Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast @volnc-esc-en
Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1659
Статья научная
The policy of Russia in the Arctic is based on innovation modernization in the interests of national security, development of the smart use of natural resources, conservation of unique arctic ecosystems and local communities. The aim of the present research was to analyze specific features of innovation policy in Northern and Arctic territories of Russia and the Nordic countries. The article presents an original analysis of development of such a policy, which, in our opinion, can be carried out with the help of considering development scenarios of the Arctic zone and challenges of their implementation in the long term, with the help of studying the situation in the Northern territories and countries in national and global innovation activity rankings; with the help of studying approaches to the formation of innovation policy in the Nordic countries, the experience of which could be used by Russian Federation constituent entities that have similar geographical and geopolitical features...
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Статья научная
The article considers the implementation of innovation technologies in dairy livestock breeding as the main factor enhancing the production competitiveness in the conditions of Russia’s accession to the WTO and the establishment of the Customs Union. The article also reviews the capabilities of innovation technologies in achieving the target production indicators on the one hand (enhancement of manageability, cost reduction, improvement of production quality, increase of the period of productive use of cows), and in minimizing the influence of human factor on the final results, on the other hand. The indicators of production and economic efficiency at the innovation farms of the Vologda and Leningrad oblasts have been analysed.
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Innovation development of the construction complex in the region on the basis of cluster approach
Статья научная
The article substantiates the necessity of using cluster approach in the development of the region’s construction complex for increasing its innovation activity. The formation and development of the regional construction clusters can facilitate the formation of innovation system in the construction complex and integration of different types of innovation. Clusters are also an effective mechanism under the conditions of the market economy; they can unite independent organizations for achieving common strategic goals. Taking the construction cluster of the Ural as an example, the authors discuss the opportunities of using its potential for different purposes, including for the investment development of the Arctic territories. The article shows that cluster can provide innovation-inactive Northern territories with complex innovation construction solutions.
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Innovation factors in the country's economic security management system
Статья научная
This article is devoted to the studies in the sphere of introducing innovation factors into the country’s economic security management system. According to the research, innovation factors and economic security of the country are determined by its scientific and technological potential. The article reveals the essence of introducing innovation priorities in the Republic of Azerbaijan and describes two main categories of innovations. It also studies possible results of the state innovation policy in ensuring the country’s economic security. Besides, it presents the scheme of innovation revival of the country’s industrial potential, providing the enhancement of economic security.
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Innovation impact on the circular economy
Статья научная
The paper presents the arguments and counterarguments used in the scientific discussion on the issue of how innovations affect the circular economy and whether it changes accordingly. The main purpose is to analyze the extent to which EU member states manage to boost the circular economy through investment and employment. Review of literary sources and approaches for solving the problem of the multilateral and two-way impact of innovation on the circular economy indicates that the green economy could not exist without the development of innovation, but on the other hand they are its engine. Environmental practices show that there is a need to develop new business models taking into account functionally related innovative changes. The research methods and methodology covers the period from 2008 to 2018. The paper presents the results of an empirical analysis examining the extent to which EU member states manage to boost the circular economy through investment and employment, which showed that measures to increase their economic activity should be in line with the policy of attracting of investment in the circular economy. The research empirically confirms and proves that there still exist certain problems hindering the full implementation of the circular economy; and they are due to the consciousness of the population and employment opportunities in these areas, despite the efforts of the responsible institutions. The results of the research can be useful for public institutions dealing with the circular economy, as well as for the business sector.
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Innovation infrastructure in the region: problems and directions of development
Статья научная
Current models of innovation process prove that it is important to create a comprehensive infrastructure, since it is a necessary condition for promoting innovation development in the area. The article considers the concept of innovation infrastructure, defines its major subsystems and their constituent elements, and considers their functional purpose. The author argues that the effective functioning of innovation infrastructure requires the balanced formation and development of all its constituent subsystems: logistics, finance, personnel, information and marketing. The article shows that Russia is working actively in this direction. At the same time, the efficiency of using the infrastructure remains low. First of all, it is limited by the stagnation of demand for innovation on the part of Russian companies. It has been revealed that the infrastructure is developing primarily in those RF subjects and municipalities, which have the significant concentration of innovation potential and the high level of innovation activity (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Tomsk Oblast, Republic of Tatarstan, etc.)...
