Медицинские науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
Comprehensive Analysis of the Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Celiac Disease
Статья научная
Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals following the ingestion of gluten, a protein complex found in wheat, barley, and rye. It is primarily characterized by an abnormal adaptive immune response, leading to inflammation and structural damage in the small intestine. The hallmark pathological feature of the disease is villous atrophy—flattening and shortening of the intestinal villi—alongside crypt hyperplasia and intraepithelial lymphocytosis, all of which contribute to impaired nutrient absorption and the clinical manifestation of malabsorption syndrome. At the molecular level, gluten is incompletely digested in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the accumulation of immunogenic proline- and glutamine-rich peptides. These peptides are further modified by the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) through deamidation, enhancing their affinity for HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules on antigen-presenting cells in the intestinal mucosa. This interaction stimulates the activation of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells, which secrete proinflammatory cytokines and recruit other immune cells, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue injury. Additionally, patients with celiac disease develop circulating autoantibodies against tTG, which are used as diagnostic markers. While the cornerstone of treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet, adherence can be challenging, and accidental exposure remains a common problem. As a result, current research is increasingly focused on developing alternative or adjunctive therapies, including enzyme supplementation, zonulin pathway blockers, and immunomodulatory agents, which aim to improve intestinal barrier function or regulate the immune response. These approaches offer promising avenues for more comprehensive disease management in the future.
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His article discusses the problems of diagnosis of diffuse hyperplastic processes of the endometrium in women in the menopausal transition. Endometrial hyperplasia is a heterogeneous set of pathological processes, ranging from benign proliferation to monoclonal tissue proliferation. During the study, the most optimal criteria for the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia in women during the transition to menopause based on the use of a modern diagnostic complex (immunohistochemical and endoscopic technologies) were selected and formed. Endometrium is a hormone-sensitive, cyclically renewed tissue that reacts to the slightest changes in the hormonal status. In this connection, an attempt was made to analyze the prospects and feasibility of using immunohistochemical technologies in gynecological practice. The authors found that the study and analysis of the hormone - receptor status in individuals with endometrial hyperplasia in gynecological practice, consists of two points, first, the hormone-receptor status in endometrial hyperplasia is individual, and the degree of expression of highly productive or low-productive receptor complexes speaks the mechanism of development of receptor desynchronosis, and secondly, the hormone-receptor status determines the sensitivity of endometrial hyperplasia to hormonal therapy.
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Employing algorithms in cosmetic facial surgery
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The aim is to evaluate the scientific literature on the creation and application of algorithms in clinical settings, with a focus on their efficacy. Material and methods. The literature search was performed using the databases Scopus, Medline (PubMed), eLibrary (in total: 32 scientific papers).
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Статья научная
This study offers findings of endoscopic research of patients with stomach cancer after surgery of gastrectomy with different versions of small intestine plastic surgery. Total number of patients exposed to the research is 130, divided into 3 groups. Findings: veracious decrease of esophagitis (p
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Статья научная
The prevention of hereditary diseases associated with gene and chromosomal disorders, in particular multifactorial-polygenic diseases is one of actual areas of medical genotyping. For the first time in the population of the Republic of Azerbaijan we have identified mutations C174T and C235T of the angiotensinogen gene and mutation C677T of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene both in the control group and among patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system. Reliable connections for the frequency of occurrence of polymorphism of the C174T and C235T alleles of the angiotensinogen gene and polymorphism of the C677T allele of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene were found with a statistical method. To identify the ethno-geographic relationship of the mutations C174T and C235T of the AGT gene for the population of the Azerbaijan Republic, we examined practically healthy individuals and patients with CVD. The composition of this group was multinational and corresponded to the main national and ethnic composition of the Republic. The distribution of the identified mutations C174T and C235T of the AGT gene, as well as the C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene among ethnic groups of the Azerbaijan Republic is identified as uneven.
