Статьи журнала - Arctic and North
Все статьи: 922
Small and Medium-Sized Towns in the Settlement System of the Russian North: 1939–2020
Статья научная
The article examines the settlement system of the Russian North, which was previously determined by decisions of ministries and departments, and now it is changing under the influence of resource corporations' activities. The focus is on small and medium-sized towns that are part of the supporting framework of settlement, ensuring connectivity of the northern territories. The authors analyze the dynamics of population, including urban one, and the population of small and medium-sized cities. The study identifies periods of upward and downward dynamics for each population group and settlements. If the country is drawing the population to the west, then in the North it is concentrated in the Asian part. The article shows that urban settlements were created multifunctional, with the monopoly of a city-forming enterprise, which, on the one hand, made them economically vulnerable, and on the other hand — more adaptable to external conditions. According to the author's methodology, small and medium towns are ranked according to the share of the population of these cities in the total population of the region. The authors have identified four groups of regions that have an insufficient, medium, high and excessive share of the population of small and medium towns; the optimal boundaries of this share are proposed. The authors have identified four groups of regions that have an insufficient, medium, high and excess share of the population of small and medium towns; the optimal boundaries of this share are proposed. The study revealed the similarity (concentration of the population in large cities) and the difference in the structure of settlements in the North (the share of the population living in small and medium urban settlements, is lower in the countryside). The research results will be applied in the development of strategic documents for the development of northern towns.
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Small business in the Arctic: background for changing the management paradigm
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the analysis and justification of socio-economic background that initiates the need to change the paradigm of management for small and medium-sized businesses in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The key points of this analysis, in addition to the generally accepted estimates of demographic trends, were those indicators of the dynamics and structure of the standard of living which are the link between the population as a consumer of goods and services, and small businesses that create these goods and services. In the almost complete absence of a single content that allows full monitoring of small and medium-sized businesses, the state makes attempts to make adequate management decisions based on the project management methods. It is especially clearly reflected in the adopted and implemented system of national and federal projects and programs. At the same time, even in the current trends in the formation of information and analytical support for these projects and programs that directly or indirectly relate to small businesses, economic aspects often prevail over social ones, which is directly reflected in the formation of the management paradigm. At the same time, a systematic approach and appropriate tools, lead the authors to the conclusion that in the coordinate system of socio-economic development of the Arctic territories, the economic drivers are large corporate structures, while small businesses are assigned the role of a localized “social buffer”. It is one of the main backgrounds for changing the paradigm for small and medium-sized business management in the Arctic areas of Russia. The current economic situation caused by the COVID-2019 pandemic fully confirms our assumptions.
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Social Challenges of periodic floods in the Yakutia
Статья научная
In recent decades due to climate change in the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) increases the number of flooded settlements. In this article author research addresses problems of social adaptation of people which live in the annually flooded village Kyllah.
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Social Polarization and Income Differentiation on the “North-Center” Axis
Статья научная
The article focuses on the problem of social polarization in the global context and on the level of particular countries. The subject of the study is the economic and social parameters of functioning mechanisms of territorial development in the conditions of existing instability and social risk. Income differentiation is considered as a key factor of social distancing of society and as a determinant of social instability. The authors compare data from reports of international economic organizations, statistical bulletins and publications of the scientific community. The proportions of income inequality are analyzed in the cross-country and intra-country contexts; as an example, the regional differentiation of the Russian Arctic territories, as well as the urban and rural population of China, are assessed. Dynamic changes in absolute and relative terms of living standard indicators confirm the hypothesis of increasing social polarization. The development of the Russian Arctic territories demonstrates an imbalance between the living standards of the population and the perceived quality of life, while the main trends of regional inequality in China have clear group characteristics. The identified patterns can be used to adjust social and regional policies, to determine the parameters of development strategies and the content of government programs and projects.