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Статья научная
Innovation potential, which determines economic competitiveness of a region (country) is an important indicator of sustainable development and growth of territories. Many existing approaches to measuring this indicator require further discussion within the academic community. It is necessary to supplement and expand the tools to improve the assessment of the quality of the indicator under consideration. The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is in the scope of Russia’s strategic interests due to the geopolitical and geo-economic positions of this territory in the modern world (12-15% of the country’s GDP is created here, and 25% of exports is provided). Eight RF constituent entities belonging to the Arctic territories are the object of our study. Methodological basis includes analysis of documents that define strategic development of territories within the framework of the innovation direction, and review of existing approaches to assessing innovation potential level. Regional statistical data serve as the information base. The aim of the research is to develop a methodology for assessing innovation potential using objective indicators grouped into blocks and calculated using the integral method. The results are visualized on a radar chart that contains indicators for the regions included in the RF Arctic zone. This makes it possible to compare RF constituent entities according to the degree of innovation potential and determine their position. We suggest clustering regions, identifying leaders and outsiders so as to substantiate proposals to stimulate key areas in innovation activity. We provide an interpretation of the values of innovation potential level. The findings of the research indicate the necessity to design programs for regional development of territories with the involvement of large business as a potential investor.
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Innovative entrepreneurship development in the region: challenges and ways to address them
Статья научная
The entrepreneurship sector in a market economy is becoming a major driving force of innovative development. This is due to the fact that in a competitive environment, in order to maximize profit growth, an entrepreneur is forced to produce a more complex and innovative product. Thus, entrepreneurship is an “accelerator” of innovation activity. In this regard, special attention has recently been paid to the activities of innovative entrepreneurship. Research findings allowed us to conclude that at the moment there are a number of issues that hinder the development of innovative organizations. Accordingly, the presence of such challenges impedes innovative economic development. It is especially important to identify these problems at the present time, when innovation has become one of the main national priorities. The aim of the work is to identify problems in innovative entrepreneurship development at the regional level and find ways to solve them. The research methodology involves using various scientific techniques: from general scientific to narrow ones. Special attention is paid to economic sociology methods (expert survey). Scientific novelty of the research consists in the development of tools that help to identify problems in the development of innovative organizations at the regional level. Practical significance lies in the fact that on the basis of the challenges identified, we propose directions to address them, which can be adopted by representatives of regional authorities in order to improve the innovation policy pursued in the region.
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Input-output modeling of economic development in the region
Статья научная
In the interests of strategic planning it is necessary to design and develop scientifically substantiated forecasting and analytical tools, including those used to carry out variant calculations of the consequences of management decisions and regional economic policy measures; this determines the relevance of our study, as well as its applied significance. The aim of the research is to model the trajectories of the region's economic development (in the case of the Vologda Region) for the medium term with the help of input-output tables. Tasks: to substantiate the choice of model tools for making forecasts, to develop an input-output model based on calculated regional input-output tables, to identify and substantiate forecast scenarios, as well as to forecast the trajectories of the region's economic development in the medium term as a demonstration of the capabilities of the model toolkit. The article presents the results of scenario forecasting in relation to the trajectories of the economy of the Vologda Region as a model region for the medium term under the influence of various structural policy instruments. We use our own recursive input- output model of the regional economy as a key forecasting tool, which makes up its scientific novelty. Within the framework of three forecast scenarios (inertial, adaptive and transformational), we determine the average annual rate of change in the main indicators of regional development (gross regional product, gross output, investments in fixed assets and net exports) in the medium term, as well as the industry (sectoral) parameters of the Vologda Region's economic structure as of the end of the forecast period. The results obtained in the course of the study are in line with macroeconomic forecasts for development of the national and regional economies in the short and medium term.
