Science, Education and Innovations in the Context of Modern Problems @imcra
Статьи журнала - Science, Education and Innovations in the Context of Modern Problems
Все статьи: 838
The Legal Nature of Digital Evidence in Cybercrime
Статья научная
Despite the great development taking place in the technolo gical field and its benefits at the internal and external levels for the countries of the world, it resulted in new distinct methods of committing crimes, which is known as cybercrime, which made most countries, through their internal legislation, seek to keep pace with these develo p- ments to combat this criminal phenomenon by developing Mechanisms and means to combat it, especially the new methods of criminal investigation, distinct from the traditional methods of investigation of violence and torture in or der to reach the evidence, so the growing scientific revolution has become dependent on technological and digital methods and this technique on the one hand and on the other hand the privacy that characterizes electronic crimes, which is often difficult to monitor and track And then proving it, which is known as digital evidence, where the fo l- lowing problem is raised: What is the privacy of digital evidence in proving cybercrime? In order to answer this pro b- lem, we discuss in this intervention two axes to t he concept of digital evidence, as well as digital proof mechanisms in cybercrime.
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The Legal Nature of International Responsibility for the Crime of Aggression
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This article examines the evolving legal nature of international responsibility for the crime of aggression. Traditionally, the state was regarded as the sole subject of international law and thus solely responsible for acts of aggression. However, since the post-World War II tribunals in Nuremberg and Tokyo, individuals—particularly political and military leaders—have increasingly been held accountable for planning and executing acts of aggression. This shift has led to the emergence of a dual responsibility framework: one that holds both the state and the individual accountable under international law. The article explores the divergent legal opinions regarding the attribution of responsibility and ultimately supports the recognition of both state and individual liability for the crime of aggression.
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Dismissal of a public employee and the severance of their organizational relationship with the position represent the most serious administrative measures an employee may face, especially if they have neglected their duties. This is why the Algerian legislator has established both substantive and procedural regulations governing the dismissal of employees for neglecting their posts. These provisions are laid out in the General Statute of the Civil Service (Law No. 06-03) of 2006, alongside the relevant specific texts and Executive Decree No. 17-321. This decree defines the conditions of job abandonment, outlines the procedures for monitoring absenteeism, and provides guidelines for submitting justifications and the process for implementing dismissal. The same decree grants a range of legal safeguards to public employees to protect them against the unfair use of dismissal. These safeguards cover protections before the dismissal decision, those related to the decision itself, and those applicable after the dismissal is carried out.
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The Major Turning Points in the Life of Imam Abu Al-Ḥasan Al-Ash’ari (260 AH – 324 AH)
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Imam Abu Al-Ḥasan Al-Ash’ari went through significant intellectual and doctrinal phases throughout his life, each shaped by and responsive to the historical context of his time. While his father was a follower of Ahl Al-Sunnah wa Al-Jama’ah (Mainstream Sunni Islam) in the Shafi’i school and entrusted his son to prominent Shafi’i scholars, his mother’s marriage to a leading Mu’tazili (Rationalist or Isolationists) scholar led Al-Ash’ari to adopt Mu’tazili theology for the first forty years of his life. After a period of deep internal conflict and reflection, torn between the misguidance of Mu’tazilism and the clarity of Sunnism, he eventually emerged as one of the foremost defenders of Ahl Al-Sunnah wa Al-Jama’ah. Embracing a path of moderation and balance, he authored numerous works refuting Mu’tazili doctrines and other opposing theological views.
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The Maqasid-Based Regulations of the Islamic Sharia on the Issue of Euthanasia (Merciful Killing)
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The profound despair experienced by some patients often leads to a call from various medical professionals for the consideration of euthanasia as a means to alleviate their unbearable suffering. This perspective challenges the prevailing legal prohibitions against such actions. Many researchers from diverse ideological backgrounds have engaged with this topic, prompting discussions on the implications of euthanasia within legal frameworks. Sharia, known for its comprehensive approach to all aspects of life, prioritizes the preservation of life. In this context, this study seeks to explore the key legal principles governing euthanasia. After defining euthanasia, the researcher outlines the ethics surrounding this practice, particularly emphasizing the motive of compassion for the patient. It is crucial to note that the concept of mercy, rooted in emotional and moral considerations, is regulated by the principle of justice in Sharia, which seeks to uphold and protect rights. Through comparative analysis of various legal texts, the researcher concludes that the principle of mercy must be considered in all actions of caregivers. However, the act of killing, even for the sake of mercy—whether for humans or animals—poses a conflict with the right to life and necessitates a framework of justice.
