Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast @volnc-esc-en
Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1659
Industry characteristics of investment processes in the northwestern federal district
Статья научная
The paper determines the relationship between the region’s investment activity1 and the structural features of the economy (in terms of the types of economic activity). The presence of holding structures interests in the region can contribute to the depletion of the region’s financial resources. The solution requires the relations between state authorities and business structures to be settled. The information base for research comprises the works of national economists, statistical yearbooks, published by the Federal Statistics Service. Statistical analysis methods are applied to substantiate the results.
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Inefficient vat administration as a threat to Russia's economic security
Статья научная
Under the conditions of constant budget deficit and high debt burden, the search for funding sources of Russia’s economic growth has become an acute issue. One of such sources is value-added tax (VAT), which forms over 50% of the federal budget tax revenues. At the same time, the current system of VAT administration does not meet the requirements of the country’s economic development. The possibility of legal tax refund can lead to tax evasion, the extent of which is estimated at about two trillion rubles. At that, tax management measures concerning VAT, despite the high costs of their implementation, do not bring the desired effect. By analyzing VAT administration practice, the author proposes a set of measures that will provide, through the introduction of amendments in tax legislation, a significant increase of budget revenues from value added tax.
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Inflow of foreign direct investments in Russia's regions: potential and risk factors
Статья научная
The Russian economy is closely integrated with the world capital market and at the same time possesses visible regional differences in the dynamics of foreign direct investment (FDI). The goal of our research is to carry out quantitative assessment of the factors that promote the inflow of FDI to Russia's regions in 2011-2017 within the framework of aggregated and private indicators of risk and potential. The estimates we have obtained indicate that the aggregate investment potential has a positive impact on FDI inflows to the regions. We find out that as the risks for the domestic economy increase, the statistically significant inverse correlation between FDI inflows and the aggregate investment risk index ceased to be observed since 2014, alongside the remaining visible convergence between Russia's regions on this indicator. Our estimates suggest that without overcoming the high risks generated by the national economy as a whole, the reduction in aggregate risks between Russia's regions does not play a significant part in increasing FDI inflows. In accordance with our assessment, we determine that the regional dynamics of FDI inflows in 2011-2017 was explained by some private indicators of investment risk and potential, which, in general, had a reverse and direct impact on the dependent variable, respectively. The specific characteristics of Russia's regions significantly adjusted the importance and the ratio of FDI attraction factors, so the obtained values of the corresponding elasticities indicated a difference rather than a commonality of private indicators of risk and potential, the indicators that drive the inflow of direct investment to the Far East compared to other regions of Russia. This fact probably confirms the need for differentiated policies to attract FDI to the economy of the Far East in comparison with other regions. Since our research reflects the relative impact of risk and potential factors on FDI inflows for Russia's regions that exist in the single institutional and economic space, the estimates we have obtained can be supplemented by a more detailed study of the role of Russia's potential and risk compared to other national economies.
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Influence of capital and costs on the evaluation of transfer prices
Статья научная
The present article deals with the methodology for defining the optimal transfer price in commercial structures. The paper contains the examples and analysis of assessing transfer prices taking into account the specifics and characteristics of organization’s costs and capital. The novelty of the work consists in the fact that it analyzes approach methods based on a detailed classification of expenditures with a purpose of practical implementation of the transfer pricing system.
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Influence of health status on social activity of older population
Статья научная
The economy suffers losses not only because of premature death but also due to poor health. It may lead to complete, or partial, loss of working capacity and the decrease of social activity. These problems affect all population groups, but it is the most common among older citizens. This situation requires the implementation of measures to maintain health and stimulate the efficient usage of older people's labor potential. In this regard, the purpose of this article was to analyze the impact of health status on social activities of older population. The information base of the study included data of monitoring concerning the quality of labor potential among population of the Vologda Oblast for 2018. Methodological aspects of the study are based on the concept of population's qualitative characteristics and the index approach, which was used to assess the status of health and social activity. It is shown that people who belong to older age group, in comparison with other groups, have low values of the need index concerning the achievement and social activity. In all selected age groups, lowest values of social activity were observed in cases when two conditions were simultaneously met: they were lower than median values of the physical health index and, for example, cognitive and creative potentials. It is revealed that social activity is higher in cases when indices of cognitive and creative potentials exceed the median level, but the physical health index, on the contrary, does not reach it. It indirectly characterizes the important role of cognitive and creative aspects in ensuring high social activity. The study determined that population of older age group has a competitive advantage which concerns a sufficiently high level of cognitive and intellectual potentials that partially compensate for low physical and mental health. It is shown that, in comparison with other studied age groups, the “loss” is insignificant in material terms, and the “loss” in labor productivity was not recorded at all.
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Influence of investment subsystem on the region's socio-economic development
Статья научная
The article contains the analysis of socio-economic development of the regions by a ranking method. The author has proved the influence of the investment processes on the level of the region development and has revealed the relationship between the specific allocation of the investment subsystem resources and the level of the region development. The methods of statistical analysis are used in this study, and the information basis of the study is statistical materials of the Federal State Statistics Service.
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Статья научная
The paper studies the peculiarities of reproductive behavior of the Komi Republic residents. It describes the dynamics of quantitative indicators of fertility, analyzes the qualitative characteristics of reproductive behavior of the Komi Republic residents and determines the nature of their influence on the state of the institute of parenthood. The article gives the definitions of “reproductive behavior”, “parenthood” and establishes their relationship. The aim of the research is to identify the processes and phenomena that characterize the qualitative aspects of reproductive behavior, which could have an adverse impact on the functioning of the institute of parenthood; the study also aims to develop recommendations for the minimization of the negative phenomena. To achieve the objectives of the study based on statistical data, the author analyzes the demographic processes and phenomena that are characteristic of the Komi Republic and that have an adverse effect on the functioning of the institute of parenthood, and makes an attempt to establish cause-effect relations between these phenomena...
