Медицинские науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
Implementation of Healthy Lifestyle Programs among Elderly and Senile Age Groups
Статья научная
This article examines the importance and practical aspects of implementing healthy lifestyle programs for elderly and senile age groups. The paper highlights the key directions of such programs, including the promotion of physical activity, balanced nutrition, prevention of chronic diseases, and the development of social and psychological support systems. Special attention is paid to the role of primary healthcare in coordinating health education, monitoring risk factors, and motivating older adults to adhere to recommended health practices. The analysis is based on recent research and practical experience, demonstrating that comprehensive healthy lifestyle programs significantly improve the quality of life, reduce morbidity, and contribute to active longevity. The study also identifies barriers to implementation and offers recommendations for optimizing these initiatives in the context of aging populations.
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Incidence and Trends of Brucellosis in Azerbaijan from 2000 to 2024
Статья научная
Brucellosis, a zoonotic infectious disease, is a serious problem in Azerbaijan. Monitoring is essential for effective disease control. The objective of the study was to analyze the incidence rate and trends of brucellosis in Azerbaijan from 2000 to 2024. Incidence rates per 100,000 population were calculated and a trend analysis was conducted. The number of registered brucellosis cases decreased from 649 in 2000 (8.2 per 100,000) to 364 in 2010 (4.1 per 100,000). Between 2011 and 2020, incidence rates fluctuated, peaking in 2019 at 551 cases (5.5 per 100,000), with a sharp decline to 190 cases (1.9 per 100,000) in 2020. The decline continued between 2021 and 2024, with 210 cases (2.1 per 100,000) recorded in 2024. Despite a decline in brucellosis incidence in Azerbaijan over the past two decades, the disease remains endemic. Strengthened surveillance and preventive measures are needed to further reduce incidence.
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Indicators of the dynamics of perinatal hypoxia in newborns
Статья научная
A comprehensive study of clinical and neurological changes in newborns in the relationship between the nature and duration of perinatal hypoxia (PH) was carried out. To assess the state of clinical and neurological changes, 52 newborns who underwent perinatal hypoxia were examined. The anamnesis of mothers who underwent combined perinatal hypoxia was significantly worse than in the group of children with acute asphyxia. Anemia, acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI), preeclampsia, fetoplacental insufficiency (FPI), the duration of the anhydrous interval, pathological childbirth served as predisposing factors contributing to the development of perinatal hypoxia. For an objective quantitative assessment of the dynamics of the neurological status of newborns, the “Scoring of the severity of perinatal encephalopathy”, developed at the Research Institute of Pediatrics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences by A.A. Stepanov (1998), was used. It is based on an integrated assessment of motor activity, innate reflexes and behavioral reactions of newborns, taking into account the quantitative characteristics of each newborn. The data obtained indicate that the duration of hypoxia, the state of health, the course of pregnancy and childbirth in the mother determine the severity of perinatal brain damage and affect the severity of clinical and neurological patterns. Combined perinatal hypoxia leads to deeper brain disorders and contributes to the formation of two or more syndromes in one child.
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Insulin resistance: mechanisms, clinical implications, and regional perspectives
Статья научная
Insulin resistance (IR) is a significant pathological condition marked by the impaired response of peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue to insulin, which results in disrupted glucose homeostasis. This dysfunction in insulin action is a key contributor to the development of numerous chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. The increasing prevalence of IR worldwide has sparked widespread concern in public health, as it plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of these conditions. In addition to its physical manifestations, IR is also linked to a range of molecular and biochemical alterations, which compound its detrimental effects on overall metabolic health. At the molecular level, the pathogenesis of IR involves a complex interplay of multiple mechanisms, including dysregulated insulin signaling, chronic low-grade inflammation, lipotoxicity, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. These cytokines promote the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates at serine residues, hindering the cascade of events required for effective glucose uptake and utilization. In addition, the accumulation of lipids in non-adipose tissues-termed lipotoxicity-further exacerbates insulin resistance by impairing the function of insulin receptors and signaling molecules, contributing to the progression of metabolic dysfunction. As this complex condition progresses, it is associated with an increased risk of several other serious health issues, including cardiovascular disease, kidney dysfunction, and certain forms of cancer. Consequently, understanding the underlying mechanisms of IR is crucial for the development of targeted therapies and interventions aimed at preventing and managing these associated diseases. Studies from various countries, including Turkey, Russia, and Azerbaijan, provide valuable insights into the prevalence and impact of IR across different populations, highlighting the need for context-specific approaches to diagnosis and treatment.
