Articles. Рубрика в журнале - Pravo - teorija i praksa
Postupanje Narodnog pravobranioca Republike Makedonije (ombudsmana) u oblasti ekologije
Статья научная
Institucija ombudsmana je prisutna u mnogim zemljama u svetu, kao nezavistan, nepristrasan i objektivan kontrolni mehanizam za zaštitu prava građana u slučaju kada su ona povređena od strane nekog državnog organa. Postoji više vrsta ombudsmana koji se osnivaju na osnovu različitih kriterijuma: parlamentarni, izvršni, ombudsman opšte nadležnosti, specijalni ombudsman itd. Narodni pravobranilac (ombudsman) u Republici Makedoniji je parlamentarni ombudsman opšte nadležnosti, koji štiti prava svih građana između ostalog i u oblasti ekologije, u slučaju kada su ista povređena od strane organa državne uprave i od strane drugih organa i organizacija koje imaju javna ovlašćenja. Polazeći od komparativnih iskustava, u nastojanju da se osnuje specijalizovani ombudsman koji štiti prava određene kategorije građana ili određena prava građana a imajući u vidu i činjenicu da u toj oblasti do sada nije napravljen dovoljno jak sistem zaštite građanskih prava, kao i da se danas sve više javlja potreba da se više pažnje posveti pitanjima zaštite životne sredine, nameće se potreba za osnivanjem i specijalizovanog ombudsmana u oblasti ekologije.
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Prescription of the criminal offense in the law
Статья научная
The prescription of a criminal offense in the law is one of the constitutive elements of a criminal offense. In addition to being legally justified, this element represents a logical method of incriminating specific behavior as a criminal offense. It legally embodies the well-known Latin legal saying nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege, which in translation means there is no crime or punishment without the law. The necessity of prescribing a criminal offense in the law is rooted in legal certainty, which is unattainable without prior knowledge and a clear distinction between permissible and prohibited (incriminated) behavior. Although it has a distant origin, the prescription of a criminal offense in law has often become a convenient tool for political manipulation, particularly through the criminalization of verbal delicts or other offenses against the people and the state. Stricto sensu, authoritarian regimes have applied this principle to secure the appearance of legitimacy and legality for their rule. Consequently, it is essential to examine the prescription of criminal offenses in the law from the perspective of our legislator.
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Статья научная
Na osnovu svega gore navedenog, možemo zaključiti da principi medijacije i njihovo poštovanje u velikoj meri zavise od same ličnosti medijatora, budući da ih on primenjuje u toku celog postupka rešavanja spora u zavisnosti od njegove umešnosti i slobode. Sledstveno tome neophodno je da zakonodavac, sledeći stanje na terenu permanentno interveniše u cilju određivanja sankcija, odnosno da ih propiše tamo gde su one zaista i neophodne. Posebno pažnja treba da se posveti sankcijama koje bi se preduzele protiv medijatora koji ne poštuje principe poverljivosti, neutralnosti i nepristrasnosti, koji se smatraju vodećim pravilima i daju opis njegovog ponašanja u toku posredovanja. Polazeći od nomotehničkog aspekta principi medijacije u velikom broju država uređeni su u okviru posebnog dela Zakona o medijaciji. Ovo s jedne strane daje mogućnost za veću preglednost principa iako to ne znači i veću jasnost i razumljivost, a sa druge strane pak potencira njihov značaj za postupak medijacije. U svakom slučaju neophodno je da su ovi principi definisani na jasan način kako bi mogao i običan građanin sa prosečnim poznavanjem prava da shvati suštinu ovog servisa i njegove prednosti. Pored gore navedenog načina, u okviru nekih država, u kojima ovaj "servis Građana" postoji već duže vreme, principi medijacije nisu posebno definisani već čine sastavni deo samog zakonskog teksta.
