Материалы по археологии и истории античного и средневекового Причерноморья @maiask
Статьи журнала - Материалы по археологии и истории античного и средневекового Причерноморья
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Findings from surveys conducted in the ancient city and territorium of Neoclaudiopolis
Статья научная
Vezirköprü, located 110 km southwest of the Samsun Province on the Black Sea coast in the north of Türkiye, is the fifth largest district of Samsun in terms of population and is also the district with the highest number of villages in the country with one hundred and sixty villages. The town situated on an important route, has witnessed continuous settlement from ancient times to the present. One such settlement is the ancient city of Neoclaudiopolis. While no standing structures of the site have been discovered to date, numerous artefacts from the ancient city are scattered throughout the district. In this context, to investigate the district's history, identify its archaeological and cultural assets, and determine the location of the ancient city of Neoclaudiopolis and its connections with the surrounding area. The research began in 2018 and was completed in 2024. During the surveys, nearly 160 villages were visited, yielding substantial data about the distribution area of the ancient city of Neoclaudiopolis. The data obtained during the survey were evaluated under two main headings: settlements and tombs. This study aims to present the survey findings to the scientific community.
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Haron coins found in Parion chamber tomb 5
Статья научная
The object of the study was a small complex of 14 coins of Charon found in tomb 5 of the Eastern necropolis of Parion. Coins that attracted our attention were released in Coela (2), Perinthos (1), and Parion (11). Consequently, the Parionites preferred to leave the coins of their own polis in the tomb. It is noteworthy that the earliest artifacts are about three centuries older than the latest ones. Moreover, the earliest of them, issued under Julius Caesar and Claudius I, are worn out much more than the others. There is every reason to believe that they have been in circulation for a long time. The rest of the coins date back to the period from Antoninus Pius to Gallienus. The conclusion is that the burials in the tomb took place over a period of about a century, or rather, from 130 until 260 CE.
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Hebrew gravestone inscriptions from Jewish cemeteries in the Raysn region (Belarus and Ukraine)
Статья научная
Hebrew gravestone inscriptions from Jewish cemeteries from the region called Raysn (mostly in current Belarus and partially in Ukraine) are studied as a historical source and a literature genre. The epitaphs express the idea of a connection between the ideal world of Scripture and religious Hebrew books and the world of everyday life of a shtetl or community. This can be traced at several levels. First, at the level of inscriptions’ structure, the epitaph includes an indication of the place (“here lies”), time (date), and name, thus tying the deceased to a specific “coordinate system”. Second, biblical quotations emphasize the relation of a particular life and death to the situation with that described in the Bible. Third, at the language level, despite the fact that epitaphs are almost always written in Hebrew and not in Yiddish, we are dealing with certain features of Hebrew-Yiddish bilingualism. Hebrew terms could simultaneously be Yiddish lexemes. We observe orthography code-switching between Hebrew consonant spelling and Yiddish phonetic spelling, depending on whether the concept is found in Hebrew holy books or in everyday life. Fourth, epitaphs occupy an intermediate position between the “high”, author's literature and canonical religion, on the one hand, and folk literature and religion, on the other hand. The difference between the epitaphs from Ukraine and Belarus is discussed.
