Статьи журнала - Arctic and North
Все статьи: 988
Статья научная
The Arctic region has long been at the center of world politics and economy. One of the reasons for the transformation of the global fringe into a center of attraction for the economic, geo-ecological and geopolitical interests of foreign countries is the Arctic is undergoing dynamic transformations. In the socio-political and scientific research agenda of the Arctic States, there are acute issues of accumulation and exchange of knowledge about changes taking place in the natural and socio-economic environment of a non-standard region from the point of view of management. The Arctic strategies of the Northern European States seek to fill the vacuum about the trends of environmental changes in the Arctic, the impact of natural transformations on the environment, socio-economic development, population security, and the use of natural resources by indigenous peoples. This task is planned to be solved through the development of research activities of universities located in the Far North and in the Arctic zone of Denmark, Norway, Finland and Sweden, as well as Iceland. The article describes the scientific interests of the Northern European States in the Arctic. Using analytical and comparative methods, the goal is achieved - to characterize universities as one of the parts of their scientific and educational space in the Nordic countries. An attempt is made to answer the question: how does educational and research activities contribute to the implementation of state program documents for the development of natural resources in the Arctic and the use of its spaces? The further direction of scientific research may be to compare the educational and research activities of universities in Northern Europe and universities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
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Статья научная
This paper describes V.A. Rusanov’s expeditions to Novaya Zemlya in 1907–1912. The objectives of the expeditions included studying the coastline, the Northern Sea Route, searching for minerals, and exploring the possibility of organizing fishing. V.A. Rusanov travelled on foot along the shores of Matochkin Shar, Mashigin Bay, and Southern and Northern Sulmenovaya Bay. For the first time, a walking route was completed along Krestovaya Bay in the northern part of Novaya Zemlya. The scientist described the rocks of the Silurian, Devonian, Permian, Carboniferous, and Jurassic periods with paleontological justification. As a result of his research, V.A. Rusanov suggested that in the Silurian period, there was a deep-water sea in the place of Novaya Zemlya. The similarity between the Devonian fauna of Novaya Zemlya and the fauna of Timan allowed him to establish a close connection between the North and European seas. According to V.A. Rusanov, mountain formation occurred at the end of the Palaeozoic era. While studying cephalopods, V.A. Rusanov discovered a new species, Karoceras. He discovered fossil ice in Krestovaya Bay, in the Eastern Valley at Cape Krestovoy. This led to the conclusion that there had been several stages of glaciation. As a result of the expeditions, the main minerals (peat, coal, pyrite, copper ore, galena, ochre) were discovered. The geographical outcome of V.A. Rusanov’s expeditions was the naming of 32 objects.
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Contribution to the study of history of the Kola North
Статья научная
Scientific activity by Irina A. Razumova in the field of historical and social anthropology on the Kola North is analyzed. The book of documentary materials "The History of Family of Zhidkih on the Background of Pomor Culture" is estimated.
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Cooperation between Russia and China in Arctic shipping: current state and prospects
Статья научная
The article analyzes the cooperation between China and Russia in the field of Arctic shipping. The author compares the tasks of the Northern Sea Route development and the Ice Silk Road construction. This allows identifying the factors that promote and hinder cooperation. The author examines the specifics of the Sino-Russian format of comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction that helps to mitigate contradictions between the national interests of the two states. The author examines the current cooperation between Russia and China in the field of Arctic shipping, identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in key areas of interaction (SWOT analysis). The author concludes that differences between interests and status of the two states in the Arctic provides Russia a strategic advantage in its relations with the PRC. This balance may be maintained within the framework of a multilateral cooperation. At the same time, cooperation with China in the field of marine security is promising in case of keeping existing power balance. In conclusion, the author suggests areas for cooperation to increase the effectiveness of bilateral interaction in the field of Arctic shipping.
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Cooperation between Russia and China in the Arctic Energy Sector: A Strategic Perspective
Статья научная
The imposed sectoral restrictions on the Russian Federation and the current macroeconomic situation create prerequisites for building a new model of cooperation with Asian countries, primarily with the People’s Republic of China. The People’s Republic of China demonstrates a strategic approach to joint implementation of energy projects in the Arctic, having shares in joint ventures with Russian energy companies (Yamal LNG, Arctic LNG-2). Yamal LNG, the most complex technological project in the Arctic for the production of liquefied natural gas (LNG), located on the Yamal Peninsula above the Arctic Circle on the basis of the South Tambeyskoe field, has become the flagship of Russian-Chinese cooperation in the Arctic. The joint implementation of this project has the most important geostrategic and industrial significance in the global energy industry, clearly demonstrating the capabilities of the two countries in creating high-tech solutions for gas liquefaction in difficult climatic conditions. It is important that such projects have powerful complex-forming and multiplicative effects, creating conditions for the maximum utilisation of the industries of both countries, as well as for the construction of infrastructure along the Northern Sea Route and the creation of a high-tech fleet for the transportation of liquefied natural gas. Despite the existing legal disagreements between Russia and China regarding economic activities in the Arctic, in light of the current macroeconomic situation, interaction with Asian partners is a promising area of cooperation in the implementation of joint technological projects. With significant financial resources and accumulated engineering and technical competences, the People’s Republic of China is one of Russia's most reliable partners in the context of implementing energy projects. It is important that China is also a buyer of Russian energy resources, which ensures a stable market for hydrocarbons. The publication analyses the development of Russian-Chinese relations and considers the prospects for joint economic cooperation in the Arctic in the energy sector.
