Articles. Рубрика в журнале - Pravo - teorija i praksa
Novi koncept usvojenja prema Zakonu o izmenama i dopunama Zakona o porodici Republike Makedonije
Статья
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Novi sustav pravnih lijekova u Ovršnom (izvršnom) zakonu R. Hrvatske
Статья научная
U radu autor obrađuje novi sistem pravnih lekova u hrvatskom građanskom ovršnom (izvršnom) postupku. Posle uvodnih napomena, obrađuju se pravni lekovi protiv odluke javnog ovršitelja (izvršitelja), u okviru čega se posebna pažnja posvećuje: a) žalbi protiv ovršnog naloga, b) žalbi nakon proteka roka, c) odgovor na žalbu, d) odlukama suda o žalbi i e) nepravilnostima u provođenju ovrhe (izvršenja). Nakon toga obrađuju se pravni lekovi protiv odluke javnog beležnika, a u okviru te celine: a) žalba protiv rješenja o ovrsi na temelju vjerodostojne isprave i b) žalba protiv rješenja o ovrsi u delu u kojem se ovršeniku nalaže da namiri tražbinu. Posebna pažnja se posvećuje ovrhi (izvršenju) pred sudom i prigovoru treće osobe, da bi se određena pažnja posvetila i pitanju odgode ovrhe (izvršenja).
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Orientalism as a factor in the development of international law on nuclear security
Статья научная
Orientalism refers to the discursive process through which Western societies construct a spatial imaginary of the “Orient” or the East. This conceptual framework can be useful in analyzing contemporary nuclear relations. The dichotomy between nuclear powers and Third World states stems directly from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), whose provisions established which states were granted the status of nuclear powers. Consequently, all other countries—those that did not possess nuclear weapons at the time the treaty was adopted—were denied such a status. In the decades that followed, several Third World states developed their own nuclear programs, including India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel, and Iran. Some of these countries never accepted the provisions of the NPT, while others later withdrew from the obligations they had undertaken. This paper investigates the role of Orientalism as a contributing factor in the development of international law on nuclear security. It analyzes how Orientalist viewpoints have shaped the formation of international legal norms, with particular emphasis on their disproportionate effects on Third World states. The paper concludes by underscoring the need to reassess existing paradigms in international relations in order to reduce geopolitical tensions and enhance global nuclear security.
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Pojam 'preduzeća' u pravu Slovačke Republike
Статья научная
Ekonomisti i pravnici vode stručne rasprave o tome, šta je u stvari preduzeće. Ove diskusije ukazuju da među njima postoji različito shvatanje ovog pojma, naročito onda ako se u diskusiji precenjuje ekonomska ili pravna strana. Problem je kako optimalno odrediti ovaj pojam (i pojmove s njim povezane) u zakonu. A to će biti moguće samo onda, ako ekonomisti precizno formulišu njegovu sadržinu a pravnici ovom pojmu odrede preciznu formu i kada će se ovako kreiran pojam nedvosmisleno upotrebljavati u Trgovinskom zakoniku i propisima koji se na njega nadovezuju (računovodstveni, poreski propisi). Sa pravnog aspekta interesantna je diskusija o tome, da li je preduzeće samo objekt ili je i subjekt pravnih odnosa. Mislim da u redovnoj privrednoj delatnosti (npr. zaključivanje ugovora robnog prometa), preduzeće je subjekt pravnih odnosa. Ukoliko se raspolaže sa samim preduzećem (npr. prodaja preduzeća), onda je ono objekt ovih pravnih odnosa, a u prvi plan dolazi vlasnički kriterijum.
