Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast @volnc-esc-en
Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1785
Статья научная
The article analyzes the youth's problems affecting their life and social well-being (social stratification of society; the position and behavior of youth in the labor market; changes in the youth's value orientations and models of socio-cultural behavior). The article describes the social status of the youth population in Russia, their integration into the labor market and the emotional component of political socialization. The authors analyze the age groups assigned to generation Y in accordance with the gradation of V. Strauss and N. Hau. The young people's material standard of living, education and place of residence are the indicators that differentiate the Russian youth, creating a kind of stratification youth pyramid. Currently, the place of young people in the labor market is decreasing, while the share of the employed aged 55-72 is growing, which negatively affects the innovative development of the economy. Services have become the dominant industry for youth employment. The socialization of modern youth is contradictory, which is due to deep social differentiation, unstable position in the labor market, the impact of global information processes, the opposition of a tolerant attitude to otherness and independence and intransigence to other points of view and behaviors that differ from traditional ideas and values within the society. The political socialization of young people is characterized by a low level of interest in politics, a more critical attitude to the democratic status of the country when the respondents grow up with an increased positive emotional component in relation to the Motherland. When comparing some of the characteristics of these generations in the Russian Federation with the characteristics of the youth in European countries at different levels of development, Poland, the Czech Republic, Spain, Germany, and Sweden, their uniqueness is revealed, due to the severity of many problems of economic and democratic development in Russia. The data from Rosstat, the author's empirical research, and the European social research (ESS) were used in the study.
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Geosystem approach to socio-economic development in the regions of the north of Russia
Статья научная
The paper considers the Russian North in various geographical dimensions: circumpolar, zonal (latitudinal), meridional, structural and territorial. The author estimates the number and dynamics of the population in three zones of the Russian North with the use of primary data provided by district and regional municipalities; he uses the same data to arrange the Northern territories into groups depending on the systems of resettlement of the population and economic specialization of the territories. The analysis of “anatomy” of the North shows that the majority of issues related to socio-economic policy should be considered at the regional and local levels with regard to those territorial and economic systems which have already been formed, but require modernization on the basis of technology adapted for extreme and difficult climatic conditions. The applied part of research on the issues of the North is linked to the theory of the territorial (geosystem) organization of economy.
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Global Megatrends and New Technologies: Challenges for and Threats to the Post-Industrial Economy
Статья научная
The paper considers the influence of megatrends, currently acting as drivers of changes taking place in society, on the structure of the emerging economy of post-industrial society. Under their influence, a new economy is formed, focused on the use of such a resource as time, the amount of which, available to people, is increasing as robotomics develops. The research is based on the study of five global trends in the development of modern society: demographic transformations; natural resources depletion and climate change; changing geo-economic and geopolitical landscapes; digitalization and development of new technologies; comprehensive human welfare: wealth, health and knowledge. The article proves that these trends seriously challenge the future of humanity and fundamentally change the structure of the economy and employment. The response to the megatrends challenges is the formation of new directions in the economic structure that help to respond to them and deal with their negative implications. We establish that megatrends have contributed to the development of such areas as silver economy, circular economy, robotomics, peer-to-peer economy, and laid the foundation of a spiritual and moral economy and leisure economy. The work concludes that there are prerequisites in society for the transition to the economy, in which social effects will prevail over economic ones. High level of technology development and digitalization help to make such a transition to an “economics with a human face”. The formulated principles of adaptation to the emerging economy enable countries to develop a transition strategy with minimal social and economic costs. The novelty of the research consists in comparing megatrends with changes occurring in the structure of the economy and the labor market, as well as in substantiating social orientation of the post-industrial economy, which is formed under the influence of global trends in social development.
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Global governance wars: Genesis, specifics and significance
Статья научная
The modern era of political confrontation in the second half of the 20th –first half of the 21st century is characterized by the transition to the doctrine of global governance wars between conflicting States. The essence of this doctrine is to strengthen one’s own governance system as much as possible and critically weaken the enemy’s public administration system so that all the links of the state body cease to work effectively and cope with their tasks. The paper reveals the significance of governance wars on the example of the collapse of the USSR, which occurred without any direct military clash, but led to the loss of all strategic advantages for the Russian Federation, its successor. We put forward a structural model of global dominance, according to which governance depends on hard, soft, and smart power; we show that this understanding comes from generalizing J. Nye’s concept of soft power. We define the specifics of governance wars: long duration, all-encompassing and uncompromising nature. The following tools and algorithms of modern governance wars are considered: promotion of own ideology; working with local elites; masks syndrome and conspiracy in political elites; control over the information space; color revolutions; proxy wars; destruction of medical sovereignty. We reveal the relationship between governance wars and governance cycles that imply fluctuations in the effectiveness of public administration system both within one country and between countries. We consider five levels of social phenomena: meta, mega, macro, meso and micro levels, and substantiate their two-way hierarchy, when higher-level processes determine the development vector for lower-level processes, and lower-level processes form the mechanisms for implementing higher-level processes. We show that in modern conditions this paradigm is gaining importance, preventing the formation of distorted cognitive patterns in relation to the driving forces of national development.
