of international nuclear law. Results: The author examines how distinct principles and frameworks of nuclear law evolved to govern the peaceful use of nuclear energy, while also addressing the complex interactions with other legal domains that are impacted by nuclear activities. Conclusion: Finally, in the article the author highlights the growing significance of nuclear law as a specialized field of study and practice, driven by the expanding global reliance on nuclear power and the need for comprehensive legal oversight in this critical energy sector.
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Legal obligations and sovereign rights: the case of Iran's nuclear programme
Статья научная
Introduction: the nature of obligations varies in terms of compliance and liability. This point can be aptly illustrated in the case of Iran’s nuclear programme since Iran opted not to cooperate in presenting guarantees verifying that its nuclear programme would be peaceful. In the case of Iran’s nuclear programme, each significant actor has had its own instrument to deal with the problem of verifying the peaceful nature of Iran’s nuclear activities. Purpose: the paper aims to examine the relationship between legal obligations and state rights while studying the relations and cooperation between legal actors of significance contributing to the case of Iran’s nuclear programme. Methods: the author employed descriptive and qualitative analyses to study the content of legal documents and discover the correlations and dependencies. Results: the research has established that the assessments and resolutions on the case of Iran’s nuclear programme have been based on probability and assumptions, not on concrete evidence. The legal actors have failed to achieve a full balance between the rights and obligations. Conclusion: there is a need for new multilateral agreements to introduce legal obligations and commitments compatible with present circumstances and predictably flexible for monitoring of the developing situation while preserving Iran’s sovereign rights.
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Legislation related to school shootings in Great Britain
Статья научная
Introduction: school shootings remain a highly relevant topic for investigation because the social environment and interpersonal relationships play a leading role in the formation of aggressive intentions of perpetrators. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of British legislation related to school shootings. Historically, the law of homicide in the United Kingdom has had a number of distinguishing marks. Structurally, the Scots law of homicide resembles the law of England and Wales because the offences of murder and culpable homicide in Scotland closely resemble the offences of murder and manslaughter in England and Wales.
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Статья научная
Introduction: artificial intelligence (AI) is progressively gaining traction within legal and judicial spheres, which necessitates a re-examination of concepts such as transparency, fairness, reliability, and legitimacy. The implementation of explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is a key element in ensuring trust in such systems, though ‘explainability’ does not in itself guarantee that people will begin to trust these systems. Purpose: the study aims to provide a detailed analysis and systematization of available scientific information on psychological mechanisms underlying the formation of trust in explainable artificial intelligence systems applied in the field of justice, with the cognitive, emotional, and socio-psychological aspects considered. Methods: the study employed methods of analysis and synthesis to explore the complex system of the formation of trust in explainable artificial intelligence in the field of justice. An analysis of a wide range of open sources, including scientific articles, legal documents and research reports, made it possible to categorize facts regarding the perception of computerized judicial decisions and the level of trust in them. Results: the research has established that trust in AI applied in the field of justice develops at the intersection of three key aspects: the understanding of the fundamentals of AI operations, emotional acceptance of the technology, and its adherence to social norms. The author explains the significance of transparency and explainability of AI decisions, of the ability of AI systems to interact with users on an emotional level, and of the role of public opinion and expert examination in trust development. The study has found correlations between perceived accuracy of AI systems and trust levels, elucidated the importance of empathetic characteristics in AI interfaces and the influence of group dynamics on trust formation. Conclusions: the findings demonstrate the need for a comprehensive approach to AI implementation in the legal sector that would consider both psychological and technological factors. The paper provides practical recommendations for increasing trust in AI in justice, including the development of training programs, standardized explainability schemes, and transparent audit mechanisms. Recommended areas of future research include studies into cross-cultural variations in attitudes to AI, long-term strategic consequences and ramifications of justice automation, and the development of methods for assessing the effectiveness of human-AI collaboration in court.