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Social Risks of Achieving Sustainable Development in the Arctic Region
Статья научная
The sustainable development of circumpolar countries is of great importance for the whole world, because the Arctic Region is currently experiencing an unprecedented level of economic activity. From the perspective of the concept of sustainable development, the intensification of industrial activity in the Arctic region makes the issues of achieving long-term environmental and social sustainability for local communities relevant. Despite the fact that the Arctic countries, especially the countries of Northern Europe, are leaders in achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals, additional attention is needed to coordinate efforts to achieve them at all levels of administrative-territorial management. The relevance of our study is determined by the need to overcome the challenges and threats to the sustainable development of the Arctic territories of circumpolar countries. The aim of the study was to analyze the social risks of achieving sustainable development of the Arctic region. The methodological basis of the study was the system approach, methods of structural-historical and comparative-geographical analysis. It was substantiated that social risks in achieving sustainable development in the Arctic region are limited access to educational services; social tension in the labor markets, produced by professional and qualification imbalances of labor demand and supply and problems of youth employment; child poverty and poverty of the indigenous population. The scientific novelty of the research is in substantiating the social risks that pose a threat to the sustainable development of the Arctic region. The prospects for further research are conditioned by the need to solve urgent socio-economic and managerial problems associated with the sustainable development of the Arctic region.
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Статья научная
The article is based on a review of data, which were submitted in the foreign scientific journals, which reflect the results of the research, which were carried out in the framework of the discipline ‛Public Health’. The characteristic of the social and medical problems of the population of the circumpolar countries in the early XXI century is given.
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Статья научная
In the social ecology futurology is considered a section that defines the perspectives of the "socio-natural relations". The methodological problems of noosphere development and futurological forecast for global and "Russian civilization"
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Social well-being of the population of the mono-specialized city
Статья научная
The article deals with the concept and the distinctive characteristics of the health and social well-being, mood and social mood, the main approaches to the study of the social well-being, its species and indicators, as well as features according the research of such phenomenon like mono-specialized city.
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Статья научная
The article represents a generalized data from sociological survey of social-psychological well-being of the rural population of the coastal areas in Arkhangelsk region (included into the Russian Arctic zone) held in 2015. The data shows a critical level of social pessimism, assurance of residents in continuation of negative social-economic dynamics, deficiency of motivation and readiness for active participation and inclusion into the development of territories. Such a status is based on a deep degradation of local industries, infrastructures and social sphere, which has been confirmed by statistic data. The revealed indicators explain high migration preparedness, especially in groups of working ages, proceeding, in the middle-term prospective, to the risk of depopulation and disintegration of social carcass in the coastal areas which, in their turn, possess a significant resource potential. At that, residential population on these areas considered as strategic factor from the perspective of Russian geopolitical interests in the Arctic. A positive trend may be provided through implementation of spatial approach to the social-economic development, which has been already applied in activities held by the Russian State Commission on the Arctic Development. With that there is obvious relevance of correction of the Russian legislation toward transformation of residential population into the beneficiary party of the macro-regional development, which may be provided by establishing of special regimes and preferences in spheres of natural resource use, tax assessment, entrepreneurship and crediting for all groups indigenous (resident) population, including aboriginal people of the North.
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Social-economical problems of creating the territories of traditional land use
Статья научная
The article analyzes the concept of ‘territory of traditional nature use’, addresses the social-economic and legal problems of the concept of territories of traditional nature. The authors propose an approach to solving the problems of the concept. Highlighted criteria for establishing boundaries and implementation phases of the concept of territories of traditional nature. The result of a comprehensive study of the concept should be a standard design of the unit territories of traditional nature.
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Socio-Demographic Processes in the Russian Arctic in Statistical Assessments and Population Surveys
Статья научная
Specificity of modern social processes determines close attention of the global scientific community to socio-demographic processes in the Arctic. The article examines systemic and recent social and demographic processes in the Russian Arctic, determined both by the immanent specifics of the Arctic (generating active migration processes, the phenomenon of city-forming enterprises, etc.) and by the all-Russian social reforms (in particular, the pension reform). The methodological peculiarity of the article is to present socio-demographic processes through the analysis of quantitative indicators, as well as through the reflection in the consciousness of the Arctic population (highlighting workers of city-forming enterprises) of modern factors of influence that determine their attitude to residence and work in the Arctic. The analysis of the results of settlement processes in the Arctic regions has been carried out, indicating an unstable stabilization of the population situation in the Nenets, Chukotka and Yamalo-Nenets okrugs, provided by various factors; it revealed the preservation of the negative trend of population decline in the Murmansk Oblast. Statistical analysis and surveys have revealed socio-demographic problems caused by the pension reform, which can aggravate the problem of the outflow of working-age population from the Arctic territories. It was found out that the reaction of city-forming enterprise employees differs from the "all-Arctic" reaction of the population on the grounds confirming the stabilizing role of city-forming enterprises in socio-demographic processes in the Arctic.
