- Все статьи 7472
-
Бюллетень науки и практики @bulletennauki
Статьи журнала - Бюллетень науки и практики
Все статьи: 7472
Fish Biomarkers in the Ecological Assessment of the Shahagachi Coast (Caspian Sea)
Статья научная
This study assessed the ecological status of the Shahagachi coastal area (Azerbaijan, Caspian Sea) using fish as bioindicators. The study was conducted on 16 specimens of mullet (Liza saliens) and 15 specimens of kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum). A comprehensive approach was employed to evaluate the condition of the fish, including a genotoxic analysis based on nuclear aberrations in erythrocytes and a histopathological analysis of the gills. The genotoxic analysis revealed pathologies in fish erythrocytes such as nuclear deformation, invagination, and displacement, and in some cases, micronuclei. However, the level of detected pathological cells in the blood of mullet (1.65±0.06%) and kutum (2.12±0.18%) remained within the physiological reference range (<5%). Histological examination of the gills of both species showed protective and adaptive changes, such as hyperplasia, curvature, and fusion of secondary lamellae, and an uneven distribution of secondary lamellar hyperplasia; parasitic infestations were also detected. An integrated assessment of the results indicated that the studied fish populations are experiencing a state of mild physiological stress. It was concluded that the environmental conditions in the Shahagachi area, while not causing critical damage, create unfavorable background conditions for aquatic organisms, which underscores the need for further monitoring to prevent ecosystem degradation.
Бесплатно
Fish development in lake ecosystems, effect of heavy metals
Статья научная
Heavy metals enter the water bodies and combine with the water buffer system, then turn into poorly soluble hydroxides, carbonates, sulfides and phosphates, and also form metal-organic complexes, accumulate in the bottom sediments and in general in the bodies of the fish fauna of the reservoirs of the area, seriously affecting their development. It was determined that the amount of Ca2+ ions varied from 17 mg/l to 112 mg/l, and the amount of Mg2+ ions from 5.5 mg/l to 83.5 mg/l, in other words, towards autumn. water hardness has increased. The amount of alkali metal (Na+ + K+) ions is much lower in spring than in summer and autumn. According to the cations, the amount of chloride and sulfate ions increases in autumn. Thus, the impact of anthropogenic factors on fish is diverse and manifests itself primarily in morphological anomalies and changes in the basic biological parameters of fish populations. The main of them is the reduction of productivity and the complete loss of their natural forms, the increase of individuals and the increase of mortality.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The current state of the tree family Rosaceae is considered. As a result of the research, the taxonomic composition, life forms, ecological groups, geographical areas and classes of tree species of the Rosaceae family, widespread in the mountain-xerophytic and steppe vegetation of the flora of the Ordubad district, were revealed. When characterizing the Rosaceae tree species of the mountain-xerophytic and steppe zone of the flora of the Ordubad region, it was established: Rosa - 14 (29.1%), Prunus - 6 (12.5%), Crataegus - 5 (10.4%), Pyrus - 5 (10.4%), Sorbus - 5 (10.4%), Cotoneaster - 5 (10.4%), Rubus - 3 (6.25%), Spiraea - 2 (4.16%) and 1 (2.08%) each of Malus , Louiseania and Pyracantha . The structure of the flora of the Ordubad region is dominated by species belonging to the genus Rosa L. They are part of the shrub steppes and form independent groups and unique communities.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
In modern times, the study of biodiversity in the context of global climate change is becoming more and more important. The study area is the Batabat Plateau, located in the north of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, on the southern slope of the Zangezur Range. The area surrounded by the Zangezur and Daralayaz ranges has such geographical conditions that the air humidity is below normal for most of the year. Only in the summer months does the humidity increase relatively. Due to the flow of moist air entering the area through the Bichanak pass, which is a low area of the Zangezur range, the humidity of the air is relatively high, which is very important in the formation of vegetation. As a result of our research, it was found that 968 species of plants belonging to 58 families and 344 genera can be found in the flora of the Batabat plateau, and the flora spectrum of the area was prepared by us. The species of plants distributed in the Batabat plateau were analyzed according to their life forms and useful properties, and it was found that the plant groups formed by these species contain a quantity of technical medicines, fruits and berries, and other useful products that will provide a number of industries (food, medicine, perfumery, etc.). Plant groups have abundant natural resources, which are used effectively.