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Статья научная
The article is devoted to the analysis of the Sarmatian burial complex from Kalmykia which yielded a bridle set, including a silver breast plate made of secondary used overlay of the neck guard of the helmet of Novo Mesto type which can be dated no earlier than the second quarter of the 1st century BCE, possibly the middle or second half of the century. In this connection the elements of the bridle set are analyzed to establish the date of the burial, which seems to be in frames of the second half of the 1st century BCE - early 1st century CE. The results of Pb- Pb isotope analyses of samples of the neck guard and one of the phalerae allow to suggest that the metal of the objects originate either from the Western Rhodope Mountains or from the deposits of Baia Mare ore district. In the case of the phalera the origin of the metal can be identified more reliably as the deposit of Eastern Rhodope mountains. Further discussed are the finds of iron helmets of the Eastern Celtic type in ritual hoards in the Lower Don and Kuban regions and those of late variants of the Novo Mesto type, coming from a cremation burial ground near the village of Mutin on the right bank of the river Seim
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Статья научная
This article is devoted to the publication and analysis of gold, electrum and silver jewellery dating from the late 6th to the end of the 5th centuries BCE, found in the territory of the Cimmerian Bosporus. The main well-dated complexes with finds are considered. Jewellery is discussed by categories: beads and necklaces, pendants and amulets, earrings and temple pendants, torcs, bracelets, and finger rings. The fact, that the jewellery items examined here are considered primarily basing on publications of varying levels of description and quality of illustrations and are unavailable to the author for any technological research, significantly reduces the possibilities of their attribution in terms of distinguishing between imported and locally produced items. Nevertheless, having been studied in the context of all known pieces of jewellery of the late Archaic and early Classical periods from the Black Sea region, Asia Minor, the Near East and Greece, they allow us to express in a cautious form some considerations, basing primarily on the peculiarities of the geographical distribution of forms and decorative motifs. Among the supposedly imported ones, one can single out products of the workshops located in Asia Minor, primarily Lydia, Cyprus and the South-Eastern Black Sea region. There are also grounds to suggest that already in the first half, possibly in the first quarter, of the 5th century BCE, local jewelry workshops working with precious metals appeared in the Cimmerian Bosporus. Discussed are certain types of boat earrings, spiral pendants, pendants of necklaces, torcs, bracelets and finger rings which could have been manufactured in the local workshops
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Interdisciplinary study of anthropological material from the settlement of Shagalaly II
Статья научная
Due to the widespread use of natural science methods in archaeological research, the study of intramural burials of the Bronze Age is becoming more relevant. The paper presents for the first time the results of an anthropological analysis conducted on materials obtained on the territory of the settlement of Shagalaly II (Zerendy district, Akmola region, Republic of Kazakhstan). Based on the results of archaeological and anthropological research, the burial materials given in the article are interpreted and divided into several categories. Structural and comparative analyses revealed the following types of intramural burials on the territory of the settlement: special burials, building sacrifices and the reuse of existing burial structures. Burial complexes in settlements make it possible to reconstruct the religious and ideological views of the population of the Bronze Age.
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Jagiellonian coins from the Bulgarian lands
Статья научная
At the end of the 14th century, a new actor appeared on the European scene, the Jagiellonian dynasty, which for two centuries played an important role in the political life of Central and Eastern Europe. The Jagiellons also was connected with the Balkans. Here, the coins of the Jagiellonian rulers, from the progenitor Władysław Jagiełło to the last representative Zygmunt II (including those who were on the Hungarian throne), which were found in present-day Bulgaria, are examined. Both individual finds and those found in the hoards have been analyzed. Compared to the issues of Władysław Warneńczyk, the coins of the other rulers are less common, which seems logical, given the specificity and the difficulty of the period; but in the 16th century, and more specifically around the middle of the century, the number of specimens began to increase. The cultural record like this is a good proof of the contacts between the Bulgarian lands and the nations of Central Europe during this period. The article provides a basis we can stand upon in future research on the matter, since the sample of Jagiellonian coin finds in this geographical area is expected to increase.
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Статья научная
The personality of Pacorus/Bakur the king of Lazi has become the subject of an interesting historiographic discussion in recent years. The discovery of a pitcher in Achmarda with the inscription “Ἐγὼ Πάκουρος βασιλεὺς τοῖς μνοῖς ἒδωκα” played a key role in stimulating discussion of this issue. There is every reason to believe that king Pacorus/Bakur played an active role in the events that occurred on the territory of Georgia in the third quarter of the 3rd century CE. We take into account the information provided in the “Scriptores Historiae Augustae”, on the facts of the discovery of Greek inscriptions on the signet from Zhinvali and on silver vessels from Gagra and Maikop, and also take into account the passage from “Life of Kartli”. There is every reason to believe that Pacorus/Bakur became king of Lazi at the behest of Antoninus Pius. The Lazi managed to unite the whole Western Georgia under their rule after half of a century. Pacorus/Bakur also supposedly participated in the power struggle in Iberia. The very fact of the discovery of a pitcher that attracted our attention suggests that Pacorus/Bakur controlled the area of modern Gagra.