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GINA-2024: ключевые изменения и подходы к таргетной терапии
Статья научная
Представлен краткий обзор изменений и дополнений, внесенных в пересмотр GINA (Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention) от 2024 г. Приведены алгоритмы диагностики и терапии БА у детей в новой версии GINA в сопоставлении с данными кыргызского клинического протокола по БА, изданного в 2023 г. На основе рекомендаций GINA в Кыргызстане будут реализованы ряд организационных, научных и клинико-диагностических мероприятий. К примеру, на базе отделения аллергологии и клинической иммунологии Национального центра охраны материнства и детства при Министерстве здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики будет создана научно-исследовательская лаборатория по аллергологии, в том числе кабинет генно-инженерной биологической терапии.
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Galt enzyme deficiency identification in newborns in Azerbaijan
Статья научная
For the first time in Baku, Azerbaijan Republic in maternity houses by means of immunoenzyme analysis the genetic screening for galactosemia inherited metabolism disorder was carried out, and 3 newborns with GALT gene deficiency for were identified.
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Healthcare professionals in Kyrgyz Republic
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The profession of healthcare involves a lot of specialization, aspects of exploration, a lot of effort hard work and determination. Healthcare becomes the most valuable profession al globally because it deals with the life and concerns of the livelihood, hence the hype is worth and has proved that a quality life with the healthy body requires a strong healthcare system that has the potential and a zeal to provide, reform and be active on social, economic, regional and global levels. It becomes a very crucial task to provide health Care to all in need with a proper communication with the health system norms rules and does keep a statistical data for research and to tackle the future needs, pandemics, endemics and creation of better preventions, treatments and management for patients from different regions, ages and of signified distress or commodities. Kyrgyzstan also has a healthcare system which is called as Kyrgyzstan Soviet system of free universal healthcare which provides a reasonable number of doctors assistance nurses with medical clinics hospitals to provide care and treatment to respective illness and maintain regional health in the regional population. As per the research is formed that is the compulsory social and medical insurance (CSSM) program which was established on January 2020 that lets an individual pay for certain medical expenses and regulate Health Care in the better quality has turned to be an interesting and a much better way for improvement of social economic status of the country and a step towards a better community Health. As per the capita gross, national income of Kyrgyzstan was 1,170 dollars in 2015 and human development in desk has classified it to a medium human development country shows lower-middle-income economy. So far, human immunodeficiency virus HIV virus had very low percentage of prevalence that is 830 cases were officially reported on 2006 of February but that but the real number was estimated to be 10 times more. One of the reasons for spread has been the prison population and narcotic trafficking, whereas cardiovascular and respiratory conditions stand first for the reason of morbidity in the society. However, the rate of maternal mortality was more than 15% in 2008, that signifies that gets done is under the ‘very bad’ category of right to reproductive health as the nation is fulfilling only 55% of expected. Therefore, adding up to the issues related to family and community illness and creating a challenge for the healthcare system.
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Hepatic failure in pancreonecrosis and the development of abdominal sepsis
Статья научная
It is well known that acute destructive pancreatitis, pancreonecrosis is accompanied by severe endogenous intoxication, often leading to the development of multiple organ failure syndrome, liver failure is one of the important links in this process. The mortality rate of patients with pancreonecrosis related to liver failure is as high as 83%, and approximately 5% of patients with pancreonecrosis have fulminant liver failure. Proven: liver function is closely related to the progression of purulent-necrotic complications in patients with acute destructive pancreonecrosis. The authors present the data of literature on the importance of liver failure in the course and prognosis of acute destructive pancreatitis. The pathogenetic role of lipid peroxidation processes are especially emphasized. The controversial issues of portal and systemic bacteremia and toxemia in the development of pancreatogenic abdominal sepsis are discussed, as well as the involvement of the lymphatic system. The authors’ research aims to analytically dissect and summarize the processes underlying the clinical manifestations of liver failure in pancreatic necrosis and their underlying mechanisms, which may provide new insights for further understanding and better management of liver failure in patients with pancreatic necrosis and abdominal sepsis.
