Статьи журнала - Arctic and North
Все статьи: 907
Business and government: environmental and economic responsibility in the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
The growing interest in environmental problems on the part of society leads to the fact that more and more attention is paid to the activities of enterprises, and the criteria for the greening of their production are becoming more stringent. With the growth of industrial production, the scale of the negative impact on the environment increases, so simply discussing environmental problems becomes insufficient. There is a need for a comprehensive accounting of the environmental performance of organizations and the development of measures to compensate for the resulting environmental damage. The article examines the issues of environmental and economic relations between business and government in the Russian Arctic. The purpose of this study is to form a theoretical approach to solving the problem of greening the Arctic regions based on the analysis of the ecological and economic relations between government and business. Legal and economic instruments for regulating environmental protection in Russia, as well as strategic documents for the development of the Russian Arctic in the field of ecology are analyzed. An assessment of the environmental and economic responsibility of companies operating in the Russian Arctic is carried out on the basis of non-financial reporting data. The results of the analysis show that the presented non-financial information is not transparent enough, and the level of business responsibility is rather low. To solve the problem posed, the authors propose a theoretical approach to building a "green" partnership, which allows finding a compromise between the interests of the state and business. The formation of an integrated ecological and economic approach in the state regulation of environmental protection activities will allow reaching a point of bifurcation in the relationship between government and business and thereby leveling the anthropogenic load on the ecosystem of the territory.
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Challenges and Opportunities for the Development of Single-Industry Towns in the Russian Arctic
Статья научная
Broad context of the dynamics and prospects of Russian Arctic development within the framework of achieving its strategic objectives indicates the magnitude of the tasks, the solution of which consists in the actualization of, firstly, the risks and opportunities for environmental and social responsibility of vertically integrated companies, whose production branches conduct their activities in the Arctic, and, secondly, the supportive role of the state as the regulator of conditions for the development of business initiatives. The aims of the study are to identify significant factors that influence the dynamics of socio-economic development and to determine the prospects for the development of single-industry towns in the Russian Arctic. Research methods include bibliographical, comparative, economic and statistical analysis. The study substantiates the critical factors limiting the development opportunities of single-industry towns in the Russian Arctic. The first group is represented by the state of mineral resource base, which determines natural limits and cyclicality of production activities of city-forming enterprises. The second group is the global crisis phenomena, producing the dependence of production of city-forming enterprises on the external conjuncture of prices for raw materials and main export items. The third group includes risks of fulfilment of budgetary obligations. Taken together, these factors limit the opportunities for economic diversification of single-industry towns in the Russian Arctic and the development of entrepreneurial activity there. It has been revealed that the promising opportunities for the development of single-industry towns in the Russian Arctic are limited by the priority areas of investment activities of vertically integrated companies and imperfect state instruments of development support. The practical significance of the study is determined by the current trajectory of territorial development within the framework of the global strategy for sustainable development of extractive industries of a city-forming nature that takes into account not only risks, but also opportunities.
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Статья научная
The article analyzes the managerial innovation of the Russian government on a new type of territorial management of the Arctic macroregion - support zones of development. The authors present an overview of the mineral deposits developed and planned for development within the boundaries of the Kola Peninsula and investment projects of the largest mining companies of the Murmansk region and, above all, the project “Kola Chemical and Technological Cluster” in accordance with the requirements developed by the federal regulator for forming mineral resource centers in support zones of development in the Arctic Particular attention is paid to the deposits of strategic and scarce minerals attractive for private investors. They will not require significant expenditures from regional authorities and local selfgovernments for development activities or any other methods of the state support and are socially significant for the region. The authors also discuss methodical approaches to management decisions when selecting the most efficient projects for implementing, the goals of socio-economic development and ensuring the ecological safety in the Arctic region under the global climate changes. Basing on the draft federal law “On the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation”, it was concluded that the mineral resource center of the Murmansk region was not likely to be included in the pilot project in 2018-2020 to form the Kola support zone of development in the Arctic. Proposals on harmonizing the requirements for registering applications of the Russian Arctic regions for forming the mineral resource center of the Kola support zone with the order on inclusion of mineral reserves in the state balance list. The authors justified methodology for developing investment projects and the procedures for their state comprehensive and environmental assessments. Some proposals for enhancing the efficiency of activities of applicants and participants in the support zone are made.