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Influence of socio-economic factors on the suicide type of behavior
Статья научная
The given research was carried out for estimating the structure of suicide emotional frustration (by the example of Karelia Republic), in its interrelation with the socio-economic and climatic factors, so as to develop the algorithms of diagnosing and preventing this negative phenomenon. The clinical data of Petrozavodsk Republican Psychiatric Clinic’s patients, who made one or more suicide attempts within the last 5 years, served as the material for this research. By means of application of mathematical methods there were revealed the general features of the persons who had committed suicide and the factors influencing suicide behavior.
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Influence of the spouse on reproductive attitudes and motives
Статья научная
As a micro-level factor, the spouses or partners influence each other’s reproductive intentions, motives, and decisions. This article examines only two areas of influence from a possible spectrum, namely the impact of the nature of the relationship and the other spouse’s position on having children. The empirical basis is the opinion poll “Demographic well-being of Russia”, conducted in 2020 in 10 regions, including Moscow. Respondents, both officially married and being in cohabiting relationship, aged up to 49 years old inclusive (2,776 people) participated in the survey. According to the evaluations of relationships using the criteria of “cohesion”, “conflicts”, and “big quarrels and scandals”, respondents were divided into three groups: the worst (12-16%), average (29-36%), and best (42-53%) evaluations. The most favorable relations are typical of families with a traditional power structure (husband is head of the family), joint management of income (husband and wife make decisions together), better living conditions, and younger age of the spouses. We found that an improvement in relationship estimates was accompanied by an increase in the proportion of those intending to have a child, while a deterioration in the estimates was accompanied by a decrease in the proportion of those intending to have a child. The groups with the most cohesive, conflict-free relationships are the most likely to have children in the coming years, and it increases if new family support measures are introduced. In postponing the birth of children of different order, as well as in planning their birth, the position of the other spouse or partner (the desire to postpone having a child or the intention to have one) is one of the most significant motives of reproductive behavior. The importance of motives is conditioned by both favorable and unfavorable relations in families. The results of the study actualize one of the directions of state socio-demographic and family policy - activities to harmonize marital and family relationships and to reduce the influence of a range of factors complicating these relationships, which can have a positive impact on the decision to have children.
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Informal employment and structural imbalances in the labor market
Статья научная
The paper analyzes principles and mechanisms related to the development of informal employment, including at the regional level, where the accelerated growth of the informal sector is mainly caused by low living standards and lack of jobs, including in enterprises and organizations. The lack of skills, which is often a key aspect in the formation of labor shortages in regional markets, is mediated by relatively low budget expenditures on human capital. The hypothesis of the study is that structural imbalances in the demand for labor and its supply, one of the indicators of which is the extent of informal employment, determine the tension in the labor market. The aim of the work is to theoretically substantiate and empirically confirm the relationship between the extent of informal employment and the level of economic development, and to identify opportunities to reduce tension in the labor market. Statistical basis of the study includes Rosstat data; research tasks were solved using economic and mathematical analysis methods. The results obtained by analyzing statistical series confirmed the research hypothesis. In conclusion, we consider the possibility of structural and technological maneuver in economic sectors as an important factor in overcoming tension in the labor market. In particular, due to the labor-saving nature of such a maneuver, it is possible to significantly increase labor productivity by at least 15 million jobs. Construction and trade may become priority industry areas for workplace modernization in the coming years. The results of our calculations are considered as a preliminary assessment of the possibilities of labor productivity growth at the macro level, involving the development of special sectoral and regional programs to increase labor productivity, which is the practical significance of the results obtained.
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Статья научная
The article describes the essence, peculiarities and methodological basis of information and advisory support of the agricultural sector's stability management. The principles and forms of information and advisory support organization are revealed. The experience of providing advisory services to agriculture in pre-revolutionary Russia and abroad is generalized. The article reveals the regional peculiarities of advisory service formation in the agrarian sector of the Republic of Komi. The main trends of information and advisory support of the region's sustainable agricultural development are studied. The practical recommendations concerning the innovative solutions implementation with the help of the advisory service are given in the article. It also describes the system of advisory support of organizations which includes the republican information and advisory centre (IAC), interregional information and advisory centres, which have close cooperation with the Federal information and advisory service.
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Informational system of monitoring of the region's scientific and technical potential
Статья научная
In the article the characteristics of the modern state of the problem of informational monitoring systems' development are represented, the primary goals of information technologies' application to monitoring scientific and technical potential are formulated. On the analysis' basis the functional system model is based, the mechanism of its basic modules' work is represented. The problems of the program's developing and realizing of the informational system for the regional scientific and technical potential's monitoring are considered. The information system is represented as the programming-informational complex based on the principle of the united information space and providing the operative analytical account and the control of the development parameters of the scientific and technical potential.
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Статья научная
The current macro-environment of the Russian economy formed under the influence of its raw-materials export model does not facilitate investment activity or intensify investment in the country, which ultimately hinders the re-industrialization of the productive forces and establishes the technological and economic gap between Russia and world's developed economies. Such a situation clearly indicates the need for a transition to a new economic paradigm, the implementation of which will ensure accelerated modernization of the economy based on innovative content of investment. We are talking about the neo-industrial paradigm of modern development developed by the Russian economic school in 2007-2014. In this regard, the purpose for the study is to develop the theory and methodology of formation of investment of a new - innovative - type, adequate to the neo-industrial economic paradigm; to identify the factors deterring innovative accumulation of investment in modern Russia; to develop proposals aimed at stimulating investment and innovation activity of business entities of the national economy given the subordination of the country's resource and economic potential to the future neo-industrial development...
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