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Socio-Labor Potential of Youth in the Russian Arctic: Reproduction Problems
Статья научная
Active efforts to develop the elements of territorial socio-economic systems of the Russian Arctic are the key to the efficient development of its resources. One such element is the labor potential, which, on the one hand, is a social factor of territorial self-development in the Russian Arctic, and, on the other hand, is capable of effectively implementing national interests in the Arctic. In this regard, the quality of labor potential of the regions of the Arctic zone of Russia is of particular relevance, which is the focus of the author’s research. The first two stages of the study identified labor potential as a social factor in the self-development of the regions and local communities of the Russian Arctic, and also analyzed child poverty as a systemic factor limiting the possibilities of quality reproduction of labor potential of the regions of the Arctic zone of Russia. The purpose of the next stage of the study, the results of which are presented in this article, was to analyze the socio-economic situation of young people in the regions of the Russian Arctic as part of the formation of qualitative characteristics of labor potential of the Arctic zone of Russia. The research methods include statistical analysis of socio-economic situation of youth in the regions of the Russian Arctic and analysis of normative legal documents regulating certain issues of socio-labor relations. In the course of the study the main problems of socio-economic situation of the youth in the Russian Arctic, limiting the promising opportunities of their life activity in the regions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation, were identified. The results of the study are focused on their practical use in the management of the development of labor potential of the regions of the Russian Arctic.
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Статья научная
The article is focused on the rich resource potential of the northern territories of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Magadan and Chukotka Autonomous District, the development of which has been hampered by the lack of infrastructure and investments. The most acute social problem in the Northern and in the Arctic regions of the Far Eastern Federal District is a decline in living standards. The analysis has shown that a relatively high income does not really provide a high standard of living, as the purchasing power of income (relative to the subsistence level) is actually even lower than the national average. The Magadan Region and Chukotka Autonomous District are formally occupying a leading position on a common housing area in Russia. However, if we exclude the old housing, we will see that the supply of housing is actually below the national average, as well as the life expectancy at birth. The author offers a number of measures able to improve the living standards of the Northerners.
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Sociocultural and socio-psychological factors of entrepreneurial potential in the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
The article discusses the theoretical problems of the entrepreneurial potential of the population on value orientations dependence, understood as the behavioral imperatives of a particular culture. The text of the article considers entrepreneurship primarily as a socio-psychological and sociocultural phenom-enon. Entrepreneurship as a socio-psychological phenomenon is considered in the context of theories of behavioral economics, but as a sociocultural - based on the research tradition established by M. Weber. The authors postulate a thesis on the determining nature of the influence of the value system that domi-nates in a particular society on the level of entrepreneurial potential. The authors briefly set out the main approaches to the measurement of values in the social sciences, in particular, the approaches of M. Rokeach, R. Inglehart, G. Hofstede and S. Schwartz. The situation with the development of entrepreneur-ship in the regions of the Russian Arctic is presented in general terms, the specific problems that businesses face in the Arctic zone of the Russia are shown. The uniqueness of the Russian Arctic as a cultural macro-region is emphasized, on the basis of that a hypothesis is put forward about the special sociocultural condi-tions for the development of Arctic entrepreneurship compared to other territories of the country, mani-fested primarily in a specific system of values. Authors propose a synthesis of the methodologies M. Rokeach, R. Inglehart and S. Schwartz for a comprehensive study of the Russian Arctic' inhabitants value system.