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The Mobility of the Algerian Arab Novel Between Social and Ideological References
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The Algerian Arab novel was able to trace the movement of time and talk about all the issues that Algerian society experienced throughout all the historical eras it passed through. To narrate to us the most accurate details and social, intellectual, political and ideological changes, which the writers have creatively explained through the novel. In contrast, a critical approach emerged that accompanied this creative intellectual movement, demonstrating the value of novelistic creativity in changing society. By following up on his issues and highlighting his problems in order to find solutions for them. It is the social approach that focuses on the mechanism of reflecting reality within the narrative text and also on the extent to which it shows the creator's commitment and participation in conveying the issues of the society to which he belongs.
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Статья научная
A company's operating and financial features are derived from its financial performance. Bank performance and credit risk management measures have been linked in the literature. Credit risk management, as well as their effect on performance of bank with moderating effect of dynamism, have not been studied in Libya. Those that participated in the study were commercial banks in western Libya. Members of Libyan commercial banks' executive management, risk committee members and depart ment heads could be potential constituents. They were picked for their ability to manage credit risks as well as their financial performance. In order to better understand how bank risk management influences the financial outcomes of banks, survey particip ants were given standardised questions to complete. A partially least squares (PLS) (SEM) model was used to analyze the empirical data. Based on bank directors’ assessments on credit risk management, the data are related. The statistical research results s upport the hypothesis that uncertainty represents one of the significant moderators between credit risk management and financial performance. Thus, Libyan banks are impacted by their willingness to handle credit risk. The experiment shows that environmenta l uncertainty influences credit risk management, permitting financial improvement to be achieved with minimal degree of uncertainty's influence.
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The Narrative of Color in Sufi Thought
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This study examines the symbolic and spiritual significance of color in Sufi thought, highlighting its presence in the Qur‘an and interpretations by key Sufi scholars. In Sufism, colors are viewed not as mere physical attributes but as reflections of inner spiritual states and stages of transformation on the path to divine realization. The research begins with an analysis of color in classical Arabic texts and Qur‘anic usage, using sources like Lisan al-‗Arab and Basāʾir Dhawī al-Tamyīz. It explores how colors correspond to the evolving conditions of the soul—commanding, blaming, and tranquil—through the insights of Ibn ‗Arabi, Al-Ghazali, and Al-Sulami. Specific colors carry distinct meanings: red symbolizes the pull between desire and light; blue, spiritual blindness; white, purity and divine favor; gold, ego and worldly trials; purple, repentance; and pink and orange, transitional spiritual states. Ultimate-ly, the study shows that color in Sufism serves as a metaphysical language, expressing stages of inner struggle, purifica-tion, and divine unveiling, guiding seekers toward union with the Divine.
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The Nature of E-Commerce Contracts and Methods of Proof
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E-commerce contracts are one of the most prominent manifestations of the digital transformation in modern commercial transactions. They are characterized by the complete elimination of traditional paper-based documents, which have been relied upon in traditional commercial environments. These contracts are based on electronic media, such as the internet, for their existence and implementation. This gives them an international character stemming from the idea of globalization and global economic openness. Transactions are no longer confined to a specific geographical area, but rather transcend national borders, connecting parties from different countries. It is noted that most commercial activities in this context are conducted online, including negotiation, contracting, payment, and delivery of products or services, indicating an increasing reliance on electronic means for concluding and implementing these contracts. This major transformation is attributed to the tremendous development in modern communication methods and technologies, which have contributed to the emergence of new and innovative methods for promoting and distributing products and services, leading to a qualitative leap in the methods of conducting commercial activities. This shift in the technical nature of e-commerce contracts has impacted the methods of proof, posing legal challenges related to how to prove actions and agreements concluded electronically, especially in the absence of a written signature or direct meeting between the contracting parties. Hence, the importance of establishing clear legal frameworks regulating the means of proof in this type of contract, ensuring the protection of the rights and obligations of the contracting parties and ensuring confidence in the digital environment.
