Медицинские науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
Co-infection of hepatitis a and herpes simplex virus: a case report
Статья научная
Hepatitis A is a self-limiting disease where fulminant hepatitis and death occur in a small proportion of patients. Fulminant hepatic failure is more common in patients with underlying liver diseases, such as chronic hepatitis B and C, co-infection with more than one genotype of hepatitis A at the same time, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or alcoholic steatohepatitis, in advanced age and with dependence on intravenous drugs. We present a case of infection of hepatitis A and herpes simplex virus that lead to acute liver failure. In this rare case, the importance of attention to the first manifestations of the disease in diagnosing severe cases of hepatitis A in adults is emphasized. At the same time, HSV hepatitis can also be the cause of fulminant hepatic insufficiency. Therefore, patients with severe hepatitis A need an early examination for HSV infection, and empirical treatment with acyclovir should begin at early stage.
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Статья научная
This article presents a non-systematic review of the literature focusing on the diagnostic challenges and laboratory differentiation between acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI) and COVID-19 in resource-limited settings of India and Kyrgyzstan. A non-systematic search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted for articles published in 2025-2026. The search strategy used the terms “diagnosis” OR “diagnostic” OR “diagnostic tests” OR “tests” AND “COVID-19” OR “SARS-CoV-2” OR “acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI)” in the article title and keywords. Diagnostic tests for respiratory viral infections primarily detect viral nucleic acid or host immune responses. In COVID-19, identification of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from respiratory specimens remains the reference standard, particularly during the early phase of illness. In contrast, ARVI diagnosis in resource-limited settings often relies on clinical features with limited laboratory confirmation due to restricted access to molecular testing. Serological assays are more informative in the later stages of infection and may support retrospective diagnosis or epidemiological assessment. Routine laboratory parameters such as complete blood count, C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, coagulation profile, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ferritin, and procalcitonin help assess disease severity, inflammatory status, thrombotic risk, and prognosis rather than providing etiological confirmation. Imaging modalities, particularly chest radiography and computed tomography, can aid diagnosis when clinical suspicion is high and laboratory tests are negative, delayed, or unavailable. Although detection of viral RNA by RT-PCR remains the reference method for confirming COVID-19, its diagnostic yield is influenced by timing, sample quality, and resource availability. Therefore, accurate diagnosis should rely on an integrated approach that combines clinical presentation, epidemiological context, molecular or serological testing, and supportive laboratory and imaging findings, including assessment of complications. The limitations observed in current diagnostic strategies highlight the need for more sensitive, specific, and rapid diagnostic tools, particularly in resource-constrained settings.
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Статья научная
In the length of time, a wide variety of drug combinations emerged in the management of post-transplantation therapy in order to improve the survival of the recipient and graft. However, the efficacy and safety of the applied combinations regarding the rejection and other complications are continuing to be the subject of research. In our study, our aim is to compare the effects of various combinations, namely cyclosporine with mycophenolate mofetil/mofetil mycophenolic acid with prednisolone and tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil/mofetil mycophenolic acid with prednisolone in a length of time. Methods. A total of 204 patients included into the study who received post-renal transplantation treatment in Scientific-Research Institute of Heart Surgery and Organs Transplantation and followed-up over a 10-year period. The estimated survival probabilities in the study were determined by the Kaplan-Meier method; whereas intragroup comparisons were evaluated by Log-rang, Breslow, and Tarone-Ware tests. Complications occurred in patients with combinations were analyzed by Chi-square and its alternatives. Hazard risk factors were tested by Cox regression analysis. Results. Of these 204 patients, 36 received Cyclosporin combination (CCG) and 168 Tacrolimus combination (TCG). The estimated life expectancy of the patients of TCG was significantly longer than the CCG ones. Furthermore, gender and age did not have a significant effect on survival depending on time, however, gender and age-related hazard factor showed a significant difference in the groups. It was determined that chronic rejection was significantly different in patients who used tacrolimus combinations, the difference was close to the significant value in acute rejection analysis. Other adverse events, namely, infection, tumour and organ damage were statistically less common in the patient group treated with tacrolimus combinations. Conclusion. In general, TCG showed better results in contrast to CCG.
