Статьи журнала - Вестник Волгоградского государственного университета. Серия 2: Языкознание

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The art of storytelling in the digital age: a multimodal perspective

The art of storytelling in the digital age: a multimodal perspective

Chemodurova Zinaida M.

Статья научная

Using Dan Brown’s Wild Symphony , Craig Silvey’s The Amber Amulet , and Jon McGregor’s In Winter the Sky as its case studies, this article attempts to explore a number of mechanisms and strategies contributing to the multimodal fiction construction and posing challenges for modern readers of all ages. The article proposes to examine multimodal resonance as a cognitive mechanism enhancing the emotional impact of multimodal stories on recipients and triggering the receptive mechanism of narrative empathy. Various semiotic resources, both free resources, such as photos, maps, and illustrations, and bound ones, including font types and typographical experiments, are analyzed from the standpoint of their role in fictional world creation. The article makes an original contribution to the Multimodal Stylistics Studies by hypothesizing the relevance of identifying two distinctive mechanisms of foregrounding: visual foregrounding as a range of formal ways to construct a multimodal text that focuses the reader’s attention with the help of free semiotic resources, and graphic foregrounding, which has bound semiotic resources at its heart. The findings of the research prove that it is the combination of elements of stylistic, cognitive and linguo-semiotic analyses that might provide a new and effective methodologyfor interpreting a multimodal literary text. The overall outcome testifies to the importance of further research into varied mechanisms of foregrounding as a complex phenomenon essential for our better understanding of the embodied character of reading.

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The language means of comicality in clickbait headings

The language means of comicality in clickbait headings

Prokofeva Natalia A., Akulovich Irina A.

Статья научная

The analysis of material presented in the media discourse demonstrates significant changes in the intentionality of the journalistic text, which are reflected in establishing contacts so as to grab and retain the reader’s attention. This feature of modern media text is represented in changing genre preferences, speech tactics and strategies, and, consequently, selecting and combining linguistic means. One of the manifestations of this trend is the phenomenon of clickbait, which is a communicative act of promising to continue communication. This article is dedicated to the clickbait with the semantics of comicality. The collected from the Russian-language Internet research material includes clickbait headings that promise a certain funny content. The study revealed that a clickbait model includes the following semantic components: a stimulating utterance of the subject of speech seeking to involve the reader in the humorous nature of hypertext; the verbal and non-verbal markers of the object of laughter; markers, which reflect Internet user’s involvement in the communicative act. The analysis of relationship between the components of a clickbait model resulted in specifying four types of clickbait headlines: 1) narrative headlines, which invite the reader to laugh what some other readers have already laughed at; 2) offering headlines suggesting some comic entertainment; 3) allusive clickbaits that hint on the possibility to continue amusing reading; 4) nominative clickbaits, which name the expected laughing reaction to the presentation of some objects.

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The main characteristics of stephen king’s idiostyle

The main characteristics of stephen king’s idiostyle

Takhtarova Svetlana S., Zubinova Amelia Sh.

Статья научная

The paper presents stylistic value of simile and metaphor as the major features of Stephen King’s idiostyle. The linguistic analysis of some novels (1408, Carrie, The Shining, Dreamcatcher, Dead Zone) is aimed at discovering sematic and structural types of simile and metaphor, revealing their functions in the content development. Structural analysis of simile and metaphor constituency in the above mentioned novels resulted in allocating some formal patterns: a one-term verbal simile (as if... verb, verb... like... verb), a two-term attribute simile (noun-like), a two-term or three-term nominative simile, and simple (a one-image) or expanded pattern of metaphor. The sematic analysis of Stephen King’s novels lets reveal the compound character of simile and metaphor use. Both tropes are used predominantly to create tension in narration that is often raised up to the atmosphere of horror, the latest is considered by the researchers to be a major feature of the idiostyle of the author under study. Having described some semantic ways of expanding horror, death, savageness, mood and expressiveness with similes and metaphors, the researchers concluded that these tropes perform leading functions in personalizing Stephen King’s idiostyle: constructing images and describing feelings that characters are going into along with creating the tone of tension and horror; performing common stylistic function despite the fact that they differ in the way the atmosphere of tension and horror is built: explicit realization in simile and implicit by various types of morphemes in metaphor.