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Ownerlessness of things: de jure vs. de facto
Статья научная
Introduction: the article presents critical analysis of the concept "ownerless thing", which is of topical interest due to the controversial nature of some theoretical aspects of the subject as well as due to the general social significance of the problem of ownerless things at present. Purpose: based on the analysis of legal and doctrinal provisions and case materials, to develop a concept of ownerless things which would conform with other provisions of the current legislation and would make it possible to solve problems arising in connection with determining the future of ownerless things in practice. Methods: formal-logical, historical, comparative, dogmatic; some of the inferences are based on the functional approach. Results: the legal definition included in the rule of Cl. 1 Art. 225 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and connecting ownerlessness of a thing solely with the question of the right of ownership to it fails to correspond with some other rules and regulations (in particular, par. 2 Art. 236 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation) and fails to comply with the needs of modern society, as it only assumes the statement of the legal ownerlessness of a certain thing, with vagueness in questions of its keeping, maintaining, repairing and legal responsibility in case of its harmful impact. Conclusions: ownerlessness of a thing ought to be understood as de facto state of this thing, without regard to the right of ownership to it, under which condition, the thing is in possession of nobody and (or) it has no claim from a certain person. Therefore, a thing which has its owner cannot be considered an ownerless one. Moreover, such understanding corresponds with the intended legislative consolidation of the provisions on possession as de facto and its defense in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.
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Seeking for theoretical bases for implementation of international law
Статья научная
The Analyze of the following key questions dealing with theoretical bases for implementation of international law in this article is the main aim, such as: effect of acceptance or non-acceptance of priority of international law over national laws; realm of international law; difference between global society and domestic society; imperative character of the international law; imperative basis of international law; existence of international supervising system; independent legal personality of international community.
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Social component of autonomization in Europe: legal aspects
Статья научная
Introduction: the article is devoted to the autonomization process (gaining of ethnical and territorial autonomy) in modern Europe and relevance of the social component in this process. Purpose: to analyze the significance of the social component, considered under this study as vesting autonomies with power to carry out social policy and providing them with the relevant financial opportunities in the course of decentralization and devolution. Methods: the methodological framework of the research is based on a set of methods, including universal, general scientific methods and also comparative law and technical methods. Results: various models of autonomization in Europe show various strategies of regional and/or ethnical elites. The models considered in the article are characterized with the elites' focus on gaining a high degree of autonomy and its legitimation (decentralization without breakup of the state, devolution without revolution). Though political ambitions, ethnical and regional identity play their significant part, socio-economic factors, in general, and the autonomization social component, in particular, determine this process to a considerable extent. The European models of autonomization do not exemplify political ambitions being satisfied at the expense of social policy curtailing.
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Другой
Introduction: the article deals with policy in the field of mental well-being of children and adolescents in Poland. Special attention is paid to the country’s educational law and the tasks that face the entities constituting the Polish educational system in terms of taking effective measures to protect mental health of children and adolescents, including health promotion, prevention of mental disorders and the provision of care for people with mental aberration. Purpose: the article aims to identify and discuss some aspects of policy on mental well-being of children and adolescents in Poland. Methods: the complex and interdisciplinary nature of the issue in question determined the methodological framework of the study. The authors employ methods traditionally used in research on public policies, such as political analyses of processes, methods used by researchers in the field of law, administration and economics. The main research tool in this study is the analysis of political public contexts which occur in the administration and enforcement of law. A functional system analysis is employed as an auxiliary tool. Results: despite the fact that the discussion on maintaining the mental well-being of children and adolescents has been taking place for many years, and that the educational law system and health policy, including its elements related to mental health, cover many aspects being of fundamental significance to the issue in question, practice shows that that there are still systemic and institutional deficiencies in this field. Conclusions: mental health promotion and mental disorder prevention in children and adolescents cannot be treated as separate activities, but they require a holistic, systemic, and hence horizontal approach. These activities must be integrated into a unified prevention policy at all decision-making and operational (executive) levels.
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