Economics, political science, society and culture. Рубрика в журнале - Arctic and North
A cosmopolitan, Sami-friendly scholar? Väinö Tanner on the best way to treat the Sami
Статья научная
The topic of this article is Väinö Tanner’s views on Sami policies, which are examined from numerous perspectives, including his personal career and Nordic Sami policies. The discursive resources that he re-produced are also charted. Of the Sami policies in existence at that time, Tanner advocated the Swedish variant, which suited better the agenda of his scholarly production on the Skolt Sami. The origins of his choice are located in his long-term professional contact with Swedish experts on the Sami and the expert role provided by Swedish discourses on the Sami. The anti-Finnish agenda in his scholarly production, and his consequent wish to elevate the Sami in the hierarchies of that time, rendered the more aggressive Norwegian rhetoric on the Sami unusable. In addition, Tanner showed signs of a cultural sensitivity that made him suspicious of assimilative policies.
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About the appearance of the Russian border in Lapland (some results of the discussion)
Статья научная
The article deals with the emergence of the Russian state border in Lapland. The author shows that the existing ideas in the historiography negate each other, and offers a solution to this issue on the basis of another method connected with the rise and fall of the system of double tribute of indigenous peoples — the Lapps (Saami). The approach is illustrated on the basis of traditional methods of analysis of sources, including ancient acts of Moscow and Danish rulers from the archaeographic collection of Y.N. Sherbachev.
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Статья научная
According to the results of the building expertise of facilities that are constructed, operated and repaired in the Arctic zone of the North-West Russia the authors made a critical analysis of pricing and the estimated valuation. A number of shortcomings revealed and suggestions on improving the pricing were made. Implementation of the proposals could form an unbiased starting price of construction projects.
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Статья научная
The article studies the legal approaches of the USA, Canada, Greenland, Norway and Iceland towards regulation of the oil and gas drilling on the Arctic shelf. Similarities and differences in the legislation are highlighted based on analyzing the legal provisions of each state. The criteria for the comparative analysis are the extent of legislation development, flexibility of provisions, division of regulative and control functions among the state bodies, etc. The author concludes that while legislation of Iceland and Greenland is only on its way to a final drafting and mainly refers to international stand-ards, Norway, on the contrary, is an example of a state with well-developed legislation enabling it to be one of the leaders in oil and gas industry. Though the USA and Canada have elaborated system of regulation of oil and gas companies’ activities on the Arctic shelf. Both are notable for strict provisions that contributed to the outflow of private operators from the Arctic shelf.
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Arctic projects of the Arkhangelsk Region
Статья научная
The article analyzes the implementation of the state order for military defense products and the potential of Severodvinsk shipyards and shipbuilding innovative cluster. The area has a number of successfully implemented projects in the region and development industry for diamond deposits. The project aimed at development of lead-zinc deposit “Pavlovsk” on the Novaya Zemlya is done. Arkhangelsk region becomes a leader in the development of bioenergy on the principles of “green economy”, and it operates an innovative timber cluster “PomorInnovaLes”. The real breakthrough is the establishment of the RAS Federal Research Center for the complex study of the Arctic in Arkhangelsk. In general, our region is not just the area occupied with generating new ideas and projects, but also preserving cultural and historical traditions.
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Arctic’s knowledge economy: Spatial patterns of knowledge and technology production in the Arctic
Статья научная
This paper focuses on ‘other,’ i.e. non-resource, non-public sector and non-subsistence economies of the Arctic. We investigate the geography and assets of the Arctic’s knowledge sector by examining both supply and output side of the knowledge production at the circumpolar and regional scales (using Alaska as a case study). In other words, this paper provides a first-cut analysis of the “Arctic variety” of the knowledge economy. We find that the Arctic has variable endowment with human capital engaged in new knowledge generation. Clusters of high knowledge potential tend to locate in larger cities and regional capitals. An analysis of patent registration in Alaska, confirms this pattern, but also reveals a complicated and evolving picture of localized innovation. Alaska demonstrates limited, albeit growing, variety knowledge-producing sectors, a strong role of individual inventors and a weak connectivity with outside knowledge clusters. It is also evident that knowledge production in the Arctic has underdeveloped circumpolar linkages, and thus requires urgent efforts to stimulate research cooperation between private and public sector inventors in the Arctic jurisdictions.
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Статья научная
The article identifies the components and factors of the quality of life of the population of the northern region. The specifics of social work in the North are presented. The authors considered the rating of Northern regions of Russia on quality of life and noted the relationship between the quality of life with a form of social work. The potential of community social work in the North focused on activities in the local community and aimed at strengthening individuals, families and social groups is also discussed. The authors revealed priorities and individual areas of social work according to the territorial principle in the develop-ment of approaches to implementation of the Federal project “Strong family” of the party “Edinaya Rossi-ya” (“United Russia”) in the Arkhangelsk region.
