In modern conditions, transport processes encompass not only the movement of goods from suppliers to consumers, but also a large amount of forwarding, information, customs and transactional processing operations on insurance, storage of transported goods. Transport process faces special difficulties, if it is restricted by the scope of border and customs procedures of several countries in the limited space and time. Implementation of modern principles of customs logistics in the practice of customs clearance of transport and goods in the limited space and time will allow us for improving significantly the organizational and economic sustainability of transport processes. The paper examines the trends in the use of customs logistics to simplify customs clearance of vehicles and goods in the case of transportation in the limited space and time.

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Peculiarities of deixis and anaphora in speech discourse

Rakhmatova Odina

Статья научная

This article considers peculiarities of deixis and anaphora in speech discourse. The author of the article believes that the separation of deictic and anaphora relations as independent objects of research in linguistics is associated with the consideration of the problems of deixis as a category of general activity theory, communicative-functional, pragmatic and cognitive linguistics, and anaphora as a category of text/discourse linguistics, which provides its structural-syntactic and semantic coherence. This explains the transition from the study of the characteristics of syntactic anaphora, mainly pronouns, within the sentence/utterance to the consideration of text / discourse anaphora.

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Peculiarities of the formation of pedagogical beliefs of future teachers based on educational technologies

Oripova Nodima

Статья научная

Article describes the peculiarities of the formation of pedagogical beliefs of future teachers based on educational technologies. The article also discusses the methodology of using educational technologies in the educational process.

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Peculiarities of the irrigation system in the Surkhan oasis during the rule of the Bukhara emirate

Kabulov E.

Статья научная

In this article, the reforms implemented in the irrigation system of the Surkhan oasis during the rule of the Bukhara Emirate and its results are researched based on archival documents, sources and scientific literature.

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Peculiarities of the legal position of the earth and land plots in the state publicity

Kurmanova Aigul

Статья научная

This article examines the problem of defining the concepts of “land” and “land plot”, as well as the issue of the peculiarities of the legal status of objects in state ownership, in particular, land and land.

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Pedagogical conditions of using technical means in language learning

Madmarova Z., Alymbaeva A.

Статья научная

Pedagogical conditions of using multimedia technologies are considered in the article. There is an analysis of scientific sources of research on the use of computer tools in the teaching of foreign languages. The effectiveness of modern multimedia technologies in teaching English is proved. Multimedia tools are identified which significantly increase students' motivation and, as a result, the quality of their foreign language training. The article describes the educational conditions of using multimedia in foreign language education. To familiarize students with language vocabulary and structure, or to allow them to practice pronunciation and speaking with native speakers, the use of multimedia content in the classroom could integrate print, video, educational games and the Internet.

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Pedagogical features of the formation of pedagogical ethics in future teachers

Ismoilova Yulduz, Mamatova Umida

Статья научная

The article is devoted to the formation of pedagogical ethics in future teachers and the study of the problems of pedagogical characteristics. It is imperative to pay attention to the knowledge of future teachers because mastering the system of competent reading in higher education is their social and professional duty. Therefore, future teachers need to know the rules and requirements of pedagogical ethics. Because mastering the etiquette of a teacher: professional ethics of future teachers - the formation of knowledge, skills and competencies in the ethics of a teacher; guide, regulate and monitor the coach’s relationship with children, colleagues and parents in the educational process; to learn the norms that must be adhered to in ethical relations between the participants in the pedagogical process, to understand the need for their assimilation; serves to increase the spiritual and moral level of future teachers. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the substantiation of the need for optimal coordination of the priorities of professional development, the need for their competent implementation.

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Pedagogical reflection is a tool for the professional development of future pedagogical specialists

Abilova Z., Menilbaeva K.

Статья научная

In modern scientific concepts of reflection, it is given many characteristics. Reflection is a thought process aimed at analyzing, understanding, perceiving oneself, one’s actions, order, words, experiences, feelings, states, characteristics, behavior, attitudes towards oneself and others, etc. According to research scientists, the importance of developing professional reflection of future educational psychologists for the effective formation of their professionalism is emphasized. At the same time, a person’s conscious attitude to his actions, to himself, is formed through reflection, since reflection makes it possible to identify his attitude with an understanding of the essence of truth. It can be concluded that professional reflection can be considered as the highest opportunity in the preparation of a future teacher. Firstly, the future teacher-specialist interacts with other subjects in the process of communication and reflects the communicative aspects of professional reflection. Secondly, the subject is in feedback, where professional reflection characterizes the intellectual aspect. Professional reflection contributes to the formation of generalized ideas about the profession, the content and structure of activities among future teachers and psychologists. The types of reflexes in abstinence of the future personality are also determined. In the context of our research, the problem of the relationship between professional activity and reflection his important theoretical significance, it opens the way to the development of intellectual reflection, personal reflection aimed at self-organization through self-knowledge and introspection, interpersonal reflection through actions on the joint activity of a partner.