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Postupanje Narodnog pravobranioca Republike Makedonije (ombudsmana) u oblasti ekologije
Статья научная
Institucija ombudsmana je prisutna u mnogim zemljama u svetu, kao nezavistan, nepristrasan i objektivan kontrolni mehanizam za zaštitu prava građana u slučaju kada su ona povređena od strane nekog državnog organa. Postoji više vrsta ombudsmana koji se osnivaju na osnovu različitih kriterijuma: parlamentarni, izvršni, ombudsman opšte nadležnosti, specijalni ombudsman itd. Narodni pravobranilac (ombudsman) u Republici Makedoniji je parlamentarni ombudsman opšte nadležnosti, koji štiti prava svih građana između ostalog i u oblasti ekologije, u slučaju kada su ista povređena od strane organa državne uprave i od strane drugih organa i organizacija koje imaju javna ovlašćenja. Polazeći od komparativnih iskustava, u nastojanju da se osnuje specijalizovani ombudsman koji štiti prava određene kategorije građana ili određena prava građana a imajući u vidu i činjenicu da u toj oblasti do sada nije napravljen dovoljno jak sistem zaštite građanskih prava, kao i da se danas sve više javlja potreba da se više pažnje posveti pitanjima zaštite životne sredine, nameće se potreba za osnivanjem i specijalizovanog ombudsmana u oblasti ekologije.
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Prescription of the criminal offense in the law
Статья научная
The prescription of a criminal offense in the law is one of the constitutive elements of a criminal offense. In addition to being legally justified, this element represents a logical method of incriminating specific behavior as a criminal offense. It legally embodies the well-known Latin legal saying nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege, which in translation means there is no crime or punishment without the law. The necessity of prescribing a criminal offense in the law is rooted in legal certainty, which is unattainable without prior knowledge and a clear distinction between permissible and prohibited (incriminated) behavior. Although it has a distant origin, the prescription of a criminal offense in law has often become a convenient tool for political manipulation, particularly through the criminalization of verbal delicts or other offenses against the people and the state. Stricto sensu, authoritarian regimes have applied this principle to secure the appearance of legitimacy and legality for their rule. Consequently, it is essential to examine the prescription of criminal offenses in the law from the perspective of our legislator.
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Статья научная
Na osnovu svega gore navedenog, možemo zaključiti da principi medijacije i njihovo poštovanje u velikoj meri zavise od same ličnosti medijatora, budući da ih on primenjuje u toku celog postupka rešavanja spora u zavisnosti od njegove umešnosti i slobode. Sledstveno tome neophodno je da zakonodavac, sledeći stanje na terenu permanentno interveniše u cilju određivanja sankcija, odnosno da ih propiše tamo gde su one zaista i neophodne. Posebno pažnja treba da se posveti sankcijama koje bi se preduzele protiv medijatora koji ne poštuje principe poverljivosti, neutralnosti i nepristrasnosti, koji se smatraju vodećim pravilima i daju opis njegovog ponašanja u toku posredovanja. Polazeći od nomotehničkog aspekta principi medijacije u velikom broju država uređeni su u okviru posebnog dela Zakona o medijaciji. Ovo s jedne strane daje mogućnost za veću preglednost principa iako to ne znači i veću jasnost i razumljivost, a sa druge strane pak potencira njihov značaj za postupak medijacije. U svakom slučaju neophodno je da su ovi principi definisani na jasan način kako bi mogao i običan građanin sa prosečnim poznavanjem prava da shvati suštinu ovog servisa i njegove prednosti. Pored gore navedenog načina, u okviru nekih država, u kojima ovaj "servis Građana" postoji već duže vreme, principi medijacije nisu posebno definisani već čine sastavni deo samog zakonskog teksta.
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Priznanje i izvršenje stranih sudskih odluka u Bosni i Hercegovini
Статья научная
Značaj priznanja i izvršenja stranih sudskih odluka, kao i posledice koje mogu iz toga proizići poznat je uglavnom jednom užem krugu ljudi koji se kroz pravnu nauku i sudsku praksu bave ovim pitanjem. Kroz ovaj rad dato je objašnjenje pojma strane sudske odluke, kao i uslova koje je neophodno ispuniti da bi se jedna takva odluka mogla priznati i izvršiti pred nekim od nadležnih sudova u Bosni i Hercegovini. Pored mogućnosti da strana sudska odluka bude priznata, postoji i mogućnost da joj se pred domaćim sudom uskrati priznanje kada se za to steknu zakonom propisani uslovi. Osim teorijskog osvrta na ovo pitanje, u radu su data i objašnjenja koja se tiču sudske prakse na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine. Na ovaj način želelo se postići da se sa ovim pitanjem upozna ne samo stručna već i šira javnost.