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The multimodal constitution of objects: how church viewing is accomplished

The multimodal constitution of objects: how church viewing is accomplished

Schmitt Reinhold

Статья научная

Based on a single case analysis, this essay examines the question of what the structure of a church viewing is like. Within a theoretical framework which conceptualizes the church viewing as a cultural practice, “object constitution” is regarded as a central aspect and as a visitor ’s active achievement. For the composition of the church viewings corpus, visitors were not only filmed whilst walking through the church interior and visually perceiving certain aspects of the architecture, but were also asked to verbally comment their visual perceptions. The church viewing corpus was recorded with two cameras: an action camera, documenting from the church visitors’ perspective; the other a contextual camera following the visitors on their way through the church interior. This experimental design, which uses the verbal commenting of the visitors’ own perception as a scientific method, allows reconstructing their church viewing concepts as a dynamic interplay of their visual selection und perception of the church interior and the verbal commenting of their visual perception. The single case analysis proves that object constitution is in fact a visitor ’s active accomplishment by which parts of the church interior are brought forth in a new way: Anton, the analysed visitor, who examines in detail two large paintings hanging on the wall, constitutes them as “picture frames”.

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The nature of Chinese and Russian subcultures in urban discourse

The nature of Chinese and Russian subcultures in urban discourse

Leontovich Olga A., Kotelnikova Nadezhda N.

Статья научная

The paper seeks to examine the communicative aspect of modern Chinese and Russian urban subcultures. The nominations of urban social groups representing young people in Russia and China and their connection to modern communication practices are viewed from the perspective of urban communication studies, which provides an opportunity for a new comprehension of issues connected with verbal and nonverbal constituents of urban discourse. The indicates that the subcultures in the Russian urban landscape are reflected in such nominations as фрики (freaki), мажоры (majory), хипстеры (hipstery), брейк-дансеры (break-dancery), байкеры (bikery), etc. The Chinese subcultures are known under such names as shamate, xiaoqingxin, tuyayawenhua, erciyuanyawenhua, egaoyawenhua and many others. We argue that in both countries the unity of social subgroups is based not so much on ideological preferences, but rather on lifestyles, hobbies and interests, many of them formed under the Western influence. The subcultures discussed in the research represent a broad panorama of Chinese and Russian social life. They reflect the sociocultural dynamics of attitudes, values and lifestyles influenced by globalization but acquiring nationally specific features, which transform them into unique sociocultural phenomena.

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The problem of studying neologisms and their influence on the ecology of language

The problem of studying neologisms and their influence on the ecology of language

Shamne Nikolay Leonidovich, Rets Irina Vladimirovna

Статья научная

The article raises the issues of neology and ecolinguistics. The authors specify the criteria of ecolinguistic approach to studying neologisms based on ecolinguistic monitoring which helps to elicit factors that influence the formation of new words, spheres in which they function in language as well as to define the type of new words and number of loanwords among them. The data under analysis is compiled by about 3 000 new words that appeared in English and Dutch in the last three decades. The authors elicit the main changes in the ecology of the Dutch language on different levels in the stated time frame together with the factors that motivate the formation of neologisms. Among extralinguistic factors the authors list such determinants as the emergence of new realia; scientific and technical advancement; globalization and development of the Internet. To intralinguistic factors the following are referred: linguistic economy; expressiveness of linguistic means; systematization of the vocabulary; unification of linguistic signs; conversion and the shift in stylistic usage of the words can also generate neologisms. Future development of the ecolinguistic approach in neology will help to track the evolution of modern national language and preserve its ecolinguistic balance. The research results can be used in language education, lexicographic practice or state language policy.

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The pseudonymous code of G. Chkhartishvili

The pseudonymous code of G. Chkhartishvili

Snigireva Tatyana A., Podchinenov Aleksey V., Snigirev Aleksey V.