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Pedagogical theories in online education: teaching implications for online courses

Wahedi Nargiza

Статья научная

As online courses have a pivotal and growing role in the educational curriculum at the present moment, the purpose of the given article is to review the current directions in schools of thought and establish pedagogical applications to be directly applied in course design. Key components of online courses, namely, course and module objectives, instructional materials, the specificity of tasks and assignments are being thoroughly discussed about the theoretical foundations of online education including behaviorism, cognitive, constructive, and connectivist approaches. The entire body of theoretical underpinnings is illustrated with successive teaching samples personally devised for the online course to promote a better understanding of the discussed concepts and supplied with pragmatic recommendations for novice instructors of online courses.

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People's liberation movement in the North Caucasus in the 30-40s of the XIX century

Isgandarov Vusal

Статья научная

After the assassination of Hamzat Bey, the second imam of Dagestan and Chechnya, the Russians carried out an expedition and clashed with a group of disciples led by Shamil, fearing that Shamil would aggravate the situation in Dagestan. The agreement reached between Shamil and his commanders, the spread of Sharia among the mountains, the unification of separate forces in the mountains of Dagestan and Chechnya, the fierce fighting between the parties, the loss of Russians during the marches, the influx of disciples to Shamil, operations against the local feudal lords who supported them, the Battle of Ahulgo, the fierce resistance of the tsarist forces trying to occupy the Caucasus, and the defeat of the tsarist troops were discussed. The fact that General Fezi was forced to retreat with heavy losses after his march to Dagestan in the summer of 1837 increased Shamil's prestige not only in mountainous Dagestan and Chechnya but also in the northern districts of Azerbaijan. At that time, he wrote letters to many communities, urging them to fight against tsarism. In the early 1960s, the complete subjugation of many mountainous peoples of the North Caucasus was completed. The freedom movement of the highlanders was defeated. It was by its very nature a national liberation movement against tsarism in order to preserve its independence. After the defeat of the movement led by Shamil, the Muslim population of the Caucasus protested against tsarism in various districts of Northern Azerbaijan. The pan-Caucasian uprisings towards the end of the Caucasus war affected the northern districts of Azerbaijan and the communities of southwestern Dagestan. The center of this uprising was the north-western region of Azerbaijan. The freedom of the Caucasian peoples in the study of the problem is to study the essence of the struggle. During the research, several archival materials were included in the scientific cycle for the first time.

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Personality of Amir Timur and his epoch description in story Lord of Samarcand by Robert E. Howard

Yakubov Muzaffar

Статья научная

This article deals with the image of Timur the Great and description of his epoch in the story Lord of Samarcand by well-known American writer Robert E. Howard.

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Perspective of rural tourism development in Uzbekistan

Ostonov U.

Статья научная

The article is devoted to actual problems of effective development of rural tourism in Uzbekistan. Currently, there are 10,865 villages in Uzbekistan. Each of these villages has a unique tourist destination. The government attaches great importance to creating new jobs in rural areas and improving the living standards of the population. Rural tourism is one of the directions of the economy that can be used in this direction. When organizing rural tourism, the following points should be taken into account: first, that each village is a set of unique cultural, material and natural resources. Secondly, these are cultural landscapes, rural life and other resources. In conclusion, it is concluded that it is necessary to liberalize rural production; guide to ensure spiritual, physical recreation in the city; guide for rural culture, traditions and protection of the rural environment.

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Perspective planning of modern education: strategic approaches and development trends

Babayeva Z.

Статья научная

The article analyses the main priority areas and challenges, drawing on international research in the field of long-term educational planning. Key planning components are also commented on in the context of digital transformation, inclusion, teacher training and assessment systems. The article analyzes the principles of strategic planning in education at the international level and conducts a comparative study of the experience of countries such as Finland, Singapore and Azerbaijan. The purpose of the study is to analyze successful strategies of various countries and propose models and approaches that can be applied in Azerbaijani education. The article also analyzes the methodologies and strategic approaches used to improve the process of long-term planning in the higher education system of Azerbaijan. Modern methods and approaches used for proper planning of the future development of higher education institutions were also considered. The article analyzed strategic approaches and trends in the development of long-term planning in the modern education system; the study used both qualitative and quantitative methods.

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Perspectives on the use of blockchain for decentralized and secure data exchange

Israfilov A.

Статья научная

The article examines the application of blockchain technology for decentralized and secure data exchange. The primary focus is on blockchain's advantages, such as high security, data immutability, and the potential for process automation through smart contracts. Key challenges in implementing the technology are also discussed, including scalability issues, high energy consumption, and legal restrictions. The article suggests solutions to these challenges through the development of efficient consensus algorithms and integration with advanced technologies, such as artificial intelligence. The research findings highlight blockchain’s potential as a viable solution for secure data exchange across various industries.

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Pharmacological Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Arterial Hypertension and the Therapeutic Role of Phytotherapy

Bakhshaliyeva A.