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Hirudotherapy as a method of treatment of arterial hypertension
Статья научная
The article under discussion deals with the treatment of arterial hypertension with the help of hirudotherapy. The author of the article believes that treatment with hirudotherapy (leeches) is widely used for arterial hypertension. It is noticed that carrying out of hirudotherapy changes reactivity of an organism, as a result sensitivity to carried out hypotensive medicament therapy increases. Components of a leech secretion, anti-ischemic influence and unloading of a blood flow allow to reduce a dosage of the applied drug. Treatment of hypertension by leeches practically always improves the well-being and objective condition of the patient, though results of therapy largely depend on the reason of hypertension, duration and intensity of the course, a correct choice of attachment points.
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Hormonal regulation of the amount of sugar in the blood converter
Статья научная
Although hormones differ in their place of origin, order of distribution, chemical composition and nature of action, they are united under a very important general biological pattern: they participate in metabolism, morphological differentiation of the organism, growth and development, reproduction and regulation and coordination of its basic functions. The nervous system carries out the connection and influence between different parts of the organism directly through hormones. Hormones are substances of a protein nature or steroids that act in extremely small quantities. Their effect is carried out in 2 ways: through the nervous system and directly through the blood to the organs.
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Статья научная
The paper deals with the issue linked with thyroid malfunctions, in particular, the incidence of hypothyroidism. Iodine deficiency statistics is presented; the study proposes the possible ways of solving the issue. The author draws special attention to a specialized hypothyroidism diet plan which may help patients to treat metabolic disorders.
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Implementation of Healthy Lifestyle Programs among Elderly and Senile Age Groups
Статья научная
This article examines the importance and practical aspects of implementing healthy lifestyle programs for elderly and senile age groups. The paper highlights the key directions of such programs, including the promotion of physical activity, balanced nutrition, prevention of chronic diseases, and the development of social and psychological support systems. Special attention is paid to the role of primary healthcare in coordinating health education, monitoring risk factors, and motivating older adults to adhere to recommended health practices. The analysis is based on recent research and practical experience, demonstrating that comprehensive healthy lifestyle programs significantly improve the quality of life, reduce morbidity, and contribute to active longevity. The study also identifies barriers to implementation and offers recommendations for optimizing these initiatives in the context of aging populations.
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Indicators of the dynamics of perinatal hypoxia in newborns
Статья научная
A comprehensive study of clinical and neurological changes in newborns in the relationship between the nature and duration of perinatal hypoxia (PH) was carried out. To assess the state of clinical and neurological changes, 52 newborns who underwent perinatal hypoxia were examined. The anamnesis of mothers who underwent combined perinatal hypoxia was significantly worse than in the group of children with acute asphyxia. Anemia, acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI), preeclampsia, fetoplacental insufficiency (FPI), the duration of the anhydrous interval, pathological childbirth served as predisposing factors contributing to the development of perinatal hypoxia. For an objective quantitative assessment of the dynamics of the neurological status of newborns, the “Scoring of the severity of perinatal encephalopathy”, developed at the Research Institute of Pediatrics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences by A.A. Stepanov (1998), was used. It is based on an integrated assessment of motor activity, innate reflexes and behavioral reactions of newborns, taking into account the quantitative characteristics of each newborn. The data obtained indicate that the duration of hypoxia, the state of health, the course of pregnancy and childbirth in the mother determine the severity of perinatal brain damage and affect the severity of clinical and neurological patterns. Combined perinatal hypoxia leads to deeper brain disorders and contributes to the formation of two or more syndromes in one child.