Статья научная

This paper sets out to systematize the multiple pseudonyms used by the contemporary writer G. Chkhartishvili. These are B. Akunin ( The Adventures of Erast Fandorin, The Adventures of Sister Pelagia, a series of novels The Adventures of the Master, the project Genres, the plays The Seagull, Yin and Yang, the project The History of the Russian State ), Boris Akunin and Grigory Chkhartishvili ( Cemetery Stories ), Akunin-Chkhartishvili ( Aristonomy, Another Way ), Grigory Chkhartishvili ( The Writer and Suicide ), Anatoly Brusnikin ( Devyatny Spas, Hero of Another Time, Bellona ) and Anna Borisova ( Kreativschik, There, The Seasons ). We investigate reasons for the multiplicity of Akuninian pseudonyms, a strategically honed system of which contributes to his authorial image. It is shown that, while the commercial pseudonyms are aimed at promoting his new literary projects and are implemented through a conspiracy game played with the reader, the creative ones serve to manifest the author’s breadth of interests and philological knowledge such that every new pen name triggers a new writing strategy and a new creative tactic. The analysis of various literary masks’ influence on the author’s creative outcome shows that each pseudonym is ‘placed’ in the literary, genre or artistic time of the text. B. Akunin is primarily the author of historical retro-detective stories, whereas adventure novels are signed by the pen name of A. Brusnikin. A. Borisova ‘writes’ prose set in the present day. From the very beginning, the author ’s real name has been always assigned to his serious literature. The authorial system of names is being constantly refined, distinguishing B. Akunin, the fiction writer, from G. Chkhartishvili, the elite literature writer, in the novels Aristonomy and Another Way the twinned name Akunin-Chartishvili deliver another conceptual image. In conclusion it is stated that the abundance of Chartishvili’s pen names evinces the author’s intellectual and personal intrigue, which points to multiconceptual character of their pseudonymous code, being auto- and self-marketing, creative auto- and self-identification.

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The russian language test: towards assessing text comprehension

The russian language test: towards assessing text comprehension

Mccarthy Kathryn Soo, Mcnamara Danielle Siobhan, Solnyshkina Marina I., Tarasova Fanuza Kh., Kupriyanov Roman V.

Статья научная

Reading comprehension relies on a variety of complex skills that are not effectively assessed by existing Russian language tests. At the same time, Russian textbooks are criticized both for their low text quality and high text complexity. This study addresses issues of Russian language proficiency and comprehension assessment with the development of the Russian Language Test (RLT) . The RLT was constructed to measure proficiency relevant to textbook comprehension, such as grammar and vocabulary knowledge, establishing propositional meaning and inferencing. Results from this initial study including 81 fifth-grade and 94 ninth-grade students confirm that students struggle with grammatical inferences and identifying the main idea in a text. Additionally, three standardized Russian exams, VPR, OGE, EGE are analyzed, affording an overview of the testing system for the Russian language from the elementary through high school education levels. This study demonstrates promise for the use of the RLT as a language proficiency assessment and provides a broad context for understanding the current state of Russian language tests for native speakers.

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The syntax and semantics of the perfect structure: a comparative approach

The syntax and semantics of the perfect structure: a comparative approach

Guron Jacqueline

Статья научная

The article covers some issues that concern the syntax and semantics of the present perfect construction in English and other languages. It states that all Present Perfects may be associated with what is considered the canonical construal in which an assertion is located at the present time but reports the existence of a past situation. However, some Present Perfects may, in addition, have a simple past aorist meaning. The author focuses on pluractional and evidential construals of the Present Perfect in some languages, argue that the Passé Composé construal and the Aorist construal of the perfect construction belong to two different modes of discourse, discours and récit , underlines their variability associated with a complex syntactic structure (an auxiliaryverb and a verbal participle for Present Perfect, while the Aorist construal is associated with a simple verbal structure). According to the author, the Perfect has both syntactic and analytical ways of realization, thus the analytical syntactic structure of the Perfect is in English, French and German, with both a tensed auxiliaryverb and a past participle, whereas it is synthetic in Latin, Russian and Arabic as is presented in the past participle alone; in languages with overt aspectual marking, aspect mayvaryon either the auxiliary, if it exists, or on the participle.

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The verbalization of emotions in social and cultural aspects

The verbalization of emotions in social and cultural aspects

Besemeres Mary, Wierzbicka Anna

Статья обзорная

The article deals with the role of the language in the interpretation of emotions, their adequate perception and comprehension in a foreign language. The existence of «cognitive scenarios» helps the recipients to perceive and interpret the emotions in both native and foreign languages in the process of bilingual communication.

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The “internationalist” Rosa Luxemburg as a translator

The “internationalist” Rosa Luxemburg as a translator

Kelletat Andreas F.