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The Nature of the Electronic Contract
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Trade is one of the most responsive sectors to technological advancement and the most extensive in the use of modern and sophisticated technologies. These technologies constitute a central axis of commer-cial transformation, resulting in a profound change in the behavior of traders and in the rules of com-mercial transactions. A new type of trade has emerged, known as electronic commerce, which has been facilitated by the social network and provided with its own means that are compatible with its nature. This network has become an extraordinary national and international virtual market, due to the effective and beneficial nature of electronic commerce, which shortens time and saves costs. Among the tools of electronic commerce are contracts concluded remotely via electronic media, known as electronic con-tracts, with the parties being the consumer and the electronic intermediary.
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The New Initiative for Africa's Development: A Study in Concept and Challenges
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In light of the poverty, underdevelopment, and lack of progress that the African continent is experiencing, its leaders have attempted to find solutions to its economic problems by adopting development policies based on partnership and cooperation. This has led them to reorder their priorities and set developmental goals aimed at advancing Africa. The New Partnership for Africa’s Development, known as NEPAD, was launched in October 2001 with the goal of eradicating the social and economic underdevelopment afflicting African countries. NEPAD sought to develop a comprehensive and consensual development project within Africa, and worked on establishing an African model of good governance rooted in moderate liberalism, combining the public and private sectors, and activating the role of civil society. Despite achieving some positive results since its inception, NEPAD has faced a number of challenges that have hindered the full realization of its goals. Additionally, its reliance on external direction and support has undermined its ability to depend on itself and its own resources to solve its problems.
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Статья научная
University libraries have been keen to keep pace with current developments by investing in the opportunities offered by the evolving digital environment to modernise their resources and services. Moreover, they aim to strengthen their position in the Arab world and globally. This is achieved through changes in methods, approaches, and adopted strategies to embrace digital publishing, gener-ate information, and make it accessible within an interactive environment. Such efforts focus on im-proving access to information and meeting their user communities' academic and research needs. Alge-rian university libraries have shifted toward scientific management and project-based administration of digital information systems to increase their resources within the modern context of digital educa-tion and distance learning through innovative applications and emerging technologies. This orientation enables greater efficiency in terms of time and effort. It facilitates the implementation of best library practices by supporting mechanisms for transitioning toward investment in information and communication technologies (ICTs). Furthermore, it promotes the integration of information management digital information in the library sector, thereby encouraging information professionals to adopt and utilise these systems.
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The New Women Project and the Crisis of Cultural Fission in Contemporary Arab Thought
Статья научная
In Arab culture, women are often viewed as "the other" in relation to men, a posi-tion that is shaped by the dominance of male authority. This patriarchal structure has historically denied women autonomy, treating them as subordinate to men. This has prompted contemporary Arab thinkers like Qasim Amin to advocate for the "liberation of women," aiming to purify Arab culture and imagination from the pre-Islamic paradigm that relegated women to mere biological property. Reformist thinkers such as Tahir Haddad have championed the cause of women’s rights, call-ing for liberation from the oppressive male cultural heritage. This philosophical approach seeks to establish women as independent selves in a globalized world, where multiple cultures and identities influence collective values and habits. The ultimate goal is to empower Arab women through their own agency, recognizing that true liberation can only come from within.
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The Organizational Structure and Its Importance for the Growth of the Organization
Статья научная
Organizational structure is a mean to provide a flow of the authority and communication between the different departments of an organization, apart from this, it also provides official reporting flow. Reporting amongst employee and employer and the communication are equally important for the organization. The objective of the current paper is to have a look on the prospectus of the structure importance for the organization. Therefore, it is important for every organization to have a well-designed structure to have an effective communication flow within and even the outside the organization. The organization structures are something like that which can be customized with the time and as per the growth of the organization. Structure of the organization is important factor to address with the requirement and future growth of the organization so that it can easily adopt the increasing staff and department in order to have smooth flow of the command from the top-level management to lower order and vice versa, thus, management will get to know about the problem faced by a lower level management. The paper has been concluded as organization structure is an important factor for functioning of the organization and also helpful to expand the size of the organization in future that will not affect the commination channel within and outside organization.