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Conditions and perspectives of the Russian and foreign Arctic research fleet
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the conditions of the Russian and foreign research fleet able to work in the Arctic waters according to its technical specifications. The study has revealed that a modern common trend is construction of multi-functional research and expedition vessels, able not only to conduct research, but also to transport cargoes and to serve as icebreakers or carriers of aircrafts. The authors conclude that the Russian Arctic research fleet is the most numerous. However, it needs to be modernized because the most of the vessels were constructed in 1970s and 1980s.
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Counterterrorism in the Russian Arctic: legal framework and central actors
Статья научная
Russia’s strategic interests in the Arctic coupled with a complex and diffuse terrorist threat has produced a niche topic: Arctic counterterrorism. Arctic counterterrorism is a new and underdeveloped topic that has received only limited attention. This article contributes a discussion of the legal framework and the main actors involved in countering terrorism in the Russian Arctic. The author finds that the legal framework for counterterrorism is extensive yet centered in core documents. Similarly, counterterrorism involves many and varied actors united in a relatively simple and streamlined national system for counterterrorism. Current legal regulation and organisation provide a solid base that may support efficient management of counterterrorism, also in the Arctic. A notable strength is the concentration of coordination responsibilities in the hands of one central actor, the FSB. Another important characteristic is that the system is symmetrical and follows Russia’s federal organisation with coordinating bodies for all regions including those in the Arctic. Counterterrorism legislation is kept up to date and the trend is towards tougher punishments and a wide understanding of terrorist offenses. A potential weak spot is the unclear role of the newly formed National Guard. The uncertainty surrounding the role of the National Guard in the fight against terrorism may challenge the FSB and weaken coordination of the system for counterterrorism in the future.
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Creation of development zones in the Arctic: methodology and practice
Статья научная
The article describes the basic principles and methodological bases of formation and development of the supporting areas of the Russian Arctic. The work emphasizes that the basis of the methodological approach in the formation of the supporting areas is a vector of development of the territory as an integral project on the principle of coordination of all "industrial" activities in the planning, goal-setting, financing and implementation, which will allow to reduce all kinds of costs and expenses, as well as all the projects included in the supporting areas should be aimed at the development of the macroregion as a whole, not just to solve individual tasks of the industry. The article underlines that the formation of the supporting areas is aimed at achieving a single global goal — to encourage efficiency and diversification of the economy of the Arctic zone, oriented to the preservation and development of the Northern Sea Route.
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Статья научная
The paper views the Roan wind farm, which is a part of the Fosen Vind Project — the biggest planned onshore wind farm in Europe — from an impact assessment standpoint. Using the traditional stages of the impact assessment (such as screening, scoping and identification of the baseline conditions and crucial impacts), the research implements the ‘traffic light system’ to assess the magnitude of the core effects of the project on different dimensions — i.e. society and nature. Even though the previously conducted assessment describes the project as an extremely successful one with huge potential of generating sustainable energy, the current analysis reveals some of its greatest shortcomings. Social and wildlife aspects are its major drawbacks: the construction site is on the grounds used for the summer grazing by the Saami reindeers and the height and number of turbines significantly threatens migrating birds. Thus, even though the project happens to be economically attractive, it is a rather controversial undertaking when viewed from social and natural perspectives. The paper thus presents many solutions for the minimization of these negative impacts.
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Delimitation between Russia and Norway in the Arctic: new challenges and cooperation
Статья научная
The article analyzes the provisions of the Treaty between the Russian Federation and Kingdom of Norway on delimitation of the sea areas and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean of 15 September 2010 and it also provides an assessment of the conformity of the Treaty to national interests of Russia. The article considers the results of its practical impact on fishing activity in the North-Western sector of the Arctic, especially in the Russian home fisheries. The author discussed steps necessary for the protection of national interests after the Treaty of 2010 and its influence on fishing in the North-Western sector of the Arctic. It is proposed to hold additional Russian–Norwegian negotiations to reach an understanding between parties about the home fisheries based on traditional character near the Spitsbergen Archipelago, as well as to adopt unified measures to control fishing and harmonize penalties for violation of the agreed fishing rules for all the fishing activities at the Barents Sea.
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Статья научная
The article describes the impact of the Russian Arctic policy activation on the development of the Arkhangelsk region. In 2013, the formation of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) as an object of state administration was launched. The Arkhangelsk region was partly included in the Russian Arctic. Now, we observe the establishment of the regulatory field and the organizational framework of the macroregion. The article analyzes the current stage of this process in the Russian Arctic. The author high-lights the main opportunities and risks for the region associated with the activation of the Arctic policy of the country. The most serious opportunities are emerging in politics (the Arctic status, external relations and external image) and economy (infrastructure, investments, new enterprises and organizations, and tourism). These areas are experiencing some changes. The changes in the social space are hardly noticeable but, in this area, cardinal changes are possible. They are associated with the renewal of the regional image, strengthening the regional identity, changes in the social composition of the population and the potential of municipalities. At the same time, risks associated with incomplete entry of the Arkhangelsk region into the Russian Arctic, the implementation of major investment projects and inefficient management.