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Long-bladed weapon in Kazakh heroic epic
Статья научная
This article examines the long-bladed weapons of the Turkic nomads of Eurasia during the Medieval and Early Modern periods with particular attention paid to swords, sabers, and shashkas as reflected in Kazakh heroic epics. The study is based on a comprehensive analysis of written, material, and visual sources, supplemented by folklore materials that have not previously been introduced into scholarly discourse or translated into foreign languages. The research identifies original designations of long-bladed weapons attributed to warrior- batīrs in the Kazakh heroic epics. Evidence indicates that during the Medieval and Early Modern periods, the Turkic nomadic warriors of Kazakhstan and adjacent territories employed weapons such as the standard sword ( semser ), the saber ( qīlīsh ), and the shashka ( sapī ). The investigation further reveals a range of specific names of weapons used by the Kazakh military-political elite, including aldaspan , isfahan (also attested as asfahan , asbaqan ), narkesken , zu al-faqar , and the distinguished beren . Terminological variations were also associated with material - bolat , almas , colorqara bolat, and decorative features - baldağī aq beren, aq baldaqtī kök beren, aq almas. In epic narratives, the saber zu al-faqar was poetically characterized as “a saber like the tongue of a dragon.” Furthermore, epic sources testify that the hilts of sabers - shamshir - which became widespread in Kazakh weaponry during the late Medieval and Early Modern periods were made of white bone - an observation fully corroborated by both material and written evidence.
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Lost hoard of roman coins presumably found in Northern Bulgaria
Статья научная
The object of the study is a coin hoard that probably belonged to a Bulgarian collector. The hoard was identified before the Law on Cultural Heritage came into force and there is no exact information about both its whereabouts and discovery. There are some reasons to believe that the hoard was found in Northern Bulgaria. The idea of its composition is only based on photos; the measurements and weights of the coins are not available. One hundred and twelve silver coins of the period 175-243 CE were deposited, specifically 111 denarii and one antoninian. One cannot be sure of the accuracy of the available information about the actual amount of the hoard. However, the coin complex deserves publication, since it enables the clarification of our understanding of the composition of monetary circulation in Northern Bulgaria in the 3rd quarter of the 2nd - in the 1st half of the 3rd century.
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New materials on sacrificial animals in Yanglang culture burials of the 5th - 3rd cc. BCE (China)
Статья научная
This article focuses on the analysis of the sacrificial animals remains in burials of the 5th - 3rd сс. BCE of the Yanglang Culture Wangdahu burial ground identified with the Western Rongs who lived on the Qin kingdom western borders. As a rule, Eurasia Cattle breeders placed one or two parts or livestock carcasses in ordinary burials. In contrast to them, in the Yanglang Culture in one person ordinary burial up to 30, 50 or more skulls of all major livestock species (horses, cattle, sheep and goats) could be placed. In the analysis of sacrificial animals from the Yanglang Culture burial grounds detailed description, the authors came to the conclusion that in a number of burials the composition of animal species and their ratio fully correspond to the Central Asia nomads’ herd averaged data. Apparently, the burial grounds organizers were sent real herd to the other world with the dead people or recruited animals for slaughter keeping the proportions known to them. The proportion of horses is much higher in the chariot warriors` burials which is associated with the deceased special status. As it turned out, even 1-3 years old children could have such status during burial in Wangdahu. Foals and votive weapons full set were placed in such burials. All of this suggests the chariot warrior’s high status which was established in the funeral rite. The maintenance and training of chariot horses large number, the horses and chariot warriors equipment manufacturing required the state structures participation. It is no coincidence that the number of chariots served as a state power yardstick in ancient China. All these preliminary observations and conclusions are consistent with indirect information from Chinese historical sources about the developed horse breeding among the Western Rongs, their special relationship with the Qin kingdom and possibly the early state formation existence among them.