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Статья научная
Mechanisms for coordinating the activities of international interstate and macro-regional organizations of the North-Arctic regions, the implementation of which may be directly related to the program of the Russian Federation’s Presidency of the International Arctic Council in 2021-2023, are proposed. Among these organizations, primarily the Arctic Council is an international forum, which operates on the basis of interstate government agreements of the highest level between the Arctic countries. But in recent years, the Arctic territories’ activities at the macro-regional and regional levels, their regional and local governments have increased. How are the efforts of these top-level intergovernmental and regional communities and societies coordinated? For example, how is the interaction of the Arctic Council with the established sufficiently effective Barents / Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC) or the Northern Forum regulated and the newly created Bering / Pacific-Arctic Council (BPAC)? Do we need clear and well-coordinated mechanisms for this interaction and who should do it? The analysis concludes that a special task force is needed within the Arctic Council structure to develop mechanisms for coordinating its activities with similar macro-regional structures to make the process a coherent and focused one to address the priorities of the Arctic basin in the coming decades. The duration of this task force will depend on the outcome of the task at hand. This proposal is very timely, as it is possible to implement it during the presidency of the Russian Federation in the Arctic Council in 2021-2023.
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Counterterrorism in the Russian Arctic: legal framework and central actors
Статья научная
Russia’s strategic interests in the Arctic coupled with a complex and diffuse terrorist threat has produced a niche topic: Arctic counterterrorism. Arctic counterterrorism is a new and underdeveloped topic that has received only limited attention. This article contributes a discussion of the legal framework and the main actors involved in countering terrorism in the Russian Arctic. The author finds that the legal framework for counterterrorism is extensive yet centered in core documents. Similarly, counterterrorism involves many and varied actors united in a relatively simple and streamlined national system for counterterrorism. Current legal regulation and organisation provide a solid base that may support efficient management of counterterrorism, also in the Arctic. A notable strength is the concentration of coordination responsibilities in the hands of one central actor, the FSB. Another important characteristic is that the system is symmetrical and follows Russia’s federal organisation with coordinating bodies for all regions including those in the Arctic. Counterterrorism legislation is kept up to date and the trend is towards tougher punishments and a wide understanding of terrorist offenses. A potential weak spot is the unclear role of the newly formed National Guard. The uncertainty surrounding the role of the National Guard in the fight against terrorism may challenge the FSB and weaken coordination of the system for counterterrorism in the future.
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Статья научная
The article is based on a review of the geopolitical problems of the Arctic region, represented in the contemporary American media discourse on the example of the newspaper «The New York Times». The paper was chosen because it is an example of traditional American journalism, which adheres to the princi-ples of objectivity. As a result of the analysis, the following trend was found — throughout 2001-2005 years the newspaper actively presented two Arctic issues: the feasibility of oil drilling in Alaska and the problem of climate change in the Arctic. Since 2007, the arctic problematics on the pages of newspapers became relevant in the context of geopolitical issues, which was connected to the event of August 2, 2007, namely the setting of the Russian flag in the Arctic Ocean. Coverage of the Arctic issues was carried out in the context of competition, and later — international cooperation. In the period from 2011 to 2018, the focus of the American newspaper was pointed out to the climate change and resource development in the Arctic.
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Creation of development zones in the Arctic: methodology and practice
Статья научная
The article describes the basic principles and methodological bases of formation and development of the supporting areas of the Russian Arctic. The work emphasizes that the basis of the methodological approach in the formation of the supporting areas is a vector of development of the territory as an integral project on the principle of coordination of all "industrial" activities in the planning, goal-setting, financing and implementation, which will allow to reduce all kinds of costs and expenses, as well as all the projects included in the supporting areas should be aimed at the development of the macroregion as a whole, not just to solve individual tasks of the industry. The article underlines that the formation of the supporting areas is aimed at achieving a single global goal — to encourage efficiency and diversification of the economy of the Arctic zone, oriented to the preservation and development of the Northern Sea Route.
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Статья научная
This article discusses the concept of creative class R. Florida, its history and basic provisions. Special attention is paid to the creativity index as an indicator of the R. Florida building long-term regional development. The article mentions the method of calculation of the index of creativity, according to the likelihood of transfer of this technique in the Russian reality, and points to the possibility of using this analysis in the formation of strategies for regional development.