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Comparative analysis of prevalence of oral caries in the Kyrgyzstan and Indian population
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Oral hygiene plays a very crucial role in every individual from the birth of a human. Oral health cannot be denied specially when it comes to the initial stage of life. The aim of this article is to compare the oral health in the population of India and Kyrgyzstan (6-15 years). It is important to notice, diagnose treat and prevent the prevalence of dental diseases as it has an impact on the physical mental and social life of an individual. Due to the consumption of unhealthy fast food, high quantity of sugar, and deteriorated oral hygiene has resulted into dental impairment and has made room for various dental diseases as toddlers are more easily prone to oral complications or conditions that have a very negative effect on their quality of life. Oral cavity carries out the basic and vital functions for the eventual and progressive tasks for rest of the human body. A smile is a confinement of a person’s self-confidence, self-esteem, personal and social habits, health and lifestyle. Therefore, it is obligatory to keep safe and prevent from disease as it can be fatal in the future or be a root cause of other health complications.
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Статья научная
Postoperative Ventral Hernias to this day remain one of the main pathologies of planned and urgent surgical interventions. The purpose of the study is to study the immune response in patients with postoperative ventral hernias who underwent auto and alloplastic hernioplasty methods. The study included 40 patients diagnosed with postoperative ventral hernia, including 25 men (62.25%) and 15 women (37.5%). In men, the average age was 45.6±2.3 years, and in women 57.2±3.2 years. Patients are divided into 2 groups. Group I are patients who underwent autoplastic methods and group II patients who underwent alloplastic hernioplasty methods. The complex of immunological examination included the determination of a subpopulation of lymphocytes with CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 receptors, interleukin 6, interleukin 10 and immunoglobulins A, M, G. Immunological examination of blood parameters in patients with postoperative ventral hernias revealed the following changes. There is an upward trend in all indicators. In group I, the leukocyte level was increased by +0.2±0.01, and in group II, the indicators were within the normal range. The level of monocytes in patients who underwent alloplasty increased by +1.5±0.2. There was an increase in the concentration of T and B lymphocytes with GD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 receptors on the 7th day after surgery in patients of the first group was +1.85±0.3, +1.6±0.4, +1.6±0.1, +1.5±0.2. And in patients of the second group, the initial level of indicators was lower and increased by +1.2±0.1, +1.4±0.2, +1.67±0.65, +1.03±0.45. The level of IL6 and IL 10 in the postoperative period increased in patients of the first group by +1.55±0.2 and +1±0.9, in the second group it was IL 6 +0.9±1.2, IL 10 +0.8±1.2. The study shows that the indicators of the humoral cell type tended to increase, which shows the result. Conclusions. Patients with postoperative ventral hernias who have undergone autoplastic and alloplastic hernioplasty methods in dynamics, the immunological reactivity indicators significantly increase on the 7th day, in comparison with the initial blood parameters. Namely, in patients who have undergone autoplastic methods of hernioplasty. The use of conventional suture materials in autogernioplasty increases the risk of developing an inflammatory process in the early and long-term postoperative period, in contrast to the use of polypropylene mesh prostheses.
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Статья научная
This work considers the significance of spontaneous immunoglobulin-synthesizing activity of B-lymphocytes (SIAL) in various clinical variants of reactive arthritis (ReA). It was found that an increased level of SIAL was found in patients with autoimmune diseases (AS, RA, and SLE) from 72.2% to 88.8%, in 57.9% of patients with RHEA, only 10% of healthy individuals, and only 27.3% of patients with osteoarthritis. It was shown that Rea with a high degree of activity and a chronic course of the disease, the values of SIAL were higher than with minimal and moderate degrees of activity and acute and prolonged courses of the disease.