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Статья научная
The uniqueness of today's social processes triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic determines the lack of insights into the transformation of the socio-economic space of the Russian Arctic. The purpose of this article is to review the past, recent, and future conditions for development and management of the Russian Arctic, considered in the context of the unfolding crisis of a non–economic nature and its consequences. The methodological peculiarity of the review is presentation of the phenomenon of the current crisis in the context of interrelated fundamental problems of the development of the Russian Arctic, the new economic reality, which makes it difficult to reliably predict the future. This naturally led to the substantiation of a series of contradictions and difficulties in implementing the declared development goals of the Russian Arctic, that are specifically reflected in the title of the article — "chimeras", which in biology means an organism consisting of genetically heterogeneous cells. A statistical description of the specifics of socio-economic development of the Arctic regions under the COVID-19 pandemic has been carried out in the context of review of the support measures, examination of the economic structure and the corresponding scale of "disconnection" of the regions' economies during the period of isolation and the subsequent recovery. It is revealed that the Arctic regions demonstrate greater economic resilience compared to the overall Russian situation, which is associated not so much with the strengthening of stabilization measures at the federal level with the support of the regional level, but with the fundamental reasons — the relative simplicity of the Arctic extractive economy, higher population incomes, low level of small and medium business development. Navigation on the risks and opportunities of governing the Russian Arctic has been carried out, linking the fundamentals and the practical implications of the study through the traditional rationale for navigating and considering the practice of managing an object, in our case, the Arctic, as well as routing, which is, choosing the path to follow. In particular, it makes a strong case that the pandemic has deepened the problems and risks that are also major management targets for the "precursor" period and creates a new hypothetical risk — the diminishing scale of the Arctic's social and economic development goals, including practices for securing conditions for increased standards of living and quality of life for its people.
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China, Republic of Korea and Japan in the Arctic: politics, economy, security
Статья научная
China, South Korea and Japan are actively pursuing scientific, economic and political activities for the development of the Arctic, the Arctic resources, ensure security in it, seeking to increase its role in the Arctic Council, cooperating and competing-Rui with other countries. The paper stresses that China is in the final stage of preparation of its Arctic strategy, however, it is noted that the Arctic is important for China, but not a top priority of its foreign policy. The priorities of the Republic of Korea in the development and exploration of the Arctic, as shown by the analysis conducted by, yavlyutsya: research, the use of the Northern Sea Route for the transportation, receipt of orders from Arctic countries for Korean shipyards for the construction of offshore oil platforms, special vessels and icebreakers; development of relations with Russia. Japan is a growing interest in the Northern Sea Route, scientific research in the Arctic. We consider Japan's attempts to resolve the territorial issue with Russia. Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs supports the establishment of a new international structure in the Arctic, which was formed not on a geographical basis, and by the presence of economic interests in the region. Seoul supports the establishment, together with Russia a regional mechanism of multilateral cooperation in the Arctic, with the code name “Asia-Pacific Arctic Council”.
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Chukotskii ethnos in the ethno-cultural space
Статья научная
The description of the historical, spiritual, moral and ethnic aspects of the formation of the chukchi ethnic group in the context of its presence in the Russian space.
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Chuvans – are one of the largest tribes of yukagirs
Статья научная
Identified and presented chuvans number, location and contemporary historical homeland, paganism, shamanism, rituals, traditional crafts, as well as the current situation.
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Circumpolar habitat: safety and the health of population
Статья научная
Problems of extreme conditions for life and health of Homo sapiens in circumpolar environment and adaptation processes are discussed. Also shows limits of biological (physiological) adaptation mechanisms. Extreme and hypo comfortable circumpolar conditions of living are not the basic reasons of early mortality. But «cold factor» is considered to be very sufficient reason of primary infant and adult morbidity. Finally, we still don’t know all mechanisms of influence of extreme conditions of North on endocrine system and obesity, reproductive system of women. From the biological equivalence position noospheric paradigm is putted forward into the Arctic and Russian North development.
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Статья научная
In this article the initial history of Arkhangelsk, which owes its calendar with date of foundation of the monastery of Archangel Michael in 1388.
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Статья научная
The article identifies the components and factors of the quality of life of the population of the northern region. The specifics of social work in the North are presented. The authors considered the rating of Northern regions of Russia on quality of life and noted the relationship between the quality of life with a form of social work. The potential of community social work in the North focused on activities in the local community and aimed at strengthening individuals, families and social groups is also discussed. The authors revealed priorities and individual areas of social work according to the territorial principle in the develop-ment of approaches to implementation of the Federal project “Strong family” of the party “Edinaya Rossi-ya” (“United Russia”) in the Arkhangelsk region.