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The article examines the floristic analysis of species belonging to the Crataegus L. genus in the mountain-xerophyte and steppe vegetation of Nakhchivan. As a result of the research, it was determined that 13 species of the Crataegus L. genus are found in the mountain xerophytes and steppe vegetation of the studied area. According to the analysis of life forms, the studied species are grouped into 3 subtypes of phanerophytes (mesophanerophytes, microphanerophytes and nanophanerophytes). According to the analysis of ecological groups, there are 7 species of mesoxerophytes, 4 species of xerophytes and 2 species of mesophytes. According to the analysis of geographical habitat types, xerophilic habitat type includes 8 species, Caucasian habitat type includes 2 species, and the remaining types are represented by 1 species as monotype.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The study of the Salicaceae Mirb. species common in the flora of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was conducted and their floristic analysis was performed. In the flora of the autonomous republic, 17 Salicaceae species belonging to 2 genera were identified, 9 species were assigned to the genus Salix L., and 8 species to the genus Populus L. Types of areas: boreal areal type (7 species), xerophilous areal type (4 species), Caucasian areal type (4 species) and desert areal type (1 species). The areal type was not determined for one species. This family is of great interest both in terms of biological diversity and ecological significance. It was established that the greatest species diversity of the family is found in the middle mountain zone, and a small part is found in the low and middle mountain zones, as well as in the subalpine zone. At present, the issues of adjusting botanical-geographical and historical plant systems, analyzing the distribution and genesis of species, and clarifying typical ranges are extremely important.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Hawthorn (Crataegus) is a plant consisting of various species of thorny shrubs or small trees belonging to the Rosaceae family. The genus Hawthorn (Crataegus L.) has 20 species in the flora of Azerbaijan and 20 species in the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic: Crataegus pontica C.Koch., Crataegus orientalis Pall. ex Bieb., Crataegus meyeri Pojark., Crataegus szowitsii Pojark., Crataegus pentagyna Waldst. & Kit., Crataegus pseudoheterophylla Pojark., Crataegus cinovski Kassymova., Crataegus sanguinea Pall., Crataegus curvisepala Lindm., Crataegus caucasica C. Koch. Hawthorn species are found in various ecological zones, including mountainous, flat and semi-desert areas. The climatic conditions of each region affect the phenological stages of plant development. In the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, hawthorn is found in almost all altitude zones (800-2500 m). The greatest amplitude of distribution belongs to the species Crataegus orientalis. It is found in areas from the foothill zone to the subalpine zone (900-2250 m). In the middle zone, the species C. cinovskisii, C. szovitsii, C. Tournefortii, C. pojarkoviae and C. pontica are predominantly common. However, in some cases, the distribution zone of the species C. pontica goes down, and the species C. pojarkoviae rises to the high-mountain zone. The species Crataegus caucasica, C. rhipidophylla, C. pseudoheterophylla and C. zangezura are found almost from the low-mountain zone to the subalpine zone, and the species C. atrosanguinea and C. eriantha are found in the low-mountain and middle-mountain zone. The distribution zone of the species C. meyeri sometimes reaches an altitude of 2350 m. The flower lump of the hawthorn species, which is used as a food and medicinal plant, is used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and to regulate heart rhythm. Ripe fruits are also useful for lowering blood pressure in folk medicine. The fruits and flowers of hawthorn are used in medicine to treat cardiovascular diseases, circulatory problems and high blood pressure. The plant is rich in flavonoids, antioxidants and tannins, so it strengthens the immune system and has an anti-inflammatory effect. Hawthorn is also used as an ornamental plant.