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Comprehensive Analysis of the Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Celiac Disease
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Celiac disease is a chronic, immune-mediated enteropathy that occurs in genetically susceptible individuals following the ingestion of gluten, a protein complex found in wheat, barley, and rye. It is primarily characterized by an abnormal adaptive immune response, leading to inflammation and structural damage in the small intestine. The hallmark pathological feature of the disease is villous atrophy—flattening and shortening of the intestinal villi—alongside crypt hyperplasia and intraepithelial lymphocytosis, all of which contribute to impaired nutrient absorption and the clinical manifestation of malabsorption syndrome. At the molecular level, gluten is incompletely digested in the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in the accumulation of immunogenic proline- and glutamine-rich peptides. These peptides are further modified by the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (tTG) through deamidation, enhancing their affinity for HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 molecules on antigen-presenting cells in the intestinal mucosa. This interaction stimulates the activation of gluten-specific CD4+ T cells, which secrete proinflammatory cytokines and recruit other immune cells, leading to chronic inflammation and tissue injury. Additionally, patients with celiac disease develop circulating autoantibodies against tTG, which are used as diagnostic markers. While the cornerstone of treatment is a strict lifelong gluten-free diet, adherence can be challenging, and accidental exposure remains a common problem. As a result, current research is increasingly focused on developing alternative or adjunctive therapies, including enzyme supplementation, zonulin pathway blockers, and immunomodulatory agents, which aim to improve intestinal barrier function or regulate the immune response. These approaches offer promising avenues for more comprehensive disease management in the future.
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Статья научная
Seasonal influenza remains a persistent global health challenge, characterized by the virus’s rapid evolution through antigenic drift and the complex human behaviors that drive transmission. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the 2024–2025 influenza season, anchored by a cross-sectional Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) survey of 578 respondents. The research aims to evaluate public understanding of influenza virology, assess vaccination uptake, and identify barriers to effective prevention. Results indicate a significant “knowledge-behavior gap.” While 84.2% of participants correctly identified the influenza virus and 82% understood respiratory transmission, these insights did not translate into consistent best practices. A critical “Antibiotic Paradox” was observed: although 69.9% of respondents knew antibiotics are ineffective against viral flu, 25.1% reported self-medicating with them immediately upon symptom onset. Vaccination coverage in the cohort was 51.6%, with hesitancy primarily driven by fear of side effects (18.3%), needle phobia (18.3%), and a lack of provider recommendation (16.6%). This review concludes that while health literacy regarding the biological nature of influenza is high, public health strategies must pivot from pure education to behavioral intervention—specifically targeting antibiotic stewardship and addressing the physical and psychological barriers to vaccination.
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Статья научная
Background: Since its emergence in late 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has fundamentally altered global health landscapes. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge regarding the etiology, complex pathogenesis, evolving diagnostic modalities, and updated therapeutic strategies, with a focus on post-pandemic management and Long COVID. A narrative review was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus, and WHO repositories. Data regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical guidelines published between January 2020 and late 2024 were analyzed. The virus utilizes the ACE2 receptor for entry, triggering a dysregulated immune response (cytokine storm) and coagulopathy. Diagnostic techniques have evolved from standard RT-PCR to rapid molecular assays and AI-assisted imaging. Treatment has shifted from supportive care to targeted antivirals and immunomodulators. While acute mortality has decreased due to vaccination and population immunity, the focus must now shift to managing endemic transmission and the chronic sequelae known as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC).
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Статья научная
In this work, the subject of the study is the study of spontaneous (SPABL) and antigen-specific proliferative activity of B lymphocytes (AGPABL) with a clinical and laboratory sign of urogenital reactive arthritis (UReA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation of SPABL and AGPABL indicators in patients with UReA. The method of quantitative cytofluorometry (QCF) was used to determine SPABL and AGPABL. As a result of the work, a high correlation was noted between the indicators of SPABL and AGPABL with the generally accepted clinical and laboratory signs of UReA. A high correlation of SPABL and AGPABL indicators was established in patients with oligoarthritis, asymmetric arthritis, arthritis of the I-th metatarsophalangeal joint of the foot, urethritis, chlamydia from the urethra, HLA-B27 and serum antibodies to chlamydia, the severity of joint pain, with high levels of CRP and immunoglobulin G (IgG). Thus, studies of SPABL and AGPABL in combination with clinical and laboratory data contribute to the early diagnosis of UReA.