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Comparative analysis of the Russian and American strategies of the development of the Arctic
Статья научная
The article is a comparison of Russian and American strategies of the development of the Arctic zone and analyzed the mental patterns of the Western and the Eastern perception of the spacel development.
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Comparative assessment of innovative development of the Far North regions
Статья научная
The paper deals with the assessment of the level of innovative development of the Northern regions. Based on the data of the annual rating of innovative economies, performed by Bloomberg, a comparative analysis of the rating of innovative economies in the Nordic countries is presented. It is noted that Russia has been consistently ranked 25-27 in the last four years, although in 2016, it was in the 12th place. An overview analysis of methodological approaches and methods for assessing the level of innovative development of a region in Russia is carried out. On the basis of statistical data on the composite integral index, a comparative assessment of the level of innovative development of 17 regions of the Far North of the Russian Federation for 2017 is carried out, and the corresponding ranks are analyzed separately for 5 sub-indices of thematic blocks: socio-economic conditions, scientific and technical potential, innovation activity, export activity and the quality of regional innovation policy. The study shows a significant difference between the regions of the Far North of the Russian Federation in terms of the level of innovative development. In five subjects of the Far North of the Russian Federation, the values of the composite innovation index are higher than the average for the Russian Federation. Different positions occupied by regions are also observed in the rankings for individual sub-indices. The results of such ratings make it possible to assess the comparative advantages and disadvantages of specific regions for further consideration in the program documents on their innovative development.
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Competence centers for Arctic studies: thesis-based analysis
Статья научная
The article deals with theses thematic grouping, both following the Russian Arctic zone’s areas of socio-economic activity and organizations where they were prepared. Thesis selection on Arctic topics was carried out using morphemes (titles and keywords) of theses defended in 1990-2018. 1.436 of theses were selected, incl. 1.201 for the degree of Candidate of Sciences and 235 - for the degree of Doctor of Sciences amounting to 1% of the total number of analyzed theses. More than 50% of theses related to the Arctic topics were dealing with three principal areas of Arctic socio-economic activity: “water and biological resources”, “ecology, climate and people”, and “geology and minerals”. Researchers’ organizations were located in 51 different territories of the Russian Federation. Among 503 organizations involved in Arctic research on all topics, the leaders are Lomonosov Moscow State University (72 theses), Murmansk Marine Biological Institute, Kola Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences (62 theses), Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (43 theses). The analysis allows us to create an objective list of all organizations - Competence centers for Arctic studies - involved in areas related to Arctic socio-economic activity.
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Статья научная
Review of the conference which took place at the Northern (Arctic) federal University (Arkhangelsk) in February 26—27 2015 and was dedicated to various questions of development of the Arctic. Some presentation are highlighted in the review, speaker’s suggestions included in final resolution are represented.
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Composition of Arctic Territories for State Support: Which Way to Choose?
Статья научная
Due to the fact that currently there are several lists of Arctic territories for state support, the article describes possible options for changing their composition in the forecast period of the next decade: from complete unification of all lists to, on the contrary, extreme diversification (each list has its own tasks of state support). The research question of the article is to determine the benefits and costs of each scenario for the “set” of Arctic territories for government support. Main results: 1) four scenarios of evolution of the current system of state support of the Arctic and northern territories according to the geographical factor (composition of territories for support) — a) optimal-administrative; b) anti- district; c) polyphonic; d) limited diversity; 2) radical anti-district and optimal-administrative scenarios, comfortable for federal executive authorities, carry the highest integral risks. The polyphonic “evolutionary” scenario carries minimal risks, when, simultaneously with the preservation of the institution of northern regional guarantees and compensation, institutions of the multifaceted Arctic are established — for resident investors, geostrategic, and entrepreneurial. But it also turns out to be the most expensive for the federal budget; 3) for the integral scenario, it is advisable to take into account the following elements of the described scenarios: multiple lists of Arctic regions for different forms of state support; preservation in a limited form of the former regional institution of social support for the northern and Arctic territories; full support for small and medium-sized manufacturing entrepreneurs in the Arctic and North, primarily in areas with limited delivery times for goods; gradual transformation of support for localities equated to regions of the Far North, from northern and Arctic institutions to all-Russian regional ones; introduction of institutions that encourage the technological transformation of the previous industrial structure and the formation of a new digital structure throughout the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.