Статья научная

There are numerous diseases that were previously mainly observed in older age groups but have recently become increasingly prevalent among younger generations. The contemporary lifestyle, migration from rural areas to cities, rapid urban population growth, physical inactivity, poor nutrition, chronic stress, and environmental factors have lowered the age threshold for many chronic diseases. Hypertension is one of these conditions. Arterial hypertension is a chronic pathology characterized by impaired cardiovascular system function and is observed in approximately 30-40% of the global population. According to the 2024 report of the World Health Organization (WHO), around 10 million people die each year from complications of hypertension, including myocardial infarction, stroke, kidney failure, and vascular disorders. Hypertension is defined as a persistent elevation of arterial blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg. The development of the disease is influenced by genetic predisposition, obesity, excessive intake of salty foods, chronic stress, physical inactivity, and hormonal disorders.

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Phenology of the black bean aphid (Aphis fabae scopoli)

Iskenderova G., Ahmadov B.

Статья научная

Black bean aphid ( Aphis fabae Scopoli), which are dangerous pests of beet, were studied in 2015-2021 in the farms and surrounding bio and agrocoenosis of the Mil-Mugan economic region of Azerbaijan. As a result of the conducted studies, it was found that Aphis fabae gives up to 15 generations in this region. 10-12 of them have increased in beetroot agrocoenosis and are reproducing, so in the result, farms are seriously damaged. At the same time, it was determined that if population density and the physiological state of the plant play the main role in the formation of different morphs of this pest in the spring and summer generations, low temperature and short photoperiod are the main factors in the formation of autumn morphs.

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Philosophical criticism applied to Kassandra's brand novel by Ch. Aitmatov

Imanalieva Aidai, Kalieva Kanykey

Статья научная

This paper employs a combination of formalist literary analysis and philosophical criticism to provide a critical analysis of Ch. Aitmatov’s short story, "Kassandra’s Brand". The paper seeks to identify and explore the general philosophical themes and issues presented in the work, including life and death, values, and nature and humanity. The paper argues that philosophical and moral criticisms provide the foundation for all critical approaches and that thematic criticism is crucial in analyzing literary works. By examining the philosophical problems presented in the literary text, this paper highlights the importance of critically analyzing the acceptance of ideas and evaluating the ethical content of literary works. The aim of the work is to apply a philosophical literary technique to the work of Ch. Aitmatov “The Brand of Kassandra” and conduct a thematic analysis that allows you to determine the main idea of the novel. The introduction includes information on literary theory and the emergence of philosophical criticism, which is one of the first techniques in parallel with the moral and literary technique. The methodology specifies the use of descriptive, comparative and qualitative methods. As a result of the work, the main philosophical themes in the novel "The Brand of Cassandra" are identified and the topics posed are rhetorical. In conclusion, it should be noted the importance of literary criticism and philosophical reception revealing the idea of the novel.

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Philosophy of parametric design in interactive architecture framework

Boychenko Kristina

Статья научная

This article describes the parametric design as a new trend not only in the design of technology but as a new approach to development philosophy of architectural elements from the point of view of interactive design. With the entry into the era of modern information technology available to architects, new design tools to create unique objects and to minimize the effort and time that the task, the process from design to determine the behavior and characteristics of the existing buildings has become completely digital. In parametric design and definition of the variables that affect the parameter changes, there are some algorithms of interaction and mutual influences that determine the shape, size, orientation, and other parameters of the architectural object.

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Phraseological units with cardinal numeral component in English language

Sadigova Sarjan

Статья научная

Without the description of the quantitative definiteness of the reality neither knowledge, nor human practice, nor communication is possible. In English the means of expressing ideas of quantity penetrate all the levels of language structure, phraseology as well. The purpose of the article is to investigate phraseological units with cardinal numerals in the English language. The article is focused on semantic analysis of 65 phraseological units with cardinal numeral component in the English language collected from the English phraseological dictionaries by several authors. There is always a special interest in linguistics to numerical phraseological units. Phraseological studies possess great significance as it displays the interrelation between the language and the society. Numerals take active part in the formation of phraseological units thus creating a large phraseological layer. Fixed expressions with cardinal numerals are more numerous in number than those with ordinal ones and include expressions with a wide range of numerals such as two, four, five, six, eight, fifty, hundred, thousand . They are commonly used in phraseological units to form a ‘human’ concept. The results of the investigation showed that the numbers one and two are the most productive numbers in the English phraseological units. The numbers one, three, six, nine and ten are used in different senses in these set expressions. The numbers seven and eight are unproductive in the English language. The results of this work can be used for further studying the semantics of numerals in phraseological units and identifying of phraseological units with a numeral component.

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Phyllocnistis citrella stainton, 1856 control methods in the Lankaran-Astara region

Akbarova U., Malikov A., Azizli N.

Статья научная

Research has been carried out on the biology and ecology of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton. This is one of the main pests of lemon and tangerine gardens in Azerbaijan. To combat this pest, various agricultural methods and chemicals were used. The most effective combinations have been identified. A detailed description is given in the work. Guidelines for pest risk assessment have been developed, emphasizing measures to protect citrus orchards from heavy infestation by Phyllocnistis citrella.

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