Статьи журнала - Arctic and North
Все статьи: 922
Efforts to Restore the White Sea Fishing Fleet in the Initial Period of the NEP
Статья научная
The recovery period of the early 1920s in Soviet Russia coincided with the search for new forms of production management and was complicated not only by economic devastation, but also by the difficult international situation, political and economic blockade of the country. Under such conditions, the long overdue task of modernization of fishing and fur-trading was solved in the Arkhangelsk province, which first of all required providing the fishermen with the newest vessels. Lack of coal did not allow using steam vessels in full measure in the fishery; purchase and construction of vessels at foreign shipyards were also difficult. Therefore, it was decided to restore peasant shipyards as a temporary measure, centrally organizing the construction of small fishing vessels under the supervision of qualified technicians. The models used were Norwegian-built sailing, rowing and motor vessels, which were considered to be the most suitable for fishing in the White Sea and Arctic Ocean. The difficulties that the economic institutions had to face during the transition period (from war communism to the new economic policy) are considered in this article with the help of a large set of archival and published sources. The transition to the use of trawlers and icebreakers is explained not only by the tasks of modernization of the fishing economy, but also by the revolutionary ideology: to prevent conditions for the emergence of a prosperous layer of the Pomor population, which included shipbuilders and shipowners.
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Electronic Dictionary of Arkhangelsk Dialects
Статья научная
The research group of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University is implementing the project “Thematic dictionary of Arkhangelsk dialects with electronic support” supported by the Russian Science Foundation. The project aims to publish three issues of the dictionary, which will include the vocabulary reflecting the traditional world picture of the Arkhangelsk peasant: the first issue contains the vocabulary related to the names of clothes, shoes, hats; the second issue contains the names of residential and non-residential buildings; the third issue contains the vocabulary naming the food and drinks of the Arkhangelsk inhabitant. The second task of the project is to create an electronic dialect corpus devoted to the Arkhangelsk dialects, which is currently not available in universities of the North-West region. The article presents the experience of the project, which is at the intersection of dialectology, ethnography, cultural studies and corpus linguistics. The results of this research and the electronic database can be used in dialectological, folklore and ethnographic expeditions, in teaching Russian literature at universities and schools, in organization of local history work, in educational projects aimed at promoting northern spiritual culture, in preparation of cultural and scientific events devoted to the language and culture of the Russian North.
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Статья научная
The article is devoted to the study of employers’ perceptions of the competences of employees in the shipbuilding, fishing and forestry industries of the Arkhangelsk Oblast in the context of digitalization and automation of production. As part of the sociological research, the team conducted a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews among representatives of enterprises in these industries. The results of the research allowed drawing conclusions that the professional competencies of employees, as well as abilities to work independently, in non-standard situations and under stress are currently the most in demand for employers. There is also a very high demand for qualities associated with discipline and the desire to develop in the profession. In terms of the size of enterprises, the higher requirement for almost all competences in small and medium-sized enterprises compared to large employers is noteworthy. The authors conclude that about half of the enterprises in the shipbuilding, forestry and fishing industries of the Arkhangelsk Oblast have implemented automation and digitalization into all key production processes. In the near future, more than 50% of employers expect a high demand for employee competencies related to the use of new production technologies. The survey revealed a gap between employers’ expectations and the actual level of professional training and skills of recent graduates of educational institutions of higher and secondary vocational education, including with regard to the most in-demand knowledge, skills and abilities. In the context of industries, it is noteworthy that the level of satisfaction with the training of graduates of shipbuilding industry is much lower, except for those who received education through the “Plant-University” system (Severodvinsk).
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Employment potential of the Russian North
Статья научная
This paper proposes a methodological approach to the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the employment potential of the region. A comparative analysis of the dynamics of the labor potential of the northern regions of Russia for 2002-2010 years. Identified which components of the labor potential play the most important role for the level and dynamics of the integral index of development of labor potential of the northern territories.