Бесплатно
Folk crafts as an important part of the economy (in the example of the Surkhan oasis)
Статья научная
In the XIX-XX centuries, various branches of handicrafts developed in the villages of the Surkhan oasis, which was directly part of the Bukhara Emirate. In particular, the ceramics industry, woodworking, boat building as a result of trade across the Amudarya, and the construction of water mills are highly developed. The growing daily needs of the oasis population have played a key role in making this sector an important part of the economy. This article is based on historical and scientific sources as well as personal observations and highlihts how handicrafts were made and used in the 19th and 20th centuries.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The article is devoted to the determination of the optimal parameters of a dielectric fluid as an impregnant in power capacitors. The optimal parameters for the synthesis of the ester are found on the basis of a not clear Mamdani model. The model providing optimization of the chemical process is offered and on the basis of statistical data, the algorithm of training of the fuzzy model is developed. The goal was solved with fuzzy data and a regression model of the three-stage process was obtained. Optimization was carried out and optimum parameters were found. Based on the statistical data, a fuzzy Mamdani model was compiled.
Бесплатно
Forecasting of socio-economic security indicators by means of exponential smoothing
Статья научная
The method of exponential smoothing is widely used in the forecasting of financial and economic characteristics in different sectors of the economy, departments, etc. In the construction of a forecast model by exponential smoothing time series of characteristics of socio-economic security is smoothed with the support of a weighted moving average, in which the weights obey the exponential law. In this case, the following levels of the series are given significant values in comparison with the past, because they carry more important information to determine the predicted values at the level of socio-economic security characteristics.
Бесплатно
Foreign economic relations of Sumgait city (on the chemical industry. 1991-2003)
Статья научная
The article analyzes the economic crisis in the Sumgait chemical industry as a result of the collapse of the USSR and the severance of traditional economic ties with the former Soviet republics after the independence of Azerbaijan and the measures taken to overcome this crisis. In addition, the establishment of economic relations and exchange of experience in the chemical industry with economically developed countries in the chemical industry: Germany, USA, Turkey, Japan, Great Britain, Korea, Italy, Bulgaria and Spain, replacement of physically and morally obsolete equipment at Sumgait chemical enterprises with new ones and develop new projects to increase the production capacity of factories, as well as the investment of these countries in the Sumgait chemical industry and joint work with a group of EU experts to eliminate the environmental problem were also searched.
Бесплатно
Foreign experience of financing small business and private entrepreneurship
Статья научная
This article explores the specifics of the financial and credit mechanism for supporting small and private entrepreneurship in foreign countries in order to identify key areas for the development of financial and credit support for small and medium-sized businesses in the Republic of Uzbekistan. This study and study of the specifics of the financial and credit mechanism in foreign countries is an important factor in determining the optimal directions of financial and credit support for small businesses and private entrepreneurship in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The purpose of the study of the financial and credit mechanism for supporting small business in foreign countries is to formulate the main directions for improving small support based on the analytical data.
Бесплатно
Foreign models of innovation activities
Статья научная
In the article have been discussed issues of innovation activities. By the author made a comparative analysis of countries, such as USA, Japan, Russia and European countries. The creation of an innovative environment in the republic, as well as the intensification of the innovative activity of local higher education institutions, becomes an objective necessity, ultimately determines the relevance of the scientific work we carry out.
Бесплатно
Foreign trade relations of the khanate of Bukhara
Статья научная
In Bukhara Khanate, which has a history of about 250 years, had also done a number of trade activities. By the second half of the 16th century, the Kazan and Astrakhan Khanates joined the Russian state. As the border of this state approached Central Asia, the trade relations between the Bukhara, Balkh, Khiva khanates and Russia were strengthened, and permanent relationship developed. Bukhara officials send ambassadors several times to Russia in order to benefit their traders.