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Goals and assistance to small entrepreneurship development mechanisms on the municipal level
Статья научная
The article gives an analysis of small business development level in the city of Vologda as well as its functioning conditions. The main problems in this sphere are marked out. The main directions of small business support on municipal authorities’ side are offered.
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Статья научная
Social economy (SE) is an economic system that promotes sustainable and inclusive development and makes a relevant contribution with regards to the major challenges facing economies and societies. These are organizations with their triple differentiating characteristics: a) the pursuit of the collective interest of their members, b) the general economic and social welfare interest as they carry out economic and business activities for the market, and c) while meeting the needs of society, generating wealth and opportunities for development at individual and social level. Their primary purpose is social, thus its name, so the social economy enterprises (SEE) requires differential organizational and governance models based on specific values and operating principles. It is precisely this triple dimension and its differential characteristics that produce very positive socio-economic effects, recognized by the different international organizations, the countries and the European Union itself. In fact, the European Union envisages social economy entities as proactive actors in achieving what is known as the triple transition: social, environmental and digital. Recent crises, have led to a profound questioning of conventional growth and development strategies, and a reflection on the role social economy may play due to its double social and economic dimension and the positive impacts it generates, as analyzed in the article. Among others, employment is one of the most decisive mechanisms for a more just and cohesive society, where social economy has a very important role worldwide. So, the European Union Policy and its European Action Plan for Social Economy aim to increase the development of this business model, precisely in order to improve its impact on employment and social cohesion. The article reflects and analyses on these topics focusing on the transformative role of social economy as a key driver of a more just and cohesive society and the triple transition.
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He assessment of the regional tourism infrastructure development
Статья научная
The Russian Federation has a high potential for tourism, but, according to the World Economic Forum, it ranks only 63rd in the world in the rating of travel and tourism sector competitiveness in 2013. The obstacle to tourism development in the country and its regions is still an underdeveloped tourist infrastructure, the slow pace of development and improvement of its basic elements. The article discloses the tourist infrastructure concept in the region, defines its structure, summarizes methodological approaches to its assessment and reveals the advantages and disadvantages of the considered methods. It presents the author’s method to estimate the regional tourism infrastructure development that has been approbated by the data of the Northwestern Federal District. The research has resulted in the regions’ differentiation by the following development levels: high, above average, average, below average. The evaluation results have helped to indicate the key problems, hindering the regional tourist infrastructure development, and to formulate the basic directions of its improvement...
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Health and living conditions of the rising generation
Статья научная
The article presents the research results of the rising generation’s quantitative and qualitative characteristics in Russia and in the Vologda Oblast. The main trends characterizing children’s health, their living conditions and lifestyle in their families are revealed in the article. Today the primary task of social policy in terms of child population increase is to provide the rise of their qualitative potential and living standards.
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Health care modernization assessed by population and health workers
Статья научная
At present, the reduction in the quantity and quality of human resources poses a serious threat to society. In order to improve the quality and availability of health services and promote public health, the Healthcare Modernization Programme is being implemented. The paper highlights the main problems of the healthcare system and contains the assessments of the modernization programme by the Vologda Oblast population and healthcare workers.
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Health saving activity as a health-promoting factor: the gender aspect
Статья научная
The article analyses health-saving behaviour of population in the two countries - the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation (the case study of the Vologda Oblast) in the context of the gender aspect. The aim of the article is to highlight the specifics of behaviour of men and women in their choice of strategies of health-saving activity, which, in turn, influence their health condition. The results of an international multidisciplinary research testify that gender determines the choice of health-saving behaviour strategy.
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Статья научная
Under the conditions of conceptual transition of public health policy from considering citizens as passive consumers of medical services to their awareness of their own active position in health preservation, it becomes fundamentally important to understand the types of health care attitudes of the population. The aim of the study was to make a typology of the population according to the nature of health-saving attitudes and to study its influence on the dissemination of healthy lifestyle practices. We have analyzed and summarized approaches to the interpretation of health-saving motivation and classification of health care motives. We reviewed the experience of applying cluster analysis in studies of health behavior. We found that most of them use self-preservation practices as indicators for typology, while the equally important value-motivational component is most often left out of sight. Our study is designed to fill this gap. The results of the sociological monitoring of the physical health of the Vologda Oblast population in 2020 served as the information base. The motives of health care were considered in inseparable interrelation with the degree of health care and responsibility for it. We used the cluster analysis method (hierarchical and k-means method) to make a typology of the population. In the course of clustering we identified three groups of population according to the nature of health saving attitudes: 1) responsible, but unmotivated, caring little or no concern for health, 2) sharing responsibility, motivated and caring for health, 3) responsible, motivated and caring for health. We defined a socio-demographic portrait of representatives of each cluster. Representatives of the third cluster lead the healthiest way of life, while more than half of the respondents of the first cluster do not take any measures in relation to health. The results of the study have an explicit practical value in terms of managing self-preservation behavior.