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Energy of the North to the Synergetic of Russia
Статья научная
The history of the administrative-territorial division of the European North of Russia suggests that only a consolidated region, which is united by common interests province, territory, economic region, it can play a role of a springboard development of Arctic areas. A new model of territorial organization, able to convert energy of the North to synergetic of Russia, reflects the author of the article.
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Entrepreneurial activity in the Russian Arctic territories compared to the All-Russian situation
Статья научная
The paper considers the entrepreneurial activity of the Russian Arctic territories and reveals its specificity compared to the all-Russian situation. The relevance of the scientific task is determined by the fact that ensuring economic growth and social development of the Russian Arctic is impossible without the necessary strengthening of entrepreneurial activity. The search for a mechanism for managing Arctic entrepreneurship is currently an urgent scientific task. The paper presents the authors' estimates of the entrepreneurial activity of the Russian Arctic territories compared to the all-Russian situation. The authors present the classification of the territories of the Russian Federation and the Russian Arctic by the principal business activity related to the subject of the market manifesting it. It is argued the Arctic specificity, and local conditions determine the development of entrepreneurial activity in the Arctic for such market actors as business and the state. This feature allowed us to offer and justify recommendations to stimulate entrepreneurial activity regarding the belonging of the Arctic to a classification group.
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Статья научная
The article describes the impact of the Russian Arctic policy activation on the development of the Arkhangelsk region. In 2013, the formation of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (AZRF) as an object of state administration was launched. The Arkhangelsk region was partly included in the Russian Arctic. Now, we observe the establishment of the regulatory field and the organizational framework of the macroregion. The article analyzes the current stage of this process in the Russian Arctic. The author high-lights the main opportunities and risks for the region associated with the activation of the Arctic policy of the country. The most serious opportunities are emerging in politics (the Arctic status, external relations and external image) and economy (infrastructure, investments, new enterprises and organizations, and tourism). These areas are experiencing some changes. The changes in the social space are hardly noticeable but, in this area, cardinal changes are possible. They are associated with the renewal of the regional image, strengthening the regional identity, changes in the social composition of the population and the potential of municipalities. At the same time, risks associated with incomplete entry of the Arkhangelsk region into the Russian Arctic, the implementation of major investment projects and inefficient management.
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Статья научная
The model of public policies aimed at the inclusion of European Nenets in the national legal space is analyzed. A large amount of published evidences of officials and travelers, as well as the archive materials show both positive and unsuccessful consequences of this policy, similar to the imperial, early Soviet, Soviet and post-Soviet ones. The issue of cultural sustainability of the Nenets ethnos that has developed mechanisms to counter internal and external forces destructive for their ethnic unity is discussed.
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Estimation of efficiency of development of copper and gold deposits of Krasnoyarsk North
Статья научная
The article presents the probable approach to the assessment of the availability of the mineral deposits. This approach is specially created for initial estimation of resourses and reserves of low degree of exploration. As the initial data the most significant parameters of a deposit are used, which can be proved objectively. These parameters are valuable components in ore, volumes of ore reserves, strip ratio, mining technology. The results of preliminary economic estimation of efficiency of development of predicted gold and copper deposits of the Krasnoyarsk North are presented. Economic efficiency of development of gold deposits Nizhnelitkinskoye, Groznenskoye, and Zhilnoye are estimated. The development of copper deposits is inexpedient.
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Ethnic and confessional factors of comfort of the urban space in the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
The article deals with the influence of the ethnic and religious structure of the population of large cities of the Russian Arctic on the comfort of the urban space. The authors highlight the basic requirements for the urban area by social groups, based on their ethnic and religious affiliation. The main urban objects and spaces naturally and historically created for the needs of ethnic and religious groups are determined. The study used methods of social mapping, observation, analysis of statistical data. On the example of large cities in the regions of the Russian Arctic, the authors show the unsystematic nature of meeting ethnic and religious needs in the creation of comfortable urban space. According to the authors, this is primarily due to the diverse history of urban settlements in the Arctic zone, as well as the functional purpose of settlements, which differ in number and composition of residents. Based on this differentiation, the corresponding types of urban settlements are distinguished. Based on the relatively successful example of the policy of the capital region, the article makes recommendations for improving the proper administration of the urban municipalities of the Russian Arctic. Attention is drawn to the possible features of such a policy, considering the specifics of the Arctic cities and migration processes taking place in the region.