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Статья научная
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common and serious diseases of the abdominal organs. Among the diseases that form an acute surgical pathology of the abdominal organs, AP takes 3rd place, and there are from 8% to 14.5% of cases. Ultrasound is the most important diagnostic method for AP, which opens up wide possibilities, but the information content in the study of arterial and venous blood flow in the liver in AP is not yet fully understood. The aim of the study was to study the key changes in hemodynamic parameters of arterial and venous blood flow in patients with acute pancreatitis. The study group included 23 patients with a diagnosis of acute pancreatitis who were hospitalized at the Republican Clinical Hospital no. 4 and the Republican Clinical Hospital no. 3 of the city district of Saransk from October 2016 to April 2017. Ultrasound examination the pancreas against the background of acute pancreatitis showed that in the edematous form of acute pancreatitis, the size of the test organ was increased on the 1st day of the study...
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Key etiopathogenetic features of formation of uterine myoma
Статья научная
The steady growth of proliferative diseases from year to year is becoming more and more medical and social importance, which is associated with their clinical manifestations and recurrent course, adversely affect the quality of life and the ability to work of women. Uterine fibroids are the most common benign neoplasm in women of reproductive age. This article discusses the key issues of the etiopathogenesis of uterine fibroids. Uterine fibroids are a monoclonal hormone-sensitive neoplasm and are the most common tumour of the reproductive organs of women. The pathogenesis and developmental mechanisms of uterine fibroids today are complex and not fully understood. Perhaps the underlying theory is the ‘clonal expansion of uterine fibroids’, it is the clonal expansion that initiates the processes of neoangiogenesis, activated by tumor growth. Although to this day there remain many controversial and unresolved issues.
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Статья обзорная
In this literature review, the main etiological factors of intestinal obstruction, key aspects of a number of mechanisms of development of intestinal obstruction are considered. The problems of modern diagnostics of acute intestinal obstruction of various genesis are considered, including the erased picture of the disease on the basis of which the optimal therapeutic diagnostic algorithms were formed. Argumentation of methods of treatment proceeding from pathogenetic features of the given pathology is resulted.
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Статья научная
Background: Varicella, or chickenpox, is an extremely contagious viral disease that is contracted through the Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV). In general, it is a mild infection in childhood, however, varicella carries a huge risk of the severe disease and death in adults, especially in a densely populated place, like a university dormitory. Objective: The present study is to determine the level of knowledge, past history, vaccination, and attitudes about varicella among students of Osh State University in Kyrgyzstan. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among 503 students in the medical field took place using a structured questionnaire. Data were collected on demographics, knowledge of disease transmission and symptoms, vaccination history, and attitudes toward prevention. Results: Most of the respondents were aged 17 to 20 or 21 to 23. Most students pointed out the correct causative agent and symptoms, but a great part was not clear about the transmission (for instance, they thought mosquito bites). Alarmingly, a large number of respondents did not know that adults suffer more from varicella than children do. The immunization coverage was inconsistent; the group consisted of one-dose, two-dose, and non-immunized individuals. Conclusion: A lack of specific clinical knowledge regarding the severity of adult varicella is felt among students. Given the crowded living conditions in hostels and flats, it is strongly recommended to organize a catch-up vaccination campaign and an awareness program.
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Methods of medical rehabilitation for patients recovering from COVID-19
Статья научная
The COVID-19 pandemic has left a significant number of patients suffering from long-term symptoms and complications requiring comprehensive rehabilitation strategies. This article reviews contemporary approaches to post-COVID rehabilitation, highlighting respiratory and cardiovascular recovery, psychological support, and physical rehabilitation methods. The study focuses on age-specific rehabilitation needs and evaluates the effectiveness of various methodologies based on clinical trials and empirical data.
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Modern aspects of etiology, mechanisms, pathogenesis and diagnostics of ovarian formations
Статья обзорная
This review focuses on ovarian lesions. Ovarian tumors occupy the 3rd place among all tumors of the female genital organs, and 7th in the overall structure of malignant tumors, so the problem of timely diagnosis and treatment of ovarian lesions remains relevant. The share of benign ovarian tumors accounts for 70-80%. Among benign ovarian lesions, epithelial lesions are most common - tatami up to 16% and cystadenoma up to 22.8%. Histogenesis of ovarian formations is not fully understood, which explains the contradictions in the origin of a particular tumor. For the first time, features of the mechanisms of neoplasm formation have been described by A. Knudson et al., his team was one of the first to develop and publish the theory of ‘double strike’, interpreting the mechanisms for implementing sporadic and hereditary forms of neoplasms. Ovarian cancer - both on the part of the etiology and the clinical picture of a heterogeneous genetically determined pathology. The basis of the emergence of this group of tumors is the mutation of the genetic apparatus of the cell...