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Insulin resistance: mechanisms, clinical implications, and regional perspectives
Статья научная
Insulin resistance (IR) is a significant pathological condition marked by the impaired response of peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue to insulin, which results in disrupted glucose homeostasis. This dysfunction in insulin action is a key contributor to the development of numerous chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. The increasing prevalence of IR worldwide has sparked widespread concern in public health, as it plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of these conditions. In addition to its physical manifestations, IR is also linked to a range of molecular and biochemical alterations, which compound its detrimental effects on overall metabolic health. At the molecular level, the pathogenesis of IR involves a complex interplay of multiple mechanisms, including dysregulated insulin signaling, chronic low-grade inflammation, lipotoxicity, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These cytokines promote the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates at serine residues, hindering the cascade of events required for effective glucose uptake and utilization. In addition, the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues-termed lipotoxicity-further exacerbates insulin resistance by impairing the function of insulin receptors and signaling molecules, contributing to the progression of metabolic dysfunction. As this complex condition progresses, it is associated with an increased risk of several other serious health issues, including cardiovascular disease, kidney dysfunction, and certain forms of cancer. Consequently, understanding the underlying mechanisms of IR is crucial for the development of targeted therapies and interventions aimed at preventing and managing these associated diseases. Studies from various countries, including Turkey, Russia, and Azerbaijan, provide valuable insights into the prevalence and impact of IR across different populations, highlighting the need for context-specific approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
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Статья научная
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common and serious diseases of the abdominal organs. Among the diseases that form an acute surgical pathology of the abdominal organs, AP takes 3rd place, and there are from 8% to 14.5% of cases. Ultrasound is the most important diagnostic method for AP, which opens up wide possibilities, but the information content in the study of arterial and venous blood flow in the liver in AP is not yet fully understood. The aim of the study was to study the key changes in hemodynamic parameters of arterial and venous blood flow in patients with acute pancreatitis. The study group included 23 patients with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis who were hospitalized at the Republican Clinical Hospital no. 4 and the Republican Clinical Hospital no. 3 of the city district of Saransk from October 2016 to April 2017. Ultrasound examination the pancreas against the background of acute pancreatitis showed that in the edematous form of acute pancreatitis, the size of the test organ was increased on the 1st day of the study...
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Key etiopathogenetic features of formation of uterine myoma
Статья научная
The steady growth of proliferative diseases from year to year is becoming more and more medical and social importance, which is associated with their clinical manifestations and recurrent course, adversely affect the quality of life and the ability to work of women. Uterine fibroids are the most common benign neoplasm in women of reproductive age. This article discusses the key issues of the etiopathogenesis of uterine fibroids. Uterine fibroids are a monoclonal hormone-sensitive neoplasm and are the most common tumour of the reproductive organs of women. The pathogenesis and developmental mechanisms of uterine fibroids today are complex and not fully understood. Perhaps the underlying theory is the ‘clonal expansion of uterine fibroids’, it is the clonal expansion that initiates the processes of neoangiogenesis, activated by tumor growth. Although to this day there remain many controversial and unresolved issues.
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Статья обзорная
In this literature review, the main etiological factors of intestinal obstruction, key aspects of a number of mechanisms of development of intestinal obstruction are considered. The problems of modern diagnostics of acute intestinal obstruction of various genesis are considered, including the erased picture of the disease on the basis of which the optimal therapeutic diagnostic algorithms were formed. Argumentation of methods of treatment proceeding from pathogenetic features of the given pathology is resulted.
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Methods of medical rehabilitation for patients recovering from COVID-19
Статья научная
The COVID-19 pandemic has left a significant number of patients suffering from long-term symptoms and complications requiring comprehensive rehabilitation strategies. This article reviews contemporary approaches to post-COVID rehabilitation, highlighting respiratory and cardiovascular recovery, psychological support, and physical rehabilitation methods. The study focuses on age-specific rehabilitation needs and evaluates the effectiveness of various methodologies based on clinical trials and empirical data.
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Modern aspects of etiology, mechanisms, pathogenesis and diagnostics of ovarian formations
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This review focuses on ovarian lesions. Ovarian tumors occupy the 3rd place among all tumors of the female genital organs, and 7th in the overall structure of malignant tumors, so the problem of timely diagnosis and treatment of ovarian lesions remains relevant. The share of benign ovarian tumors accounts for 70-80%. Among benign ovarian lesions, epithelial lesions are most common - tatami up to 16% and cystadenoma up to 22.8%. Histogenesis of ovarian formations is not fully understood, which explains the contradictions in the origin of a particular tumor. For the first time, features of the mechanisms of neoplasm formation have been described by A. Knudson et al., his team was one of the first to develop and publish the theory of ‘double strike’, interpreting the mechanisms for implementing sporadic and hereditary forms of neoplasms. Ovarian cancer - both on the part of the etiology and the clinical picture of a heterogeneous genetically determined pathology. The basis of the emergence of this group of tumors is the mutation of the genetic apparatus of the cell...
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