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Ethnic and demographic processes in the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
The population dynamics and ethno-national structure of Russian Arctic are analyzed and presented in the materials of Soviet and Russian census. А number of trends has been identified: negative demographic dynamics and outflow of population, especially in those regions, where the provision of foreign exchange reserves due to mining operations has decreased significantly. The European part of the Russian Arctic tends to be a monoethnic area where the population is predominantly old-settled (indigenous people and smallnumbered indigenous people). In economically attractive regions there is a fixed increase in the number of representatives from Central Asia Caucasus and the Asian-Pacific region. The increase in the number of indigenous small-numbered people is the key to preserving and developing the culture of these ethnic groups, but on the other hand it has a potential threat, including the contradictions between the need for industrial development of the Arctic and the need to preserve the indigenous way of life.
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Статья научная
This article provides an overview of the two main theoretical approaches that are widely used to study the issues of ethnic identity in social anthropology − primordialism and constructivism. In addition, an overview of the basic theoretical difficulties in determining the ethnic identity of the group. Using data from the field research (interviews), the article provides an analysis of the ethnic identity of Pomors, presented through the prism of these two approaches.
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Ethnic policy of Russia in the Arctic: basic approaches and principles
Статья научная
The need to account the regional specific of the ethnic policy making and its practice in the AZRF is grounded on 2 contrary management approaches: economic- technocratic approach and political-humanitarian approach. Indigenous peoples are considered to be the subject and the object of the state ethnic policy of Russia. 2 issues are analyzed: 1) conditions for the preservation and development of indigenous peoples, historically living in the area; contributions to their cultural diversity; improvement of the living standards; 2) social integration of internal and external migrants. It is noted that there are three imperative approaches to the state policy towards small-numbered ethnic groups of the North: the state-paternalistic, liberal market and neo-traditionalist approaches. Prospects of mutually- interacting state and indigenous peoples discussed in the context of supra-ethnic identity — indigenous peoples, “local” people.
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Статья научная
The article focuses on a multidisciplinary analysis of the conceptual framework and the current situation of ethnic and cultural landscape of the Russian Arctic and reveals the problems of management of conflict interaction in social and ethnic relations. The author developed and discussed a technological model in order to move from the conceptualization of knowledge to the conflict management. The author analyzed Arctic ethnological monitoring activities in Russia and proposed a list of seven subject areas to form databases. Undoubtedly, the need to continue this work on the legislative level emerges to protect the rights of indigenous peoples. However, a key challenge is to ensure a balance between paternalism of the state aimed at preserving the indigenous cultures and increasing investment in human capital and the introduction of modern technologies. Social cohesion and the allocation of quotas for indigenous peoples of the North in the leading sectors of the modern economy are relevant for today. A need of transition to green economics in the Arctic, close to the traditional culture of northerners and their worldview is extremely important as well.
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Ethnodemographic processes among the Sami of modern Norway
Статья научная
On the basis of statistics and comparative analysis the article shows ethnodemographic processes among the Sami of Norway in 2000–2013, including the dynamic of population, natural increase, factors and reasons which caused them in this period. The short analysis of references has been made. Stable economic situation is improving the conditions of Sami. At the modern stage, special conditions for keeping the Sami’s ethnic identity are arranged, the basis of which is the language development.