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Modern diagnostic opportunities for detecting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Статья обзорная
This article is devoted to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFTLD), more precisely to the modern possibilities of diagnosing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Today, the world practice of studying diseases is characterized by a multifactor approach, in particular, it concerns pathologies, the basis of which is a cascade of metabolic disorders. At present, NAFTLD is considered an integral part of the “metabolic syndrome”. The frequency of occurrence varies from 14 to 26%, in addition, 10% of patients show signs of steatohepatitis non-alcoholic aetiology. Clinical manifestations of NAFTLD do not differ in specificity and diversity. This pathology is quite long able to proceed asymptomatically, and pathological changes in the liver are detected quite randomly, and as clinical practice shows, such patients turn to medical organizations for completely different reasons. The authors consider in detail aspects of the clinical and anamnestic characteristics of this nosology and provide an overview of the diagnostic complex used to identify NAFTLD and possible diagnostic markers.
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Molecular heterogeneity of classical and Duarte galactosemia
Статья научная
For the first time we have conducted molecular-genetic analysis of GALT gene of galactosemia inherited disease in the newborn blood which found at the result of screening conducted maternity houses of Baku city of Azerbaijan Republic. For Azerbaijan people for the first-time identification of substitution of adenine nucleotide with guanine nucleotide in GALT gene position 563 was conducted. It leaded to substitution of glycineamino acid with arginine amino acid in position 188 of mutation protein. Galactosemia is an alteration that alters the way the body processes galactose. It may be due to a deficiency of any of the three enzymes of the galactose catabolic pathway; galactose-1- phosphate urydiltransferase (Gal-1-PUT), galactokinase or urydil diphosphate (UDP)- galactose-4-epimerase. Individuals having galactosemia are intolerant to lactose and galactose in milk. In the lack of proper diagnosis and treatment, this disorder can lead to enlarged liver, cirrhosis, renal failure, cataracts, brain damage and even death. Long term complications can be prevented with early diagnosis following birth and by eliminating lactose and galactose containing nutrients from daily diet.
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Noceceptive system: features of physiological bases of functioning
Статья обзорная
This article is devoted to the features of the physiological functioning of the nociceptive system. Nociception is a neurophysiological term that describes the totality of the perception, conduct, and processing of signals about processes or effects. Accordingly, the system itself, which implements the translation of such signals, is called nociceptive. The concept of pain reflects a kind of subjective experience accompanying nociception. In addition, there are reactions to nociceptive irritation in the depressed mind. This article reflects the hypotheses that form the concept of a nociceptive system and the physiological mechanisms of perception, analysis and response to nociceptive information. Over the past decade, there has been tremendous progress in the study of the molecular features of phenomena and processes. Multicomponent reactions initiated by the reception of pain, develop according to certain algorithms, referring to the parameters of nociceptive signals, where the study of molecular markers is particularly promising. In the body there is also a specialized response to nociceptive information, which is called the antinociceptive system. The results of many years of research have revealed correlation parallels and significantly significant differences in the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms of pain in a given pathological condition.
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Статья обзорная
This literature review focuses on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFTLD). Today, the world practice of researching diseases is characterized by a multifactor approach, in particular, it concerns pathologies, which are based on a cascade of metabolic disorders, where insulin resistance is one of the key places. Today, NAFTLD is considered an integral part of the metabolic syndrome. The frequency of occurrence of NAFTLD varies from 14 to 26%, in addition, 10% of patients show signs of steatohepatitis non-alcoholic etiology. The pathogenesis of steatosis and metabolic steatohepatitis is poorly studied and there are very contradictory data in the literature, which served as the basis for the creation of this review. The authors consider in detail the historical aspect of the formation of the NAFTLD as an independent nosological unit. A number of etiological aspects of the formation of NAFTLD, but to a large extent, the review is devoted to the mechanisms and pathogenesis of the formation of NAFTLD...
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Non-infectious Causes of Rash Mimicking Infectious Diseases
Статья научная
Non-infectious rashes often mimic infectious etiologies and are, therefore, a source of diagnostic difficulty, treatment delays, and mismanagement. The clinical overlap is due to similarities in morphology, systemic symptoms, and patterns of distribution. This article provides an in-depth scholarly review of the non-infectious disorders that clinically resemble infectious dermatologic diseases and includes drug eruptions, autoimmune disorders, allergic reactions, vascular pathologies, genetic syndromes, and environmental causes. Using a narrative review-based methodological approach, clinical presentation, diagnosis-related pitfalls, differential features, and modern investigative techniques are discussed. The findings highlight the need for early consideration of non-infectious mimickers in clinical assessment to avoid unnecessary use of antimicrobials and adverse consequences. Recommendations for practitioners relate to structured diagnostic algorithms, increased dermatology training, collaboration across medical disciplines, and refined clinical guidelines.