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Institutional capacity of innovation activity development in the region
Статья научная
The article presents the results of the study under the theme of development of institutions of innovation sphere, transfer of scientific results to the real sector of the economy. The purpose of the study is to reveal institutional capacities of strengthening the implementation of research findings, drawing on the functional properties of institutions with regard to innovation activities. The methodology is to apply well-known methodological principles to the solution of emerging challenges (software-based method for fundamental scientific result implementation, sectoral research organizations in the new management environment and statistical records of process innovations by analogy with product innovations). The article puts forward and justifies the proposal for strategic innovation as the institution of communicating the results of fundamental research to social practice by integrating into a single process the results of oriented fundamental research, applied research, engineering development, development and other works, which are realized in the form of a material object or service of a high technology level...
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Institutional development planning of non-diversified territories
Статья научная
The article presents development trends of one-company towns, ways of the state support provided to such towns in Russia and abroad. It describes the results of monotown development, obtained with the state support, and presents the planning scheme of the institutional development of a company town.
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Institutional erosion and economic growth
Статья научная
The paper investigates the phenomenon of institutional erosion, which is understood as a decrease in the effectiveness of institutions due to the complication (or, conversely, simplification) of the economic system. Thus, the article substantiates and verifies a hypothesis regarding the impact of economic growth on the quality of institutions. We dwell upon the idea that the possibilities of preventing institutional erosion through timely reforms are limited. This is due to the emergence of institutional friction caused by resistance to reforms on the part of certain social groups and due to the rule of increasing damage. In addition, we consider the process of erosion of human capital under the influence of reforms in the context of cognitive and psychophysiological mechanisms. We put forward a basic and an extended version of the economic growth model that includes the effect of institutional erosion. We conduct computational experiments for the basic model, which made it possible to reveal the effect of economic overheating: a less intensive mode of investment in the long term turns out preferable compared to a more stressful mode of capital accumulation due to the gradual zeroing of the results of explosive growth. We describe the mechanism of degeneration of institutions (i.e., loss of the quality of institutions and the inversion of goals) caused by their internal dialectic. We discuss the significance of a new model of economic growth with institutional erosion for explaining the processes of both ascending and descending branches of social dynamics. We also give an interpretation of some important events of our time in the terms of the new theory.
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Institutional mechanism for shaping social innovation
Статья научная
Institutional environment creates conditions for shaping social innovation projects. In this case, current rules and standards can both stimulate and inhibit the development of social innovation in a particular territory. The goal of the present study is to develop an institutional mechanism for the formation of social innovation. It is done with the help of multiparameter systematization method, graphic modeling and other general scientific methods. Theoretical principles of the research presented in the paper are based on the institutional theory, public sector theory, innovations theory, life cycle theory and others. The authors systematize the institutions that influence the formation and development of socio-economic environment; they also point out a list of barriers in the sphere of social project management and put forward possible solutions that help mitigate the impact of inefficient institutional structures. The paper proposes an institutional mechanism for shaping social innovation; this mechanism shows possible reasons for inefficiency of social innovation projects and explains how the institutional environment and internal rules and regulations affect the feasibility of project implementation and its effectiveness...
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Institutional reasons for economic problems in Russia's local self-government
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the study of institutional reasons for economic problems of local self-government in Russia. The results proving the inconsistency between the actual incentives of regional authorities and goals of territorial development have been obtained upon analyzing the execution of consolidated budgets of RF subjects. The article defines the principal trends of formal state institutions’ modernization; the implementation of these directions will raise the interest of RF subjects’ administration in the development of local self-government’s economic base.
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Статья научная
The article continues the set of demographic and sociological studies whose purpose is to analyze the value orientations and institutional resources that influence actors' marital and reproductive behavior. Theoretical basis of the study is represented by a wide range of works of Russian family scientists, demographers, specialists in the field of family sociology. We continue to develop the concept of a prosperous family within the framework of which we define the concept of “student family”, substantiate the tools for the research and conduct an empirical study. The main objective of the study is based on the data of a questionnaire survey of students. Moreover, it has to determine the relevance of the social policy implemented by the state and universities in relation to the development and support of the institute of student family (on the example of the Republic of Tyva). Data were obtained characterizing students' ideas about social policy measures in the interests of student families, institutional resources for the support and development of the institute of student family, and students' awareness of social support measures for young people studying in higher educational institutions. That allowed us to draw conclusions about what kind of assistance can be demanded by student families. We received the answer to the question whether students consider it necessary to support those who get married while studying at a higher educational institution. We systematize the data on the main areas of implementation of marital and reproductive behavior of Tyva students. It is revealed that social support measures will be in demand by student families. This should be taken into account when developing and implementing management decisions aimed at stabilizing the demographic situation in the region.