Бесплатно
Forest biodiversity of Basitchay state nature reserve
Статья научная
The study analyzed the natural plant species of the Basitchay State Nature Reserve, located in the south of the Lesser Caucasus (Zangelan District), the population status of plants in the areas, the taxonomic composition of trees, shrubs and grasses. To this end, the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Institute of Dendrology of Azerbaijan NAS got acquainted with the current situation in the district. During the monitoring, satellite images, GPS coordinates, etc. were used. Soil samples brought from the site were examined for 14 indicators of the mineral composition using Palintest equipment, soil sets 400. Quercus iberica grows in the forest cover of the mountainous part of the region and Carpinus caucasica, 2 types of junipers: Juniperus foetidissima, J. depressa Stev. and hybrid, there are Pistacia mutica, sorbus, mulberry, willow, poplar, hawthorn, foxglove, mountain xerophilous plants, shrubs, blackthorn, etc. Q. araxina, Celtis caucasica Willd., Carpinus orentalis, Pistacia mutica, Acer iberica grow on dry stony slopes, Ulmus araxina Takht. = U. minor Mill. Pyrus salicifolia forms woodlands with juniper. Such forests are characterized by xerophytic shrubs: Atraphaxis spinosa, Lonicera iberica, Cerasus microcarpa, Ephedra intermedia Schrenk. et. Camei, Rhamnus pallasii and Paliurus spina-christi. As a result, 27 species of trees, 18 shrubs and 11 species of herbs have been registered in the Basitchai State Nature Reserve. Of these species, 17 rare, endangered trees, 3 shrubs, 3 grass species, 6 trees and 2 shrubs of relict and endemic species have been identified.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The article examines the importance of the formation of intercultural competence in teaching foreign languages in the context of globalization and integration of different cultures. It is explained that effective communication with native speakers requires not only mastery of grammatical and lexical aspects, but also the ability to understand and respect the cultural characteristics of other countries. The article analyzes various methods that contribute to the development of intercultural competence, including the use of intercultural trainings, role-playing games, digital platforms and international exchange programs. The role of the teacher in the process of forming intercultural competence, as well as technological tools that are actively being introduced into the educational process, is also considered. The problems and challenges faced by students and teachers in teaching intercultural communication, as well as ways to overcome these difficulties, are discussed. In conclusion, the need to integrate intercultural methods into language teaching is emphasized for the successful adaptation of students in a globalized society.
Бесплатно
Formation of budget resources of territories and socio-economic tasks of local budget
Статья научная
The article examines the actual issues of forming the resources of local budgets in interrelation with their social and economic tasks. It is substantiated that the increase in the role of the local budget in the social and economic development of the regions also requires deeper scientific and practical approaches to budget planning. According to the author, the budget revenue indicators are closely related to the indicators of the financial development of entrepreneurship in the region and are based on the indicators of the region’s economic development. It was also noted that budget planning should also include major changes in income and expenditure. In conclusion, it was concluded that the development of medium-term forecasts of local budget revenues implies the identification of medium-term revenues. Such calculations are based on the rules of tax and mandatory payments, the expected indicators of socio-economic development of the region and data of the state program, which should be implemented in the region. The use of economic and mathematical methods of forecasting will further enhance its quality.
Бесплатно
Formation of innovation educational environment at high school
Статья научная
The author, based on the achievements of phycological-pedagogical science, researches in the sphere of pedagogy at high school and pedagogical innovations, makes discussions on the theoretical-methodological and practical issues the of formation of innovative educational environment. The emphasis is made on the conditiothe ns promoting the to formation of effective educational environment, the mechanisms required for its formation, need on planning and implementing the creative projects and a requirement on didactical system with two-level content of training discipline.
Бесплатно
Formation of innovative economy on the basis of market principles
Статья научная
The significance of innovative economy for government is its influence on macro-economical indicates. Another significance is its influence on structure. Innovative economy raises the level of education and science. Thus, in innovative economy both governmental and non-governmental bodies activity is worth notice.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
In order to gain an active position in society in the new pedagogical thinking, an individual must have a number of qualities, skills and abilities. It is important to be enterprising, independent and active. Of course, at the same time he must have organizational skills. Students who acquire basic organizational skills in childhood, and then develop these skills in secondary schools and universities and turn them into organizational abilities, will play an important role in society in the future, will successfully lead departments and enterprises, teams. The article considers the formation of organizational skills in high school students as a requirement of new pedagogical thinking.
Бесплатно