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Статья научная
This article describes the wall-painting cycle of ornamental circles on the hanging shrouds which decorate the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin in the St. Ferapont Monastery. Painted in 1502 by the artel of Dionysius, the frescoes represent the earliest extant tier of shrouds among the works of Old Russian monumental art. The iconography and symbolism of hanging shrouds in the church space are well-known, but the reasons why the ornamental circles appeared on the shrouds as well as their semantics and the idea of a special solution Dionysius had made for the tier are among insufficiently studied issues. The background tonality behind the shrouds, the compositional and rhythmic arrangement and the number of circles are analyzed. By referring to iconographic parallels in Judaic ossuaries and Old Russian sarcophagi and church decorations, the conclusion is made that the ornamental circles had the most ancient origin and the peculiar sacral significance; the unique is the conceptual solution proposed by Dionysius: the symbolism of the Byzantine liturgical hours could be reflected in his interpretation of the shrouds.
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Prohibitive and inhibitive factors of marriage in Samegrelo (Western Georgia)
Статья научная
Social relationships, including marriage, were regulated by ecclesiastical and secular laws as well as by customs in Georgian society. Various kinds of prohibitions existed. Today majority of the customs are lost because of globalization. However, customs concerning marriage restrictions are relatively well preserved in people’s memory. Different clans that do not marry each other were revealed by the ethnological research in historical-ethnographic region of Georgia - Samegrelo. Breaking marriage restriction by different socially related groups was strictly prohibited. Moreover, in some cases, clans or lineages which became relatives artificially had to follow the same strict rules of marriage prohibition. Different clans, lineages and patronymies studied by the ethnographic research conducted on the field, revealed the strength of the customs even today. The result of the research revealed, that prohibitive factors of marriage between different clans, lineages or patronymies were customary rules in Samegrelo, such are “ ginochama ”, serving to the same shrine, becoming relatives via Christianity and etc. However, marriage prohibition determined by Christianity affected only to minor lineages and patronymies rather than the big ones or clans. The memory of common origin is inhibitive factor of marriage, but not prohibitive similarly to the memory of past social inequality.
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Sarmatian tamgas on Greek tombstones in Panticapaeum
Статья научная
16 Greek tombstones from the necropolis of Pantikapaeum with Sarmatian tamgas are examined. Usually, such signs were applied during the secondary use of a tombstones during various actions that took place at old cemeteries. These are clusters of tamgas, during an event with 10-20 participants (Ns. 1-4), pairs of signs (Ns. 4-8), and single signs (including the emblems of the Bosporan kings) (Ns. 9-12). Sometimes tamgas are violate the Greek texts. The sinchronous tamgas engraved on tombstones date back to the Middle Sarmatian period and are associated with the “Barbarian” regions of Crimea (Ns. 14-15). The tamgas were signed by the representatives of Sarmatian nobility, most often from the Lower Don region, and less often from the Northern Azov Sea region and “Barbarian” parts of Crimea. They belonged to the Middle and Late Sarmatian periods in approximately equal numbers. Among the clusters of tamgas, there are also emblems of the Bosporan kings Sauromates II, Rhescuporis III and Inensimeos, which were left by officials present at the events on behalf of the king. In order to prevent the deceased Greek owner of the tombstone from taking revenge, the Sarmatians removed the faces of the dead and his family members, as well as the top part of the tombstone with his head. The Sarmatian mini-sanctuary No. 4, which features three horse figures and was used during both periods, is particularly interesting. The horse on Atta's tombstone (No. 13) is unique, as it depicts the tamgas of its former owners, king Rhoemetalces and an influential nomadic clan from Western Ukraine. Until recently, the descendants of the Sarmatians, in some situations overturned the tombstones of foreign cultures for magical purposes.