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Ethnonational policy of the Komi Republic: normative and infrastructural support
Статья научная
The territory of the municipality of the city district "Vorkuta" is referred to the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation in the Komi Republic. It is not necessary to talk about some specific "Arctic" ethno-national policy in that municipality, different from the model of the national scale. Therefore, ethno-national policy is analyzed in general for the whole Republic, and then its features are revealed in the municipality "Vorkuta," which is the part of the Russian Arctic. The analysis of the list of regulating and strategic documents reflecting the specifics of the matter, together with an extensive existing infrastructure, allows to conclude about the formation of a regional model of ethnic policy in the Komi Republic. In addition, the incoordination of a number of documents is noted, as well as some inconsistencies of ethno policy to federal standards. Ethno policy in municipality "Vorkuta" is generally carried out in the framework of a regional trend. Standard maintenance includes various municipal programs and plans. The conclusion about the need to improve the conceptual foundations of the Arctic vector of ethno policy has been made.
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European Union and Cooperation in the Arctic Council
Статья научная
Since 2008, the European Union has unsuccessfully tried to obtain permanent observer status in the Arctic Council, the central cooperation forum in the Arctic. The analysis shows that the EU's failures in this area are connected both with its location mostly outside of the region and remoteness from the northern realities, as well as global geopolitical tensions. However, the EU has had de facto observer ad hoc status since 2013, allowing it to participate in almost all formats of interaction in the Arctic Council. Considering this fact, the permanent observer status has rather a symbolic meaning and is equivalent to joining a kind of “privileged Arctic club”. An analysis of the EU's functioning in its relations with the Arctic Council and its members shows that the EU is ready to adapt and listen to the opinion of the Arctic countries in order to become a legitimate Arctic actor. The Arctic Council is of uneven importance for the different EU member states: Denmark, Finland and Sweden are full members, several countries are permanent observers, but most EU countries are not interested in the Arctic issues. Because of this multifaceted nature, the collective EU is more of an extra-regional player on the platform, but one with serious Arctic claims. The EU is actively working on a common Arctic policy. It is represented in the Arctic Council by the Ambassador-at-Large for Arctic Affairs, introduced in 2017, who acts in coordination with the European Commission and the member states concerned. The EU's overall approach is not unsuccessful: it has managed to engage more member states on the Arctic vector, and European expertise and input on sustainable development issues is already becoming an integral part of the AC's work and promises to evolve further.
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Статья научная
Based on an extensive database, the authors analyzed the main features of the EU Arctic strategy and their relationship with Russian interests in the region. The authors proceed from the fact that the probability of reaching any significant points of contact between the two actors is minimal. The incompatibility of their strategic lines is because the EU considers the Arctic as another platform for its potential of “normative strength”, while Russia, in cooperation with its foreign partners, is primarily aimed at attracting investments in the development of the Arctic infrastructure. In the context of the ongoing crisis in bilateral relations caused by the events in Ukraine, it is not possible to talk about the prospects for harmonizing the regional aspirations of the EU and the Russian Federation.
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Статья научная
The article discusses the integrated scientific research program aimed at developing the acid deposition monitoring and geo-environmental risks evaluation in the Russian polar terrestrial and marine ecosystems in the areas of the oil and gas industrial influence.
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Статья научная
Russia published a series of documents from 2018 to 2022 indicating its desire to transform the Northern Sea Route (NSR) into a globally competitive international shipping route due to its awareness of the importance of the NSR for the socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. This article examines the evolution of Russian policy through a regulatory analysis combined with an empirical analysis of shipping along the NSR over the period 2018-2022, as well as the impact of Western sanctions. The aim of the article is to examine the viability of Russia’s new infrastructure plan for the NSR, published in August 2022. The analysis of Russia’s policy towards the NSR suggests that Russia needs to review its policy in relation to the imposed Western sanctions. This would entail a new focus on revitalising the shipbuilding industry. The targets set earlier, and then in 2022, for shipping cargo on the NSR should be redefined taking into account current realities. The practical significance of the article is in its use by policymakers engaged in the development of the NSR and researchers of Arctic shipping.
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