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Priznanje i izvršenje stranih sudskih odluka u Bosni i Hercegovini
Статья научная
Značaj priznanja i izvršenja stranih sudskih odluka, kao i posledice koje mogu iz toga proizići poznat je uglavnom jednom užem krugu ljudi koji se kroz pravnu nauku i sudsku praksu bave ovim pitanjem. Kroz ovaj rad dato je objašnjenje pojma strane sudske odluke, kao i uslova koje je neophodno ispuniti da bi se jedna takva odluka mogla priznati i izvršiti pred nekim od nadležnih sudova u Bosni i Hercegovini. Pored mogućnosti da strana sudska odluka bude priznata, postoji i mogućnost da joj se pred domaćim sudom uskrati priznanje kada se za to steknu zakonom propisani uslovi. Osim teorijskog osvrta na ovo pitanje, u radu su data i objašnjenja koja se tiču sudske prakse na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine. Na ovaj način želelo se postići da se sa ovim pitanjem upozna ne samo stručna već i šira javnost.
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Статья научная
With the development of technology, especially the emergence and expansion of the internet over the past two decades, many traditional crimes have acquired new methods and means of execution, such as the use of computers, mobile phones, or other devices. In response to these new ways of committing crimes, the international community, within the framework of the Council of Europe, adopted the Budapest Convention in 2001, specifically addressing cybercrime. After ratifying the convention, the domestic legislator passed the Law on the Organization and Competencies of State Bodies for the Fight against High-Tech Crime, incorporating legal provisions from the convention. This law has not been significantly changed or amended since its adoption. However, the provisions in this law, especially in terms of jurisdiction, have proven to be inadequate and overly broad. The wide range of criminal offenses covered by this law has made it relatively ineffective and has overburdened the prosecutor’s office responsible for prosecuting high-tech criminals. Moreover, the approach taken by the legislator in 2005, which concentrated jurisdiction in the High Public Prosecutor’s Office and the High Court in Belgrade, is no longer justifiable in today’s age of widespread technology, internet access, and social networks. This paper aims to provide a brief overview of the Budapest Convention, which served as the foundation for the adoption of national regulations, and to highlight the shortcomings and unsustainability of the legal solutions proposed by the domestic legislator when national regulations in this field were established in 2005.
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Socio-demographic characteristics of traffic offenders
Статья научная
The human factor is regarded as the most significant element in traffic safety. Its complexity and impact on delinquent traffic behavior bring this issue into focus, especially in developing countries. In criminological studies of the causes of traffic delinquency, it is crucial to identify the personality traits of traffic participants that lead to behaviors deviating from socially desirable norms. In other words, it is necessary to point out those characteristics of traffic participants (personality traits, demographic characteristics, attitudes, habits) that contribute to socially deviant behavior and the commission of traffic offenses. The importance of studying these characteristics lies in their application to find adequate measures to influence the behavior of traffic participants and prevent traffic delinquency. This paper analyses the socio-demographic characteristics of traffic offenders in the Republic of Serbia (age, education level and marital status), based on statistical data on traffic offenses for the period 2010- 2019. These characteristics are essential for understanding the social and demographic structure and specific social peculiarities of traffic offenders. Numerous studies have shown that socio-demographic characteristics are significantly positively correlated with safe road user behavior. The results of this research on the socio-demographic characteristics of traffic offenders in Serbia for the period 2010–2019 confirm this conclusion, which is presented in this paper.
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Some remarks on the cultural identity of Bunjevci in Vojvodina
Статья научная
This paper presents some remarks on the cultural identity of the Bunje people or Bunjevci, a national group that has historically undergone a long and difficult journey in preserving their identity. Their struggle – challenging their very existence and fighting for a “rebirth”, including their re-recognition and the restoration of the rights they have held since their arrival in these regions in the 17th century – warrants a place in academic discourse. Although the Bunjevci have been recognized both as a nation and as significant contributors to numerous social and political events since their settlement in these areas, their existence was completely erased by a political decision in Serbia in the mid-20th century. This paper briefly outlines the key elements of the cultural identity of Bunjevci, which sustained them during a period of figurative exile. These include their origin, language, education, and customs, with particular emphasis on their role in some crucial historical events for Serbia. Each of these aspects deserves greater attention, and through this work, we express the need for deeper exploration of these elements, in order to support the Bunjevci in maintaining their permanent status as a national minority.
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Статья научная
In addition to the expansion of general-type ombudsmen, it has been recognized that, for the protection of citizens’ rights, it is necessary to have the so-called specialized ombudsmen, who focus their activities on administrative oversight and the protection of citizens’ rights in specific areas of social life. Thus, there are public law ombudsmen of an external type, internal ombudsmen, and private law ombudsmen. This paper pays particular attention to the position of the Commissioner for Information of Public Importance and Protection of Personal Data in the Republic of Serbia, who is, in fact, a special public law ombudsman of an external type. The paper discusses this special ombudsman’s complex jurisdiction, which is defined by the Law on Free Access to Information of Public Importance and the Law on Personal Data Protection. The authors analyze the competences of this special type of ombudsmеn.