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Conditions and opportunities to realize the agricultural potential of the North
Статья научная
The article shows the role of the agricultural sector of the North in providing the population with fresh food products, preserving the traditional way of life of the indigenous ethnic groups, sustainable de-velopment of the northern territories, and ensuring the country's food security. The organization of agriculture in the north and Arctic territories of Scandinavia, Canada and Alaska and the possibility of its use in the Russian North, considering its own rich historical experience, is discussed in the article. The generalization of agricultural practices in northern countries allows us to recommend the Scandinavian development of agriculture and, above all, the experience of Finland for the European North of Russia. Canadian model of agricultural development is of little use for the Russian North since it was designed for sparsely populated territories. The study revealed the possibilities and limitations of the development of agriculture in the North. The critical points for the socio-economic development in the agrarian sector are the availability of natural and labor resources, the possibility of organizing organic (ecological) production within the traditional industries, the industrial nature of the economy that directs significant financial resources for the industrial modernization and the integrated development of rural areas. The study also revealed the possibilities and limitations of the agricultural development of the North. The constraints of agricultural development and food self-sufficiency are explicit. They are related to extreme natural conditions, low availability of biological resources, the poor technical support of the agrarian sector, low-qualified employees and hard living conditions of peasants, unfavorable external environment, inefficient state support, unavailability of loans, and unsustainable sales of agricultural products. The changes in the agriculture of the northern territories after the All-Russian Agricultural Censuses 2006 and 2016 revealed. The results of the study serve the ground for substantiating conceptual approaches to the development of agricultural production and increasing the level of food self-sufficiency of the local population.
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Conditions and perspectives of the Russian and foreign Arctic research fleet
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the conditions of the Russian and foreign research fleet able to work in the Arctic waters according to its technical specifications. The study has revealed that a modern common trend is construction of multi-functional research and expedition vessels, able not only to conduct research, but also to transport cargoes and to serve as icebreakers or carriers of aircrafts. The authors conclude that the Russian Arctic research fleet is the most numerous. However, it needs to be modernized because the most of the vessels were constructed in 1970s and 1980s.
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Conservation and Evolution of Marine and Coastal Ecosystems: Polar Factor
Статья научная
The paper presents an analysis of polar ecological policy actors. From this perspective, authors discuss in detail a role of state in conservation and development of marine and coastal ecosystems. Furthermore, they describe a green agenda for polar regions. At last, some ways for creating of ecological policies in the Arctic and the Antarctic regions, most especially on behalf of sea and marginal ecosystems conservation and evolution, are proposed. One of the most vital parts of such policies is staff training. The authors have attempted a comprehensive analysis of the Green Agenda at the global, national and local levels in terms of the effectiveness of its proposed mechanisms for the protection of biodiversity in polar areas. Researchers have also reviewed plans of Russia according to the new set of strategies for Arctic and Antarctic regions, which were adopted in 2020. The ideas proposed by the authors can be used in a real-case scenario both for strategies implementation and for public discussion on the global ecological problems.
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Consistency and Adaptability: New Aspects of the Arctic Policy of Sweden
Статья научная
The article is an analytical review of Sweden’s Arctic policy since the adoption of the country’s first Arctic strategy in 2011 until nowadays. The priorities of Sweden’s 2011 Arctic Strategy in the areas of environmental protection, economic cooperation and human life in the Arctic are analyzed. Sweden’s chairmanship programs at the Arctic Council for 2011–2013 and at the Barents Euro-Arctic Council for 2017–2019 are assessed for compliance with the national Arctic strategy priorities. The participation of Sweden in projects under the auspices of the Arctic Council in the 2010s and at present is presented. The content of the updated Sweden’s Arctic strategy of 2020 is analyzed. The updated strategy is compared with the strategy of 2011; the reasons for the enlargement of the thematic coverage of Sweden’s Arctic strategy of 2020 (additional priorities are international cooperation in the Arctic, security and stability in the region, and scientific cooperation) are explained. The reasons for Sweden’s emphasis on security issues in the Arctic are explained. It is concluded that Sweden’s Arctic policy from 2011 to the present is consistent and adaptable due to the changing climatic, economic, political and military situation in the Arctic region. The desire of Sweden to cooperate with the Nordic countries and NATO in the field of military cooperation in the Arctic is marked as a new tendency in Sweden’s Arctic policy. The new role of the European Union, Canada and Germany in the implementation of Swedish Arctic policy at the present stage is traced. Sweden’s Arctic strategy is also estimated in correspondence to the provisions of the Arctic Council Strategic Plan for 2021–2030.
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