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Procedural specifics in small-value claims litigation
Статья научная
This paper analyzes specific provisions of the Civil Procedure Law concerning procedural rules in small-value claims litigation. Due to the normative redefinition and expansion of the concept of small-value claims litigation, courts of general jurisdiction most often follow the rules applicable to this special procedure. In small-value claims proceedings, the right to legal protection is not exercised through the standard (full) cognitive procedure, but through special rules designed to ensure that these cases are concluded efficiently and economically. Given the limitations in the scope of this paper, the analysis focuses on the specific features that characterize this procedure, which also determined the content of the paper.
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Property relations between partners in non-marital and same-sex unions
Статья научная
By defining the concept of a non-marital union in the Family Law of the Republic of Serbia, the legislator highlights the key similarities and differences between non-marital and marital unions, particularly in terms of their formation and the evidentiary standards required to establish their existence—factors that directly impact the exercise of property rights. The authors’ intention is to present, through an analysis of broader scholarly literature and relevant judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, the nature and various approaches concerning property relations in nonmartial and same-sex unions. The study employs a comparative legal method, analysis of statutory provisions, legal doctrine, and case law. By examining relevant legislative provisions and judicial decisions, the aim is to assess the legal framework, identify challenges in its application, and explore potential avenues for extending the protection of these relations within the existing legal system, taking into account the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the principles of non-discrimination.
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Recent developments of digital constitutionalism in Europe
Статья научная
The influence of modern digital technologies on contemporary constitutional law, both at the national and comparative level, has been steadily increasing. Having emerged in the early 21st century, digital constitutionalism, although one of the youngest categories of public law, significantly affects constitutional principles and values, particularly in Europe. Digital constitutionalism is especially significant because its existence and original development require at least a partial redefinition of constitutional law, particularly in the context of protecting fundamental rights and freedoms. This paper examines the normative framework for the European Digital Constitution (EDC), which encompasses the extensive set of digital law regulations adopted by the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (CoE). The paper also analyzes the Venice Commission’s Principles for a Fundamental Rights–Compliant Use of Digital Technologies in Electoral Processes. The concept of the EDC is elaborated, along with its main objectives.
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Статья научная
In many national systems of private international law, reciprocity is still a condition for the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments in civil and commercial matters. However, in the modern globalized economic and social context, where legal and natural persons enter into cross-border private law relationships and international transactions on a daily basis, the question is whether this condition is justified and necessary. Although many states have taken a more flexible approach to this issue in the last few decades, this condition still exists in the legislation of a certain number of states and is considered to be a major obstacle to the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In the legislation of the Republic of Serbia, reciprocity is also one of the conditions for the recognition of foreign judgments. In order to be able to respond to the ever-increasing economic interest expressed through crossborder trade and investments, it would be desirable to consider amending our applicable legislation, as well as the Republic of Serbia’s acceding to the 2019 Hague Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments. Namely, it has entered into force recently and is aimed at giving a truly global significance to the unification of conditions for the recognition and enforcement of judgments. At the same time, this would also eliminate the problem of reciprocity in relations between the Republic of Serbia and states party to the Convention, both in terms of difficulties related to the procedure for its establishment and the recognition of judgments of the courts of the Republic of Serbia in the states requiring diplomatic reciprocity in this respect.
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Статья научная
With the development of technology, especially the emergence and expansion of the internet over the past two decades, many traditional crimes have acquired new methods and means of execution, such as the use of computers, mobile phones, or other devices. In response to these new ways of committing crimes, the international community, within the framework of the Council of Europe, adopted the Budapest Convention in 2001, specifically addressing cybercrime. After ratifying the convention, the domestic legislator passed the Law on the Organization and Competencies of State Bodies for the Fight against High-Tech Crime, incorporating legal provisions from the convention. This law has not been significantly changed or amended since its adoption. However, the provisions in this law, especially in terms of jurisdiction, have proven to be inadequate and overly broad. The wide range of criminal offenses covered by this law has made it relatively ineffective and has overburdened the prosecutor’s office responsible for prosecuting high-tech criminals. Moreover, the approach taken by the legislator in 2005, which concentrated jurisdiction in the High Public Prosecutor’s Office and the High Court in Belgrade, is no longer justifiable in today’s age of widespread technology, internet access, and social networks. This paper aims to provide a brief overview of the Budapest Convention, which served as the foundation for the adoption of national regulations, and to highlight the shortcomings and unsustainability of the legal solutions proposed by the domestic legislator when national regulations in this field were established in 2005.