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The importance of the National CERT institution for the Republic of Serbia
Статья научная
The National CERT is the institution responsible for coordinating, preventing, and protecting against current security risks in the information and communication systems of operators at the national level. This article explores the mechanisms of protection, prevention, and response to security threats, emphasizing the role and importance of the CERT institution for the Republic of Serbia, the application of the Law on Information Security, and the raising of public awareness about information security. Various research methods have been applied, including the method of concretization, the combined method of analysis and synthesis, the inductive-deductive method, the comparative method, and the statistical method. The Law on Information Security regulates protective measures against security risks in information and communication systems, defines the responsibilities of legal entities in managing and using such systems, and determines the competent authorities for implementing those measures. Through supervision, control, and recordkeeping of all security threats in the Republic of Serbia, the National CERT enables proactive engagement by competent institutions, thereby enhancing the level of national security and Serbia’s position on the global stage.
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Статья научная
In the era of global digitalization, the legal regulation of data protection has become a key challenge for international law and business. While the European Union establishes robust privacy standards through the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the United States applies a fragmented approach through various federal and state laws, creating legal challenges in transatlantic data protection regulation. This paper analyzes the legal consequences of the regulatory gap between the EU and the United States, particularly in light of the annulment of the Privacy Shield agreement. Through comparative legal analysis and case studies, the paper explores how differing legal frameworks impact the global digital economy, user privacy, and international corporations. Special attention is given to the extraterritorial reach of the GDPR, its influence on U.S. legislation, and potential legal mechanisms that could contribute to regulatory harmonization. The paper highlights the need for harmonizing international data protection standards that establish a balance between legal security, privacy protection and encouraging innovation in the digital ecosystem.
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The problem of sovereignty in the philosophy of the 17th–18th centuries (T. Hobbes and S. Pufendorf)
Статья научная
This study presents a philosophical reflection on the question of sovereignty, viewed through a comparative analysis of two philosophers: Thomas Hobbes and Samuel Pufendorf. The field of inquiry lies between political philosophy and the philosophy of law. The literature review centers on prominent thinkers such as Machiavelli, Bodin, Spinoza, Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Kant, and others, in order to provide a broader and deeper understanding of the questions surrounding sovereignty. The bibliographic research is oriented toward a comparative and analytical approach. A foundational understanding of Hobbes’s and Pufendorf’s philosophical positions is essential, as the comparative analysis aims to articulate their discourse on topics such as the idea of objective social unity and the ways in which national sovereignty is concretized. The comparison focuses on the form and substance of the social contract. At the core of the discussion is the relationship between popular (political) sovereignty and state sovereignty. The discourse highlights the nature of sovereign power and the issue of freedom, challenging the principle of representativeness. Positioned between the idea of indivisible force and the power to realize justice, sovereignty is situated within the conflicting contexts revealed through this comparison. The study further explores the political-legal system and the concept of the rule of law. Additionally, it addresses the complex relationship between internal and external sovereignty, wherein the essence of sovereignty is often compromised.
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The right of divulgation as a form of the right to privacy
Статья научная
The author’s personal right of divulgation—the right to publish a work—is not universally recognized in all countries. Considering its potential significance for the author, it is necessary to examine the rationale behind its legal regulation. To that end, in the first part of the paper, the authors, applying legal dogmatic and sociological methods, analyze the right to privacy, its legal foundations, and its various forms. In the second part, using the legal dogmatic method, they examine the concept and scope of the right of divulgation and conduct a comparative legal analysis. By applying deductive and comparative methods, the authors further explore potential legal grounds for the recognition of the right of divulgation, particularly its relationship with the right to privacy. Based on this analysis, the authors conclude that the right of divulgation can be viewed as a form of the right to privacy, thereby highlighting the need for its broader international recognition in order to protect the author’s privacy interests.