Статья научная

This article is devoted to the description of the translation activity of Rosa Luxemburg, one of the most influential representatives of the German and European revolutionary left-wing Social Democracy. She was proficient in the Polish, Russian, German and French languages, and she conducted active propaganda, an important component of which consisted in the translation of works and articles by prominent Social Democrats into German and Polish. The author of the article carries out a diachronic analysis of the translation activity of Rosa Luxemburg. It is noted that translations from Russian and Polish played an important role in the preparation of the doctoral dissertation by Rosa Luxemburg. The dissertation was presented in Switzerland and dealt with the problems of Poland’s industrial development. The translatological evaluation of Rosa Luxemburg’s translations has not yet been undertaken, and the relevance of the given research consists in the new interpretation of the ways of forming the political discourse of the Social Democrats in Europe at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Analysis of Rosa Luxemburg’s main translations allows noting that the translation of Vladimir Korolenko’s book The History of my Contemporary, which was published after her tragic death, is of the highest importance among all the translations. The translation of V. Korolenko’s book was republished many times, and the prospect of the article consists both in evaluating the quality of R. Luxemburg’s translation and in analyzing the perception of this book in Europe during the entire 20th century until 1985, when it was included in the Library of World Literature of the Zurich publishing house Manesse-Verlag.

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To believe in the old church slavonic gospel translation (codex marianus)

To believe in the old church slavonic gospel translation (codex marianus)

Daiber Thomas

Статья научная

Drawing on theoretical definition of a speech act, the paper seeks to compare the theoretical semantics of BELIEVE with the lexical semantics of the words used in the Old Slavonic Gospel translation for expressing different modes of believing. The general principles in the use of the verb в4ровати and related paraphrasing utterances in comparison to Greek according to the majority of instances have been considered. The historical use of lexical material shows that the development of different ways of morphosyntactic use reflects the development of communication practices which are an index of societal behaviour. The author states it that the comparison of the speech act BELIEVE with contested lexical semantics provided the conclusion that a verb *věriti cannot be reconstructed for Proto-Slavic, but at the period under analysis the concept BELIEVE was verbalized by в4ровати with the primary personal meaning of “believe in someone” (the dative of a person is needed in constructions like “I have faith in Him”). It is supposed that the necessity to introduce the verb *věriti appeared when people started to extend the personal meaning of BELIEVE upto “an impersonal believed object” (sematic bleaching), and if they did it the verb *věriti might had been analogically produced as derivation of the primary noun. The author concludes that the translation technique of the first Slavonic Bible is more ad sensum than ad verbum and sometimes even reveals theological considerations of the translator.The speech act BELIEVE seems to display semantic bleaching as it loses its transcendent truth conditions and becomes more and more connected with impersonal believed objects.

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Toxic communication zones and emotive markers in the Russian-language work environment

Toxic communication zones and emotive markers in the Russian-language work environment

Pavlova E.B., Valeeva N.G.

Статья научная

The paper addresses the problems of toxic communications in the workplace and considers lexical and grammatical means of expressing emotions. The material for the study was former workers’ comments and anonymous questionnaires completed by current employees of Russian enterprises. Based on empirical data processed under Fisher’s angular transformation method, which enabled highly accurate comparison of small samples, three toxic communication zones in industrywere identified: the zones of toxic bosses, toxic management, and toxic workers. The authors performed a Likert scale survey of executives, managers, and workers. The results of single-factor and two-factor analysis of variance helped us to establish the relation between toxic communication and so-called toxicity focuses, that is, standard topics which are constantly in the centre of destructive communications in the workplace. The paper determines lexical and grammatical means of expressing emotions which are emotive markers of toxic communication (affectives and connotatives). It shows that abusive words and phrases, zoolexics, vernacular and slang vocabulary, colloquial emotionally colored vocabulary, and phraseological units are equally relevant for all three zones of toxic communication zones. Quantitative analysis of the identified emotive markers in terms of their structural and morphological characteristics revealed the abundance of interjections, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs of degree and intensity.

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Transformation of communicative and emotional values in Russian linguoculture

Transformation of communicative and emotional values in Russian linguoculture

Volkova Yana A., Panchenko Nadezhda N.