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Diagnostic Problems of Viral Infections and COVID-19 in India and Kyrgyzstan
Статья научная
Significant overlap in the symptoms of viral infections creates challenges for differential diagnosis, which is crucial for clinical case management and pandemic control. Data on the epidemiological characteristics of acute respiratory viral infections and COVID-19, the diagnostic capabilities of both syndromes, and the healthcare system's capacity to treat these diseases in India and Kyrgyzstan were collected and compared. Two key findings include significant overlap in symptoms (fever and cough), anosmia, and ageusia, which are more specific to COVID-19 but insensitive for diagnosing other diseases. The data also show that both countries experienced significant shortages in PCR testing capacity during the peak COVID-19 outbreaks, forcing them to adopt clinical diagnostics. India pursued a strategy of rapidly increasing the number of available tests using rapid antigen tests, while Kyrgyzstan faced significant challenges related to supply chain management. Access to diagnostic services varied sharply between urban and rural areas in both India and Kyrgyzstan. Such purely clinical differentiation is unreliable in resource-limited settings. Decentralized testing networks must be strengthened with affordable rapid tests, the implementation of context-specific clinical algorithms, and investment in training frontline healthcare workers. Indeed, a syndromic approach to epidemiological surveillance of multiple pathogens offers a path to future preparedness.
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Статья обзорная
His article discusses the problems of diagnosis of diffuse hyperplastic processes of the endometrium in women in the menopausal transition. Endometrial hyperplasia is a heterogeneous set of pathological processes, ranging from benign proliferation to monoclonal tissue proliferation. During the study, the most optimal criteria for the diagnosis of endometrial hyperplasia in women during the transition to menopause based on the use of a modern diagnostic complex (immunohistochemical and endoscopic technologies) were selected and formed. Endometrium is a hormone-sensitive, cyclically renewed tissue that reacts to the slightest changes in the hormonal status. In this connection, an attempt was made to analyze the prospects and feasibility of using immunohistochemical technologies in gynecological practice. The authors found that the study and analysis of the hormone - receptor status in individuals with endometrial hyperplasia in gynecological practice, consists of two points, first, the hormone-receptor status in endometrial hyperplasia is individual, and the degree of expression of highly productive or low-productive receptor complexes speaks the mechanism of development of receptor desynchronosis, and secondly, the hormone-receptor status determines the sensitivity of endometrial hyperplasia to hormonal therapy.
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Employing algorithms in cosmetic facial surgery
Статья обзорная
The aim is to evaluate the scientific literature on the creation and application of algorithms in clinical settings, with a focus on their efficacy. Material and methods. The literature search was performed using the databases Scopus, Medline (PubMed), eLibrary (in total: 32 scientific papers).
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This study offers findings of endoscopic research of patients with stomach cancer after surgery of gastrectomy with different versions of small intestine plastic surgery. Total number of patients exposed to the research is 130, divided into 3 groups. Findings: veracious decrease of esophagitis (p
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Статья научная
The prevention of hereditary diseases associated with gene and chromosomal disorders, in particular multifactorial-polygenic diseases is one of actual areas of medical genotyping. For the first time in the population of the Republic of Azerbaijan we have identified mutations C174T and C235T of the angiotensinogen gene and mutation C677T of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene both in the control group and among patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system. Reliable connections for the frequency of occurrence of polymorphism of the C174T and C235T alleles of the angiotensinogen gene and polymorphism of the C677T allele of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene were found with a statistical method. To identify the ethno-geographic relationship of the mutations C174T and C235T of the AGT gene for the population of the Azerbaijan Republic, we examined practically healthy individuals and patients with CVD. The composition of this group was multinational and corresponded to the main national and ethnic composition of the Republic. The distribution of the identified mutations C174T and C235T of the AGT gene, as well as the C677T polymorphism of the MTHFR gene among ethnic groups of the Azerbaijan Republic is identified as uneven.
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GINA-2024: ключевые изменения и подходы к таргетной терапии
Статья научная
Представлен краткий обзор изменений и дополнений, внесенных в пересмотр GINA (Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention) от 2024 г. Приведены алгоритмы диагностики и терапии БА у детей в новой версии GINA в сопоставлении с данными кыргызского клинического протокола по БА, изданного в 2023 г. На основе рекомендаций GINA в Кыргызстане будут реализованы ряд организационных, научных и клинико-диагностических мероприятий. К примеру, на базе отделения аллергологии и клинической иммунологии Национального центра охраны материнства и детства при Министерстве здравоохранения Кыргызской Республики будет создана научно-исследовательская лаборатория по аллергологии, в том числе кабинет генно-инженерной биологической терапии.