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Estimation of efficiency of development of copper and gold deposits of Krasnoyarsk North
Статья научная
The article presents the probable approach to the assessment of the availability of the mineral deposits. This approach is specially created for initial estimation of resourses and reserves of low degree of exploration. As the initial data the most significant parameters of a deposit are used, which can be proved objectively. These parameters are valuable components in ore, volumes of ore reserves, strip ratio, mining technology. The results of preliminary economic estimation of efficiency of development of predicted gold and copper deposits of the Krasnoyarsk North are presented. Economic efficiency of development of gold deposits Nizhnelitkinskoye, Groznenskoye, and Zhilnoye are estimated. The development of copper deposits is inexpedient.
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Ethnic policy of Russia in the Arctic: basic approaches and principles
Статья научная
The need to account the regional specific of the ethnic policy making and its practice in the AZRF is grounded on 2 contrary management approaches: economic- technocratic approach and political-humanitarian approach. Indigenous peoples are considered to be the subject and the object of the state ethnic policy of Russia. 2 issues are analyzed: 1) conditions for the preservation and development of indigenous peoples, historically living in the area; contributions to their cultural diversity; improvement of the living standards; 2) social integration of internal and external migrants. It is noted that there are three imperative approaches to the state policy towards small-numbered ethnic groups of the North: the state-paternalistic, liberal market and neo-traditionalist approaches. Prospects of mutually- interacting state and indigenous peoples discussed in the context of supra-ethnic identity — indigenous peoples, “local” people.
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Ethnodemographic processes among the Sami of modern Norway
Статья научная
On the basis of statistics and comparative analysis the article shows ethnodemographic processes among the Sami of Norway in 2000–2013, including the dynamic of population, natural increase, factors and reasons which caused them in this period. The short analysis of references has been made. Stable economic situation is improving the conditions of Sami. At the modern stage, special conditions for keeping the Sami’s ethnic identity are arranged, the basis of which is the language development.
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Ethnonational policy of the Komi Republic: normative and infrastructural support
Статья научная
The territory of the municipality of the city district "Vorkuta" is referred to the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the Komi Republic. It is not necessary to talk about some specific "Arctic" ethno-national policy in that municipality, different from the model of the national scale. Therefore, ethno-national policy is analyzed in general for the whole Republic, and then its features are revealed in the municipality "Vorkuta," which is the part of the Russian Arctic. The analysis of the list of regulating and strategic documents reflecting the specifics of the matter, together with an extensive existing infrastructure, allows to conclude about the formation of a regional model of ethnic policy in the Komi Republic. In addition, the incoordination of a number of documents is noted, as well as some inconsistencies of ethno policy to federal standards. Ethno policy in municipality "Vorkuta" is generally carried out in the framework of a regional trend. Standard maintenance includes various municipal programs and plans. The conclusion about the need to improve the conceptual foundations of the Arctic vector of ethno policy has been made.
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Статья научная
In this article, the author discussed historical prerequisites for the inclusion of the North in the world economy and analyzed the participation of the Arctic territories of the Russian Federation in international trade 2000–2016. The impact of the Western sanctions and their influence on the dynamics and structure of foreign trade is also in a focus of the present article as well as the political economy provisions that allow overcoming the negative nature of international economic relations between the Russian Federation and Western countries. The author proves the expediency of changing the geopolitical positions of the West and Russia with a view to moving towards a compromise model of economic cooperation between the North of Russia and the EU and other countries.
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Features of the dynamics of prices for agricultural products of the northern countries
Статья научная
Price dynamics for agricultural products of the northern countries is determined by many factors. The methods of economic and mathematical analysis of the dynamics of prices for agricultural products of the northern countries have allowed to identify trends, seasonal and cyclical processes. The dynamics of prices from 1991 to the present time there are two long opposite trends. Cyclic processes have a duration of 2–4 years. Seasonality in change of prices is sustainable due to natural biological processes under the influence of climatic factors. Correlation analysis of price series for agricultural products of the northern countries has showed connection of high strength, confirming the presence of trends and periodic components under the influence of the common factors. Short-term price dynamics approximation shows the retention of the increasing price trend.
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Fertility in the European Part of the Russian North in 1990–2015
Статья научная
Based on the Federal State Statistics Service data, the article examines the dynamics of changes in the system of indicators characterizing the birth rate in the regions of the European North of Russia (including urban and rural areas). General and special demographic methods were used for the analysis. In the course of the work it was revealed that by 1999 the number of births in the regions of the European North of Russia had greatly decreased, but by 2015 fertility rates had improved, although the birth rate had worsened. At the same time, the birth rate in the regions of the European North of Russia in general is higher than the average for Russia, but the reproduction of the population has been narrowed for quite a long time already. Finally, the differences between the urban and rural areas are large. In relation to the latter, it is possible to assume the existence of certain problems related to the collection of information.
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