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Статья научная
Modern regulatory frameworks in the field of cosmetic products increasingly promote the use of alternative methodologies (New Approach Methodologies, NAMs) based on in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico approaches, accompanied by strict limitations or complete bans on animal testing. In such a regulatory environment, interest is growing in models capable of bridging the gap between cellular systems and complex in vivo studies. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos have been recognized as a potential bridging model due to their high biological relevance, testing versatility, and the more favorable ethical status of early developmental stages. This paper provides a systematized overview of regulatory frameworks in the EU, the USA, Asia, and Serbia, highlighting the degree of acceptance of alternative methods and the specific status of zebrafish in the context of the safety assessment of cosmetic products and ingredients. It analyzes the scientific advantages and limitations of the zebrafish model, including genetic similarity to humans, embryonic transparency, and rapid development, as well as limitations that restrict its use as primary evidence in regulatory documentation. The comparative analysis indicates that zebrafish are most appropriately used as a supplementary source of data within weight-of-evidence and NAM-oriented strategies, particularly in early-stage hazard screening and the mechanistic understanding of the effects of new bioactive substances. In line with international trends and the harmonization of the national regulatory framework with EU requirements, the findings suggest that zebrafish embryos represent a valuable research and development tool, but not a substitute for validated methods that form the basis of regulatory safety assessment of cosmetic products.
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Sentencing juvenile imprisonment
Статья научная
Juveniles represent a sensitive category of delinquents, due to which they enjoy a special criminal-legal status. Their age necessitates different models of criminal-legal reaction in which educational measures dominate as the primary criminal sanctions. In exceptional cases, the legislator has prescribed possibilities for pronouncing a juvenile imprisonment sentence. This compassionate attitude towards juveniles stems from the fact that they are, as yet, psychologically and physically immature individuals. Hence, in literature, they are referred to as “delinquents in miniature” and “great criminals in waiting”. However, regardless of this “privileged” status, juveniles may be sentenced to juvenile imprisonment. Its specificity is reflected in the application of the principle of exceptionality in sentencing, a shorter duration, special general and specific rules for determining the sentence, as well as a special method of execution. The specificity of juvenile imprisonment particularly comes to the fore during sentencing. Special rules are applied here, with a simultaneous reference to the application of norms that relate to adults. Consequently, we consider it necessary to present the area of juvenile sentencing from the perspective of our legislator.
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Socio-demographic characteristics of traffic offenders
Статья научная
The human factor is regarded as the most significant element in traffic safety. Its complexity and impact on delinquent traffic behavior bring this issue into focus, especially in developing countries. In criminological studies of the causes of traffic delinquency, it is crucial to identify the personality traits of traffic participants that lead to behaviors deviating from socially desirable norms. In other words, it is necessary to point out those characteristics of traffic participants (personality traits, demographic characteristics, attitudes, habits) that contribute to socially deviant behavior and the commission of traffic offenses. The importance of studying these characteristics lies in their application to find adequate measures to influence the behavior of traffic participants and prevent traffic delinquency. This paper analyses the socio-demographic characteristics of traffic offenders in the Republic of Serbia (age, education level and marital status), based on statistical data on traffic offenses for the period 2010- 2019. These characteristics are essential for understanding the social and demographic structure and specific social peculiarities of traffic offenders. Numerous studies have shown that socio-demographic characteristics are significantly positively correlated with safe road user behavior. The results of this research on the socio-demographic characteristics of traffic offenders in Serbia for the period 2010–2019 confirm this conclusion, which is presented in this paper.
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