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Galt enzyme deficiency identification in newborns in Azerbaijan
Статья научная
For the first time in Baku, Azerbaijan Republic in maternity houses by means of immunoenzyme analysis the genetic screening for galactosemia inherited metabolism disorder was carried out, and 3 newborns with GALT gene deficiency for were identified.
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Healthcare professionals in Kyrgyz Republic
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The profession of healthcare involves a lot of specialization, aspects of exploration, a lot of effort hard work and determination. Healthcare becomes the most valuable profession al globally because it deals with the life and concerns of the livelihood, hence the hype is worth and has proved that a quality life with the healthy body requires a strong healthcare system that has the potential and a zeal to provide, reform and be active on social, economic, regional and global levels. It becomes a very crucial task to provide health Care to all in need with a proper communication with the health system norms rules and does keep a statistical data for research and to tackle the future needs, pandemics, endemics and creation of better preventions, treatments and management for patients from different regions, ages and of signified distress or commodities. Kyrgyzstan also has a healthcare system which is called as Kyrgyzstan Soviet system of free universal healthcare which provides a reasonable number of doctors assistance nurses with medical clinics hospitals to provide care and treatment to respective illness and maintain regional health in the regional population. As per the research is formed that is the compulsory social and medical insurance (CSSM) program which was established on January 2020 that lets an individual pay for certain medical expenses and regulate Health Care in the better quality has turned to be an interesting and a much better way for improvement of social economic status of the country and a step towards a better community Health. As per the capita gross, national income of Kyrgyzstan was 1,170 dollars in 2015 and human development in desk has classified it to a medium human development country shows lower-middle-income economy. So far, human immunodeficiency virus HIV virus had very low percentage of prevalence that is 830 cases were officially reported on 2006 of February but that but the real number was estimated to be 10 times more. One of the reasons for spread has been the prison population and narcotic trafficking, whereas cardiovascular and respiratory conditions stand first for the reason of morbidity in the society. However, the rate of maternal mortality was more than 15% in 2008, that signifies that gets done is under the ‘very bad’ category of right to reproductive health as the nation is fulfilling only 55% of expected. Therefore, adding up to the issues related to family and community illness and creating a challenge for the healthcare system.
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Hepatic failure in pancreonecrosis and the development of abdominal sepsis
Статья научная
It is well known that acute destructive pancreatitis, pancreonecrosis is accompanied by severe endogenous intoxication, often leading to the development of multiple organ failure syndrome, liver failure is one of the important links in this process. The mortality rate of patients with pancreonecrosis related to liver failure is as high as 83%, and approximately 5% of patients with pancreonecrosis have fulminant liver failure. Proven: liver function is closely related to the progression of purulent-necrotic complications in patients with acute destructive pancreonecrosis. The authors present the data of literature on the importance of liver failure in the course and prognosis of acute destructive pancreatitis. The pathogenetic role of lipid peroxidation processes are especially emphasized. The controversial issues of portal and systemic bacteremia and toxemia in the development of pancreatogenic abdominal sepsis are discussed, as well as the involvement of the lymphatic system. The authors’ research aims to analytically dissect and summarize the processes underlying the clinical manifestations of liver failure in pancreatic necrosis and their underlying mechanisms, which may provide new insights for further understanding and better management of liver failure in patients with pancreatic necrosis and abdominal sepsis.
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Hirudotherapy as a method of treatment of arterial hypertension
Статья научная
The article under discussion deals with the treatment of arterial hypertension with the help of hirudotherapy. The author of the article believes that treatment with hirudotherapy (leeches) is widely used for arterial hypertension. It is noticed that carrying out of hirudotherapy changes reactivity of an organism, as a result sensitivity to carried out hypotensive medicament therapy increases. Components of a leech secretion, anti-ischemic influence and unloading of a blood flow allow to reduce a dosage of the applied drug. Treatment of hypertension by leeches practically always improves the well-being and objective condition of the patient, though results of therapy largely depend on the reason of hypertension, duration and intensity of the course, a correct choice of attachment points.
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