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Healthcare Access and Quality for Older Adults as a Special Socio-demographic Group
Статья научная
The article considers healthcare access and quality for older adults in modern Russia. Based on literature sources and sociological research data, we substantiate the high level and special nature of the needs of older people in medical care. The aim of the work is to assess healthcare access and quality for older adults in the Vologda Region in comparison with other age groups, as well as in the context of the private and public health sectors. The information base includes data from sociological surveys of Vologda Region population collected during 2018-2024, which provided an opportunity to track the dynamics of respondents’ opinions, including in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare access and quality are assessed by appropriate indices, which helps to interpret the data using graphical visualization of results in a two-dimensional assessment field. Based on the analysis, we identify the conjugation and dichotomy between the parameters of healthcare access and quality, reflecting common features, as well as significant differences, for various age groups. The practical value and special relevance of the results obtained is due to their correlation with the practices of healthcare commercialization, the division of respondents’ assessments between public and private medical organizations. The novelty of the study consists in testing an alternative methodological approach to assessing healthcare access and quality, identifying age differences and the specifics of elderly patients’ response to changes in healthcare in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Статья научная
Improving population’s quality of life is a key goal of the state. In this regard, it is very important to correctly measure its level and, accordingly, classify the country’s regions by quality of life indicators. Most research in this area involves dividing variables into groups, unifying variables in each group and building an integral indicator, grouping or clustering objects as a linear convolution of variables with weights. Such approaches have their drawbacks due to the subjectivity of expert estimates, instability of the coefficients of the main component, inability to work with ordinal data, etc. Thus, the purpose of this study is to build a methodology for classifying the regions of the Russian Federation by quality of life indicators devoid of the above disadvantages. The proposed method is based on the concept of Pareto optimality well-known in Economics according to which all the regions are divided into disjoint classes. After dividing variables into groups we recommend using Pareto class as a representative of the category instead of the traditional unification and construction of intra-group convolutions, which is obtained after the intra-group Pareto classification, and building the final Pareto classification of the regions of the Russian Federation on the basis of the obtained intra-group Pareto classes. The advantage of the proposed approach is that it can be applied on the ordinal data, that is, when some variables are characterized only by their order and there are no exact values for each region. In addition, the algorithm is undemanding for computing power and does not use expert estimates, except for the selection of research variables. The main results of the study are the construction of a classification of the Russian Federation regions by quality of life indicators, comparison with traditional approaches and analysis of the features of the proposed methodology.
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Hierarchical and spatial effects in the development of municipalities
Статья научная
. Thepaperpresentstheresultsofanalysisoftheinfluenceofseparatelevelsofpublicadministration hierarchy (regional, municipal) and neighboring territories on the indicators of socio-economic condition of municipal entities. The study was conducted in the context of 300 municipal entities of six subjects of the Russian Federation. The hierarchical and spatial effects were determined in several stages. The impact of separate administration levels on the results obtained by municipal entities was assessed with the use of hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), which is applied in other scientific fields to analyze group and inter-group relations. The connectedness of municipalities was evaluated with the use of spatial statistics methods (Moran Index). The analysis has shown that both vertical and horizontal connections of municipal entities are important. They determine spatial and hierarchical effects. Assessing the change in a given indicator, taking into account both the internal potential and the existing external horizontal and vertical links simultaneously is the most difficult but necessary step in the formation of management decisions regarding municipal entities...
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Historical examples of various methods for recovery from crisis
Статья научная
The crisis creates measures to combat it. The following text (with some abridgements) is the first chapter of the book by Makarov V.L. Social clusterizm. Russia’s challenge / M.: Business Atlas, 2010. - 272 p. In the introduction to the book, the author points out the following: In this book the reader will find a set of proposals and arguments about society and economy without devastating crises. People do not like crises, they want them to come to an end, and even better that there would be no crises at all. But on the other hand, crises purify, they mobilize to super efforts. It is after crisis when the world updates. Then is it necessary to strive for a society without crises? I’m trying to convince the reader that it is necessary... We give strong arguments in favor of the fact that it is Russia that can show an example of building such a society to the rest of the humanity (p. 10)... The basic idea of the book is looking for and hopefully finding in relation to modern society the right balance between rigidity and flexibility, which ensures stability of the system (p. 11).
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Home construction activity in the region: problems and their solving ways
Статья научная
In this article on the basis of the questionnaire data of the population and the building organizations’ heads the basic problems interfering the house-building development in the region are presented, the key directions of the house-building volumes’ increase are revealed, and the mechanisms for their realization are offered.
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