Статья научная

Values are generally accepted guidelines that are important for the formation, development and existence of both the individual and society. In his communicative practice, a person relies on universal and culturally-based values, which, in turn, are subject to evolution or degradation at various stages of social development. The authors of the article, guided by the idea of the flexibility and variability of values in certain historical epochs, attempt to demonstrate that at present, due to social and cultural processes, communicative and emotional values in Russian linguistic culture undergo certain change, which transforms the existing system of values. The researchers’ attention is focused on such communicative values as truth and modesty, which seem to be unconditional and absolute moral and ethical guidelines for representatives of Russian linguistic culture. The analyzed material from the National Corpus of the Russian language, Internet forums and examples from live conversation show that in the modern Russian-speaking consciousness, truthful and modest communicative behavior is interpreted and evaluated a little differently than before. Similar to communicative values, the value of emotions is also subject to transformation. As an example of the inversion of the linguocultural value of emotions, we consider the emotion of anger, which is among the universal human emotions. The analysis of modern feature films allows us to conclude that anger and other destructive emotions of the protagonist can be recognized as a constructive force that changes the world for the better, and its positive assessment leads to such behavior being socially approved in real life.

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Translation genius and social networks

Translation genius and social networks

Guseynova Innara A., Gorozhanov Alexey I., Kudinova Elena S.

Статья научная

The paper attempts to consider changes in the translator's activity caused by the turn towards digital transformation in the institutional sphere. The analysis is based on material from German social networks, their content being the subject matter for the modern translator who is a specialist in cross-cultural and cross-lingual communication. The studydescribes the algorithm for implementing social management at the macrostructural and compositional levels. The emphasis is also placed on the institutional spheres that are most susceptible to digital transformation, which include nutrition and healthy lifestyle, education and many others. Total digital transformation of these institutional spheres is primarily evidenced by an increase in neologisms recorded in electronic databases, and dictionaries with an indication of their contextual use and their further popularization, first of all, in mass media texts. The results of the analysis lead the authors to conclude that training a new generation of interpreters and translators should include mastering the skill of working with big data, different corpora of texts, neologisms marked by or containing the industry component, as well as the need to develop glossary-type dictionaries for branches of knowledge. Considering the controversial content of social networks, the authors of the paper come to the conclusion that it is necessary to develop the code of ethics for the social networks translator.

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Translation of it marketing texts: linguistic and pragmatic factors

Translation of it marketing texts: linguistic and pragmatic factors

Sokolova Natalia V.

Статья научная

The paper focuses on translating specialised marketing texts of software vendors and draws upon lexical units thereof and translation tactics employed in the process. The research material is English marketing texts of SAP and their German and Russian translations. Our hypothesis is that the choice of translation tactics may be conditioned by intertwined linguistic and pragmatic factors. To achieve the goal - to identify factors influencing the translator’s tactic choice of rendering English lexical units of marketing texts into German and Russian - the following methods have been utilized: the continuous sampling, comparative, descriptive ones, and the lexico-semantic analysis. The findings demonstrate that the choice of translation tactics in this respect can be conditioned bythe following linguistic and pragmatic factors: 1) translatological information types, with all the four types being present in the material of study (cognitive, operative, emotive, and aesthetic); 2) target languages and cultures (German or Russian); 3) the lexico-semantic structure of the lexical units under study. With regard to cognitive information, the use of the precise information transfer tactic is relevant while correct information presentation can be avoided as some terms and abbreviations are left untranslated, with the latter tactic being prevailing in the German texts. As for emotive, aesthetic, and operative information, stylistic adaptation can be evident in the Russian target texts as opposed to the German ones.

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Translatological trilingualism: challenges and perspectives

Translatological trilingualism: challenges and perspectives

Alexeeva I.S., Boyarkina A.V., Prosyukova K.O., Takhtarova S.S.

Статья научная

The paper considers the analysis of translatological trilingualism which is essential for cross-cultural exchange andtranslation studies. Todaytrilingualism is perceived as a form ofmultilingualism thatincludes a mechanism for formation and development of a language personality. The paper presents the accumulated experience of trilingual educational techniques in Russia and abroad, which was starklydemonstrated by I. Alexeeva, as well as the perspectives of their implementation into the educational process. Trilingualism is considered as a complex phenomenon that includes anthropological, social and linguistic, as well as social and cultural components. The aspect ofcultures which implies the phased existence of the same text in three linguistic substances, as well as translation of literaryworks aimed at transfer of the works of fiction from one language to another through an intermediary language. Concurrently, the special attention is paid to the Russian language and its productive role as a cultural mediator in translation of the world literature to the languages of the peoples of Russia, which has not been thoroughly studied yet. The intermediary results of the research were presented byA. Boyarkina. The paper reveals perspectives for application of the trilingual model in order to expand the translatological functions of the artificial intelligence. The Master's programme in “Translation Theory, Cross-Cultural and Cross-Lingual Communication” implementedat Kazan Federal University, revealed by S. Takhtarova, the head of theprogramme, and K. Prosyukova, thecoordinator oftheprogramme, aswell as other educational programmes in St. Petersburg and Almaty, carefully analysed by I. Alexeeva and A. Boyarkina, are the successful examples of trilingualism as an educational tool. To sum up, it is concluded that the interaction of three languages is able tocreate the effective educational environment that ensures the exchange ofcultures and transmits cultural values, as well as linguistic and translation skills, formed on the basis of other two languages.