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Solovetsky forum: on a way to civil society (1989—2012)
Статья научная
The paper outlines the key milestones of the informal social movement 'Solovetsky forum' and his contribution to the development of civil society in Russia.
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Solovki as an object of cultural heritage of the Arctic
Статья научная
Solovki as a multi-subject object of cultural and natural heritage of the Arctic is one of the unique monuments of our time, bringing together at one place several historical periods of life in Russia. The review article presents one of the first attempts in the scientific literature to make a comprehensive approach to the study of all the cultural and historical heritage of the Solovetsky Islands from ancient times to the present day, based on a multidisciplinary approach.
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Статья научная
The article presents some results of sociological surveys of the population of a region of the Russian Arctic − Murmansk region in recent years. Emphasis is placed on the estimates of financial position, purchasing power, identity , social mood and expectations.
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Some parallels between cultures of ancient Ymyyakhtakhets and Yukaghirs of the XVII-XIXth centuries
Статья научная
In this article obvious parallels in material and spiritual cultures of ancient inhabitants of a polar zone of Yakutia — Ymyyakhtakhets and one of the disappearing native people of the North — Yukaghirs are considered.
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Spatial Aspects of Development of the Ethno-Contact Zone in Karelia
Статья научная
The significant diversity of ethnic dynamics in Karelia at the level of its districts is of interest from the standpoint of the concept of ethno-contact zones being developed in the national science. The aim of the study is to classify the districts of Karelia on the basis of the concept of ethno-contact zones according to the peculiarities of the dynamics of the titular population for three periods: from 1933 to 1959, from 1959 to 1989 and from 1989 to 2010. The article carried out approbation of the methodology of identifying the phases of development of ethno-contact zones at the intra-regional level. In total, eight types of ethnic dynamics have been identified, corresponding to positive or negative values in the change in the share of titular population (waves of titularization and detitulization) and four phases of development of ethno-contact zones (initial, growth of contact, beginning of dissolution and complete dissolution). In the period from 1933 to 1959, most districts of the republic entered the initial phase of dissolution of the ethno-contact zone on the wave of detitulization of the population. In the period from 1959 to 1989, in the northern part of the republic, there was a belt of districts, passing to the complete dissolution of the ethno-contact zone. In the period from 1989 to 2010, all eastern districts of Karelia and northern Ladoga were in the phase of complete dissolution of the ethno-contact zone. The districts in the western part of the republic retained the type of ethnic dynamics corresponding to the beginning of dissolution of the ethno-contact zone. Throughout all three periods, Olonetskiy district, located in the south of the republic, demonstrated a type of ethnic dynamics atypical for Karelia. In 2010, it remained the only district of the Republic of Karelia where the share of the titular ethnic group exceeded half of the population.
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Статья научная
The article presents the authors’ vision of the emerging geopolitical factors determining Russia’s position in the global energy infrastructure, which allowed identifying problems and defining priorities and directions of spatial organization of the Arctic system of energy transport communications, expanding the possibilities of involvement of highly liquid energy resources of the Russian Arctic into active economic turnover. The purpose of the study is to analyze the prospects of the economic development of Arctic energy resources in the context of projected changes in the world economic order from the standpoint of ensuring the long-term energy sustainability of the national economy and strengthening Russia’s position in the energy markets of the Asia-Pacific region. The data presented in the study show the vulnerability of the current export-oriented model of the resource-raw materials economy in Russia due to technological and infrastructural limitations of transport logistics. The study substantiates the need to form a new world-system infrastructure for the country’s energy security using the natural resource potential and geo-economic advantages of the Arctic territories. This implies the involvement of highly liquid reserves of fossil energy resources in the Arctic into active economic turnover through the creation of mineral resource centers (MRCs) included in the structure of world economic fuel and energy relations. To achieve this goal, a conceptual model of spatial organization of the Arctic system of energy transport communications is proposed, which combines marine, coastal and land infrastructure facilities into intermodal energy transport corridors (IETC), opening additional opportunities for participation in global, national, interregional value chains and providing a synergetic effect of development of remote Arctic territories.
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