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Some notes on proper names and official titles in the mongol-un niuca tobciyan: inal/inanca/inaq
Статья научная
Mongɣol-un niɣuca tobčiyan, the “Secret History of the Mongol,” is the only work of its kind from the era of the Mongolian world Empire, it has a complex history as a text but was originally written in (Middle) Mongolian. It is a linguistically very rich source, not only for the Mongols but for many other groups who are seen allied with or appear fighting against the Mongols, the latter bearers of the power of Eternal Heaven and of the potent sanction of the ancestors. Thus, in addition to overt political assertions to guide the new Mongolian Empire, and its rulers’ managers, and commanders, and containing carefully selected and crafted statements of events of myth and history. These are designed to buoy up the imperial state of affairs and Mongolian society in general, Adapted documents and even works of a literary character are among the devices used to this end. Given its nature, it is only to be expected too that the “Secret History” also is a rich source of a full history behind the scenes of told by the personal names and epithets, and titles of Mongols, but also the names, epithets, and titles of many non-Mongols who had military, political and diplomatic contacts with the Mongols in the early 13th century. These names, epithets, and titles tell entirely their own story. Thus, grasping their potential importance, these names, epithets and, titles have been studied by many researchers, from a variety of perspectives.Here, we, a Mongolist and a Turkologist, have banded together, to follow in the footsteps of these investigators who have gone before, offering our historical-comparative analysis of the related words inal/inanča/inaq, and their semantic and morphological structure, examined within a larger context of the “Secret History” and its monumental, literary linguistic and cultural world. Our analysis will be primarily based on the “Secret History,” but also on other historical texts and documents, as well as information offered by Mongolists, but also provided by those in closely related disciplines, in Turkology in particular, for example, this is only natural since Mongols and Turks closely interacted in building an empire, and the new, often mixed cultures that emerged from it.
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Статья научная
One of the most important finds from the richest of the Thracian hoards, the Rogozen Treasure, is the so- called Auge Phiale. Its chronological position is crucial for the dating of the Hoard and had already been a point of debates. Its decoration, which consists of a mythological scene in high relief occupying the interior of the flat bottom and a relief pattern of alternating palmettes and lotus flowers grouped around the central rosette on the outside is discussed, thus allow us not only to determine the position of the vessel among the masterpieces of the Late Classical/Early Hellenistic metalware, but also to dwell on the genesis of the main subject of the composition. Clarifying the chronological position of the phiale is also extremely important for the establishment of the date, when the Treasure was hidden.Both the analysis of the general shape, the construction and composition of the elements of the vessel, the ornamental patterns decorating its bottom and the parallels of the figural composition on the inner medallion do not allow dating earlier than 350/340 BCE. Moreover, there is strong evidence that the phiale should be dated in the chronological frames of the last quarter of the 4th - first decades of the 3rd century BCE. The shape of the vessel and the decoration of its bottom may suggest a somewhat earlier dating, whereas that of the medallion - somewhat later, within the frames of the chronological period mentioned above. Thus, it may be a further confirmation of the history of the vessel, reconstructed on the grounds of its technological examination.This is not the only vessel from the Rogozen Treasure for which a dating after 340 BCE and as late as the last quarter of the 4th/early 3rd century BCE, first decades or even the second quarter of the 3rd century BCE has been already proposed. Consequently, it provides another argument that the Treasure was buried much later than it was usually suggested before (330s BCE).