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Статья научная
The paper views the Roan wind farm, which is a part of the Fosen Vind Project — the biggest planned onshore wind farm in Europe — from an impact assessment standpoint. Using the traditional stages of the impact assessment (such as screening, scoping and identification of the baseline conditions and crucial impacts), the research implements the ‘traffic light system’ to assess the magnitude of the core effects of the project on different dimensions — i.e. society and nature. Even though the previously conducted assessment describes the project as an extremely successful one with huge potential of generating sustainable energy, the current analysis reveals some of its greatest shortcomings. Social and wildlife aspects are its major drawbacks: the construction site is on the grounds used for the summer grazing by the Saami reindeers and the height and number of turbines significantly threatens migrating birds. Thus, even though the project happens to be economically attractive, it is a rather controversial undertaking when viewed from social and natural perspectives. The paper thus presents many solutions for the minimization of these negative impacts.
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Critical tendencies of the transport infrastructure development in the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
In the article, the authors discussed the formation of a single transport system in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The development of the Arctic transport system, i.e., the Northern Sea Route, adjacent airport network, seaports, water, and land communications, determined the relevance and significance of the study. It is especially important since they are the strategic priorities of Russia's Arctic policy. The study aimed to identify the trends in transport infrastructure development in the Russian Arctic. So, the authors focused on the factors determining its specifics. They conclude that the transport infrastructure of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is underdeveloped and needs technical improvement. According to the authors, a unified Arctic transport system is possible only after the restoration of year-round navigation through the NSR, its technological growth, and the reconstruction of the adjoining transport infrastructure.
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Статья научная
The article considers the main vectors of changes in the sphere of cultural heritage of the population of the Arctic regions of Karelia, reflected in the media. To date, there are six northern municipalities of the republic among such districts, which differ from each other in terms of territory, population size, as well as ethno-cultural and historical peculiarities of development. The assignment to the Arctic zone is considered as a stimulus to changes or adjustments in the identity of the local population. Analyzing the cultural and historical heritage of these territories, the authors rely on the provisions of the Concept of Socio- Economic Development of the Republic of Karelia until 2022. This policy document contains the main tasks related to historical and cultural heritage. The purpose of the article is to study how the official municipal newspapers cover the solution of these tasks. For this purpose, the issues of six newspapers from the Arctic regions of Karelia for 2021–2022 were analyzed. The results of the study showed that the Arctic programs, which were launched in the republic during these years, did not find wide coverage in the regional press and did not become an incentive to increase attention to cultural and historical heritage. At the same time, a consistently high volume of materials devoted to the Great Patriotic War was noted in all the analyzed newspapers. It occupies a central place in the system of constructing the historical memory of the population of the studied territory. The ethno-cultural specifics are revealed in the materials of newspapers published in those Arctic regions of the republic, where the Karelian language and the national culture of this people continue to play an important role.
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Статья научная
In the article notices, the problems and perspectives of the tourism potential of the regions and tourism centers in the European North. Special attention is paid to the development of the ethnographic and ecological tourism.
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Culture, synergy and balance of Northern Russia’s strategic manage-ment processes
Статья научная
The article briefly marks current problems of culture, synergy and balance of strategic management processes of Northern Russia. Spread of subservient culture, the need to democratize based on the culture of participation and the creation of a balanced system of strategic management is noticed.
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Current Problems of Indigenous Minorities of the Russian Arctic in the Context of Climate Change
Статья научная
The article describes the current problems of small indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic in the context of climate change, the main of which are: the food problem, the problem of transport accessibility, the problem of economic activity and the problem of health. Because of global warming due to the increase in the average annual temperature, there is a high probability that the above-mentioned problems will only increase and significantly affect all life support systems of small indigenous peoples of the Russian Arctic. The article uses analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction to show the interconnection and mutual influence of the existing problems on the economic activity and health of small indigenous peoples in the conditions of climate change in the Arctic. In order to solve the current problems of the Russian Arctic indigenous minorities in the context of climate change, the following is required: 1) development of laws, strategies and/or state programs for the protection of indigenous peoples to minimize the adverse effects of climate change by sectors (reindeer herding, fishing, hunting and gathering); 2) creation of a system for assessing the impact of climate change on the economic activity and health of indigenous peoples; 3) participation of indigenous peoples in environmental monitoring and implementation of environmental projects in the Arctic.
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Customs Control in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation
Статья научная
The purpose of the study is to identify the features of customs control in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, which is positioned as a type of customs control. Based on the use of methods of comparative and system analysis, systematization and classification, formal legal method, the author outlines the specifics of this control. Five features of such control, related to its legal regulation and correlation with other types of state control, the status of supervised persons, temporal characteristics, and the application of the customs procedure of a free customs zone, are identified. On the basis of the analysis of the legal regime of the Arctic zone, enshrined in the current legislation, the conclusion is made about the attribution of this regime to administrative regimes of territory management. Attention is drawn to the combination of spatial and status approaches in public administration in the regulation of entrepreneurial and other activities in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as to the complex regime support of the management of this territory (the principle of “regime in regime”). It is concluded that there has been a certain transformation in the regulation of the territory in the conditions of increased sanctions pressure, which is reflected in the priorities of import substitution through the development of domestic technologies and cooperation with Asian countries. From the perspective of the prospects of the development of the Arctic zone as a national priority for the socio-economic development of the country, it is proposed to systematically regulate the administrative procedures for customs control, ensuring the full functioning of the Northern Sea Route.
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