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Transmitting information without an individual material carrier

Transmitting information without an individual material carrier

Shuneyko Aleksandr A., Chibisova Olga V.

Статья научная

The present article deals with the semantic and functional characteristics of a zero sign, which represents a significant and apprehended absence of some symbol in the context, where it was or should be under the mandatory conditions for the existence of this environment. Its characteristics have not been properly described in scientific works, th erefore the study, based on the meth ods of semantic, distr ibutive a nd communicative analysis, survey and comparison of the features of different units, aimed at filling the gap in the interpretation of types of language units, seems to be a current matter of interest. The authors use the term zero sign to denote a unit that does not have an external form, performs special functions, and is actively represented in various cultural spheres. The article demonstrates the presence of a zero sign in the languages. Its registration is an indispensable condition for the correct interpretation of the context. The absence of anything can report as much information as its presence. A zero sign occupies a special place among the ways of transmitting information without material carriers. The study results ascertain that a zero sign plays an essential role in t he extremely complex process of information transmission. In conclusion the authors give a range of applications which are related to the subsequent detailing of the means and methods of information transmission and the prospects for their purposeful use.

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What may statistics tell us about null subjects in Russian?

What may statistics tell us about null subjects in Russian?

Eismont Polina M.

Статья научная

The article highlights the linguistic phenomenon of abandoning the expletively presented syntactic subject (the Subject Phenomenon) in different languages and focuses on its exemplification by the Russian language. It is shown that despite the existing number of studies on this issue, there is lack of precisely formulated criteria that determine the choice of linguistic means to represent a syntactic subject in the languages, which allow both options (partial subject languages). Based on the discussion of literature on the topic and on the statistical analysis of 16,718 sentence samples from the spoken language, print journalism, and fiction subcorpora of the Russian National Corpus, the article argues that the choice between and overt subjects in Russian sentences depends on factors such as tense, person, and style, but that this dependency is rather weak, owing to the fact that the Russian language system is now in the process of change. -subjectness is not an exclusive syntactic parameter and should be studied along with other aspects like semantics and pragmatics. The statistical data from this study support previously discussed diachronic and acquisition data, and confirm that languages do not nicely distribute themselves into distinct groups, but inhabit a constantly changing continuum.

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«Детский английский» в аспекте универсальных языковых тенденций

«Детский английский» в аспекте универсальных языковых тенденций

Скребнева Тамара Григорьевна

Статья научная

В статье осуществлен анализ «детского английского» языка в его субстандартных проявлениях. Работа нацелена на классификацию лексических единиц в избранной коллоквиальной области. Систематизация слов основана на сравнении нейтральных образцов с их специфическими («детскими») соответствиями. Результаты анализа демонстрируют качественные проявления двух основных тенденций существования языка - избыточности и недостаточности - на уровне лексики очерченной области. Исследование определяет основные модели «детского английского» языка (языка, которым пользуются дети), реализованные в художественной литературе (в качестве материала для анализа были выбраны произведения А. Милна). Установлены фонетические и морфологические механизмы формирования специфики языка выбранной сферы изучения. Редукция и расширение состава слова наблюдаются в начальной, серединной и конечной позициях; они обусловлены либо необходимостью упрощения звучания неудобопроизносимых сочетаний, либо смысловой незначимостью устраняемых или добавляемых элементов, либо недостаточно четким представлением говорящих о грамматических нормах языка. В подавляющем большинстве случаев новообразования понятны собеседникам из контекста или ситуации. Вместе с тем встречаются единицы, вызывающие определенную трудность в понимании. Описываемая стилистическая сфера частично пересекается со специфической областью субстандартного языка взрослых, однако некоторые образцы первой имеют сугубо «детский» характер. Расширение исследуемого ресурса позволит, вероятно, выявить другие трансформации. Полученные результаты применимы в изучении стилистики английского языка и его атрибутов как системы.

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