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Статья научная
Pleural effusion (PE) is an abnormal accumulation of fluid between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura. PE is a symptom of more than 80 different diseases, thus affecting doctors of various specialties. Chemical pleurodesis is an artificial induction of an aseptic inflammatory process by introducing various chemical agents into the pleural cavity in order to obliterate the pleural cavity. Despite the fact that the history of pleurodesis is more than a century old, there is still a search for the most effective, safe and affordable sclerosant. Develop our own technique of chemical pleurodesis. Evaluation the efficacy and safety of using iodpovidone as a pleurosclerosant. The study was conducted on the basis of the clinic named after I. K. Akhunbaev National Hospital of the Ministry of Health of the Kyrgyz Republic in the department of thoracic surgery. The study included 51 patients with PE of various etiologies, who were treated in the department from September 2019 to February 2023. PE in all cases had a refractory course. All patients underwent drainage of the pleural cavity, after complete expansion of the lung, a chemical pleurodesis procedure was performed with a 10% solution of iodpovidone. After this manipulation, we evaluated the effectiveness and safety of the technique. An effective technique is possibility to reduce the volume of pleural fluid and, as a result, remove drainage from the pleural cavity. In 45 cases out of 51, the technique was effective, which amounted to 88.2%. It is important that the procedure was accompanied by minimal side effects in the form of pain and temperature reaction. Chemical pleurodesis with iodopovidone is an effective, safe and affordable method in the treatment of patients with refractory PE.
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Patterns of behaviour in men caused by sexual dysfunctions
Статья научная
On the basis of special scientific researches and clinical observations the following patterns of behaviour outside intimacy in men with sexual dysfunctions were distinguished and described: 1) avoidance; 2) directed on preservation of the former matrimonial status (the compensatory variant, the manipulative variant); 3) directed on creation of the image of a man with a strong sexual potency; 4) sublimation and behavioural changes, which are phenomenologically close to it; 5) directed on elimination of the sexual disorder; 6) asthenical; 7) subdepressed-depressed; 8) spreading of fear into the situations, which are not connected with intimacy; 9) loss of initiative in establishing of attitudes to women, specific restrictions at a choice of a sexual female partner; 10) behavioural transformations caused by dynamic shifts of character's traits; 11) hyposexual; 12) hypersexual.
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Postoperative symptomatic improvement of pectus excavatum patient following Nuss procedure
Статья научная
Pectus excavatum is a funnelling of posterior chest wall. Wide depression area is seen at mid sternum, particularly from 3rd to 7thcostal cartilage. Genetic predisposition is not scientifically proved but defective embryogenesis is surely involved. Congenital pectus excavatum is a very common defect, but a congenital chest defect is very rare. Until the symptoms are not present, there is no need of its treatment. If the pectus excavatum has cardio-respiratory problem then it needs firstly, conservative treatment like supportive therapy (chest brace) and then, if supportive therapy fails, we should go for the surgical intervention.
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Problem tuboperitoneal infertility in women of reproductive age
Статья обзорная
Family health is an indicator reflecting the health status of the population. According to world statistics around the world about 15% of couples suffer from infertility. The proportion of infertile couples in the Russian Federation varies from 8 to 21%, while more than 55% of cases of infertility are due to impaired reproductive function. Inflammation of the fallopian tubes is one of the main causes of infertility. According to many authors in the Russian Federation, in groups of women up to 38 years old, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs occur from 20% to 50%. As a result of the development of damage to the fallopian tubes, the risk of developing tuboperitoneal infertility is high. According to statistics, every fifth woman has chronic inflammations, while 75% of them have adhesions in the small pelvis, in which the fallopian tubes are affected, not even having surgical treatment. All the above facts make the problems of tuboperitoneal infertility extremely low. This article presents the results of a clinical-factor analysis of tuboperitoneal infertility in women of reproductive age. Considered in detail the main factors that ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the treatment in accordance with the algorithms of therapeutic and diagnostic tactics.
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Статья научная
The article examines the main issues related to the socio-medical rehabilitation of citizens who have recovered from COVID-19. It highlights the challenges faced by healthcare systems in organizing comprehensive rehabilitation programs, to the needs of different age groups and vulnerable populations, as well as the importance of psychological support and physical recovery. The study also emphasizes the role of interdisciplinary cooperation and the development of personalized rehabilitation strategies to improve the quality of life for patients after recovery.
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