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Статья научная
Modern theories view human capital as the main source of economic growth. Managing the concentration of human capital to form new growth centers, provided by the Concept of the strategy of Russia’s spatial development, requires the use of effective institutions. The authors’ method of studying the responses of socio-economic systems to changes in the institutional conditions of human capital increment helps determine the ranking of the impact of material and institutional factors applying the methodological tools of regression analysis using dummy variables. Moreover, the study based on the proposed method makes it possible to take into account the heterogeneous nature of the socio-economic space of Russian regions in the context of human-oriented development paradigm in assessing the effectiveness of institutions based on comparative analysis of standardized coefficients of institutional variables in the regression models of the managed characteristics of human capital by regional clusters...
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Статья научная
The article shows that institutional trajectories of catching-up development in successful countries including similar interim institutions; this similarity is explained by common technological, institutional and cultural limitations which need to be taken into account and overcome. Corporatism, indicative planning, the availability of the “general” development agency with broad mandate, undervalued exchange rate - these and some other mechanisms provide the countries of the “economic miracle” with an opportunity to initiate and maintain rapid economic growth despite the low level of human capital, underdeveloped civic culture and market failures. Institutions of catching-up development contributed to the formation of collaborative relations between the government, business and society. They eased the limitations and were gradually modified, providing a transition to modern democracies with efficient market economy. The conducted analysis helps outline a plan for an institutional reform taking into account Russia’s institutional features...
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Instruments and principles of reallocating budgetary resources in the region
Статья научная
The article is devoted to studying the reallocation of budgetary resources at the intraregional level. The author has made a hypothesis that the existing instruments and principles of reallocating budgetary resources in the region hinder the effective use of the local budgetary system's capacity for developing the fiscal capacity of the entire region. The work is aimed at justifying the key principles and instruments of the modern public regional policy in the field of the intraregional reallocation of budgetary resources for developing the region's fiscal capacity. The Russian regions have become the object of the study covering the period from 2005 to 2018. In order to reveal statistical regularities, the researcher has used general scientific methods based on the official data from the Federal Treasury, the Ministry of Finance, Rosstat, regional authorities and local government bodies. The works of leading Russian and foreign scientists have composed the theoretical basis of the study. In the course of the research the author has identified the trends of budgetary reallocation in the region, as well as proposed the directions of improving its efficiency, including the set of instruments for strengthening the income basis of local budgets and the research and methodological justification for using the budgetary reallocation instruments in the region. The scientific novelty of the results includes the justification of applying the instruments and principles of the modern public regional policy in the field of the intraregional reallocation of budgetary resources, which, unlike the existing ones, rely on the effective use of the local budgetary system's capacity for developing the fiscal capacity of the entire region. The materials of the present article can be used in the educational sphere, as well as in the activities of public authorities and local government bodies.
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Integrated agent-based model of labor potential reproduction of a municipal formation
Статья научная
The article presents the author’s developments in the field of agent-based modeling of labor potential reproduction that help build scenario forecasts of labor potential dynamics and test various options of management actions, choosing the optimal ones. The model simulates processes of the formation, distribution and use of labor potential of a municipal district, taking into account activities of the agents of three levels: individuals (carriers of labor potential, agents-people), legal entities (employers, agents-firms), municipal authorities. Agents-people and agents-firms are present in the model explicitly as separate types of agents. The starting number of agents-people is determined at the rate of one person from each ten. “Firms” are considered in aggregate due to available statistical data: each corresponds to one type of economic activity. Thirteen agents-firms are presented as a total. Agents-authorities are present in the model implicitly and form the functioning environment of agents of other types...
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Integration approach to managing food industry in modern situation
Статья научная
In connection with the economic crisis the problem of creating an efficient algorithm for managing the food industry has recently become more urgent. In this paper we consider integration as an opportunity to improve efficiency and competitiveness of domestic enterprises. During the analysis of economic activity the given food industry, it has been concluded that under the current conditions the integration approach allows us to obtain competitive advantages, take leading positions in the market.
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