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Статья научная
The paper is devoted to the complex analysis of silver objects from the burial complexes of Asian Sarmatia of the 2nd century BCE - 3rd century CE, representing both typological and cultural-historical analysis of these items in combination with the study of the isotopic composition of Pb in order to try to answer questions not only about possible centers of the manufacture of objects, but also of the sources of the metal. Pb-Pb data were obtained using inductively coupled plasma multicollector mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) carried out in the Laboratory of isotopic geochemistry and geochronology of the Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry RAS, Moscow.The overwhelming majority of the objects are dated within the 1st century BCE - 1st century CE time span. The stylistic features of the items indicate that their origin is associated with several production centers: 1) the workshops of the ancient cities of the North Pontic region, first of all, the Bosporan Kingdom; 2) workshops located in Asia Minor or in the Eastern Mediterranean; 3) round-bottomed goblets and some of the phalerae of horse-harness should be attributed to the products of Sarmatian craftsmen, most probably manufactured both inthe Lower Volga and in the Kuban region; 4) a neck guard of the helmet of the East Celtic type, secondary used as a breastplate of horse-harness, is undoubtedly the product of the Celtic ( Taurisci ) workshop, located in the territory of modern Slovenia.The 17 silver items demonstrate substantial heterogeneity in terms of the Pb isotopic composition. The values of 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios vary in the ranges: from 18.07 to 19.41, from 15.60 to 15.75, and from 38.3 to 40.4 respectively. The large variation (ν206/204 = 1.4%, ν207/204 = 0.2%, and ν208/204 = 1.2%) can be explained by the origin of the metal from several ore provinces located in the Black Sea region, Asia Minor and the Near East. The Pb isotopic composition of most of the items is consistent with deposits in the Black Sea region - Eastern Balkans (6 items) and Eastern Pontides (6 items). The Pb-Pb data indicates that silver also could come from the deposits of the Taurus (South-Eastern Turkey) and Zagros (Western Iran) Mountains.
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Статья научная
The article is devoted to the scientific systematization and digital inventory of Turkic-period stone sculptures discovered in the Jetisu and Saryarka (Kazakhstan). It examines their landscape localization, as well as the iconographic and semantic characteristics of these monuments. The authors propose a methodological model for a unified digital registry, incorporating geographic coordinates, typology, dimensions, iconography, archaeological context, and the preservation of each object. A structured data scheme has been developed with fields for comprehensive documentation attributes, including: monument name, discoverer or expedition, administrative location (region, district), year of discovery, precise coordinates, sculpture dimensions, typology, iconographic elements (presence of vessels, weapons, ornaments, clothing elements), connections with other components of the memorial complex (enclosures, burial mounds, stone sculptures, balbals), chronology, and references to publications. This systematic approach allows data to be standardized, facilitating creation of cartographic visualizations and conducting a typological and chronological comparative analyses of the monuments. GIS modeling has revealed spatial patterns: the majority of sculptures are concentrated at the foot of mountains and in river valleys, and nearly all figures are oriented east ward. The proposed digital registry contributes to the preservation of cultural heritage and promotes interdisciplinary research. It can be integrated into national and international monument registries, employed for visualization (interactive maps, virtual museums) and support the development of conservation measures. This work is essential for the further Turkic era, the sacred geography of the region and the reconstruction of the social and religious practices of ancient Turkic communities.
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Статья научная
Syrian and Armenian influence has been felt in the Old Bulgarian culture by different scholars, such as archaeologists and architecture historians as well as historians of the earliest Bulgarian writing and manuscripts. Some of them, looking for a possible source of this influence, pointed to resettling a large Syrian and Armenian population from the former Roman Armenia's lands in the Caliphate to northern Macedonia in the 750s. An exhaustive overview of the literary sources related to this resettlement (in Greek, Syriac, Arabic, and Armenian) demonstrates that took place a translatio urbis of Theodosiopolis/Karin (modern Erzurum) together with a great part of Christian population of the Great Armenia and Melitene. The immigrants created new cities where preserved and developed their local cults, including the famous cult of the Fifteen Martyrs of Theodosiopolis/Strumica.
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Tayk in the 16th–17th centuries: demographic and religious transformation of the Armenian population
Статья научная
This study examines the demographic and religious transformations that occurred among the Armenian population in the historical province of Tayk in the 16th and 17th centuries. Utilizing primary sources and Ottoman tax registers, it provides a detailed analysis of population dynamics, the complex structure of both rural and urban households, and shifts in the ethno-confessional landscape under conditions of sustained political and military pressure. The evidence indicates that Tayk underwent a profound demographic crisis in this period, marked by a sharp decline in total population, the depopulation of numerous villages, and the growing influence of Muslim settlers. These events were accompanied by deep religious change, culminating in the gradual Islamization of part of the Armenian population and the transformation of the Christian majority into a minority. The factors that led to these processes, including wars, resettlements and the tax policy of the Ottoman Empire, have been studied.
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