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The role of administrative districts in the administrative system of Serbia
Статья научная
This paper analyzes the role of administrative districts and local units of state administration authorities, as well as the needs and possibilities for their reform. The non-central aspect of public administration itself constitutes a complex whole with multiple distinct elements, interrelations, and needs. In this context, the paper examines the possibilities and methods for “strengthening administrative districts” and “improving vertical and horizontal oversight in the execution of original and delegated tasks” at the non-central level, as defined by current planning documents. The core of this analysis is grounded in positive legal provisions, as well as strategic and planning documents in Serbia, accompanied by relevant comparative references. The main research dilemma concerns the limited possibilities for enhancing the performance of state administrative tasks through or within administrative districts. This limitation stems from the nature of the non-central aspect of public administration as a complex subsystem with two components: local self-government with its own original tasks (decentralized aspect), and local self-government with delegated tasks alongside local units of state administration authorities (more or less centralized aspect), which are interconnected through the administrative district.
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Статья научная
The seller’s liability for material defects in goods is an important institute in contract law. We witness the daily execution of legal transactions. Although the sale contract of sale is a named contract, it remains in the process of development, especially with the increasing prevalence of online sales. Due to frequent disputes between sellers and buyers, the questions of defining the seller’s liability – in what scope, in what manner, and within what deadlines – are of exceptional importance for legal practice, as well as for every individual. Therefore, the main subject of this paper is a detailed legal analysis of the seller’s liability for material defects in goods based on Article 479 of the Law on Obligations, 1978. The liabilities of the seller arising from the contractual relationship regarding defects in goods are examined critically, with a comparative analysis of this institute and solutions in other legal systems, particularly in countries of the region, i.e. neighboring countries.
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Статья научная
The rule of law is one of the oldest and most significant ideas in the history of legal and political thought. Contemporary legal scholars widely emphasize that this concept occupies a central place in clearly articulated views concerning the state, law, politics, and economics. As an ideal worth striving toward, the rule of law has been addressed by leading figures in law, economics, and political theory. The discourse on the principles of constitutionality and legality has consistently served as a cornerstone in affirming the importance of the rule of law in modern legal systems. This is particularly relevant given that these principles are essential to the existence of the legal state. In accordance with the focus of this paper, the authors analyze several key issues: how to determine the significance of the relationship between the principles of constitutionality and legality and the rule of law, how to conceptually present the essence of constitutionality, legality, the rule of law, and the legal state.
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The subculture of clothing between human rights and the threat of terrorism
Статья научная
Although at first glance clothing choices appear to be a matter of individual freedom—subject only to certain exceptions involving unwritten, or more rarely written, norms that typically carry no serious sanctions—there are situations in which this issue is raised to a much higher level. It is often linked to specific garments associated with Muslim women, such as the hijab, niqab, burqa, and others. In line with this, the paper highlights certain challenges related to human rights issues, but also to security concerns, which require a more in-depth and nuanced approach, especially considering numerous instances in which men dressed as women have carried out terrorist attacks or evaded law enforcement. In order to propose a suitable legal solution—a compromise that would respect individual rights while also addressing potential security risks—the paper employs several methodological approaches. A comparative method is used to examine the legal frameworks of different countries. Documentary analysis is applied to judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. Additionally, an analytical approach is used to examine relevant passages from the Qur’an that pertain to clothing and the obligation to cover certain parts of the body.
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Zloupotreba platnih kartica kao pojavni oblik kompjuterskog kriminala
Статья научная
Platne kartice predstavljaju savremeni način plaćanja. Poslednjih godina, pojavljuju se i konstantno razvijaju različiti načini zloupotreba platnih kartica. Sa ciljem detaljnije analize ove problematike, u radu su dati odgovori na pitanja koja se tiču načina zaštite platnih kartica, pojave i načina zloupotreba platnih kartica, krivičnopravnog tretmana u Republici Srbiji, nekih osnovnih karakteristika krivičnog dela iz člana 243 KZ, i dr. Zloupotreba platnih kartica predstavlja samo deo kompjuterskog kriminaliteta ali kroz nju možemo zaključiti koliki je uticaj danas ovog vida kriminaliteta na život ljudi. Iako je ovakav oblik kriminaliteta kod nas novijeg datuma, krivična dela iz ovog domena su sve više prisutna. U budućnosti se svakako mora nastaviti borba protiv ovakvog oblika kriminaliteta.
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