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The Otherness of Ferocity in Theological Narratives: "The Case of the Mu'tazila"
Статья научная
The relationship between the self and the other has constituted a fundamental issue that has opened avenues for study and research from multiple perspectives and fields. This has been the case since the "other" took shape as a counterpart to the self, participating in social existence, sharing geography, language, culture, customs, and religion. However, upon deeper contemplation, this relationship appears to take two forms: one where the other coexists with the self (the non-self) within its own group, and another where the other is an outsider. This strangeness becomes even more ferocious and brutal when it falls within the realm of religion, belief, and faith—where the other differs from the self in creed and doctrine. In response, the self mobilizes all means of oppression and tyranny. This study aims to explore this phenomenon within the Islamic sphere, particularly in the field of theology, with a focus on the rationalist and freedom-seeking Mu'tazila. All Islamic sects have framed their experiences within a dialectical path between the theologian and his opponent, centering truth and salvation exclusively within their own doctrinal principles without acknowledging any shared or distributed ownership of these concepts among different sects. This is evident in the history of Mu'tazilite philosophy. The theologian dedicated himself entirely to the consensus of his sect, living and dying according to its principles. He was thus shaped by a policy of exclusion and a logic of doctrinal antagonism, narrowing the scope of salvation as much as he narrowed the definition of truth. Each sect constructed a central image of God, leading to conflicting representations: behind each image stood a group appointing itself as its defender—believing themselves to be the sole proprietors of God and the homeland, as Ali Harb puts it. This dynamic eroded the possibilities of objective and humane dialogue, undermined the values of otherness, and left no room for the "other" except as an adversary in an ongoing polemical struggle. Thus, a theological narrative emerged that was less concerned with intellectual production and more focused on rejecting, accusing, and discrediting opponents, as well as attacking the doctrinal records of rival sects. The subconscious of the theologian sought a singular approach to invoking and interpreting the text, adopting a specific mode of engaging with reason and its propositions. In this framework, the one God, worshipped in the heavens, corresponded to a single worshipping sect on earth, embodying the pure doctrine. Plurality was deemed ugly, diversity was condemned, and variety was considered an evil in the religion of the One Lord, the One Creed, the One Messenger, and the One Qur’an. This was the God of the theologians—one whose sternness concealed his smile and whose punishment preceded his mercy. The theologian did not excuse his opponents but rather denied them, refusing to see their differing perspectives as legitimate expressions of diverse visions of truth. Instead, he viewed them as temporary deviations that needed to be marginalized and displaced from their intellectual ground to another.
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The Phenomenon of Bullying in Educational Schools: Its Forms and Causes
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This research paper aims to shed light on a major and widespread problem facing schools, families, and society as a whole namely, the phenomenon of school bullying practiced by some students at various educational levels against their peers within different educational settings. This issue has seen a significant rise in recent years due to its severe and complex impact on all aspects of a student’s life. As a result, it has attracted the attention and collaborative efforts of institutions, organizations, and even civil society in an attempt to limit its spread and mitigate its consequences for all three parties involved in this aggressive and undesirable behavior within educational and pedagogical environments. Accordingly, this paper addresses the topic by first presenting the main definitions of the term provided by researchers, and then exploring the causes, forms, and effects of bullying on the individuals involved in this phenomenon.
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The Philosophical Context of Art Education in Light of Selected Philosophical Approaches
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As the second most significant social institution after the family, the school has attained a prominent position within social spheres and across the globe due to its role in socialisation and education. It is fundamentally responsible for the construction of both the individual and society. The school diligently strives to equip the learner with various skills, values, and principles that contribute to personality development from early childhood. It supports the individ-ual intellectually, culturally, emotionally, and civilisational, building the self, enabling meaningful interaction with others, sound decision-making, and adopting appropriate stances to confront the era's challenges and coexist with others, regardless of their background. To achieve these aims, the school relies on various didactic, scientific, technical, and artistic media, such as theatre, drama, cinema, and literature. These foster diverse experiential domains in the child and prepare them for commu-nication processes and various forms of expression, particularly artistic expression. This raises the following question: What is the rationale behind using these media? Moreover, can they indeed foster artistic and practical creativity in children and realise the educational objectives assigned to them?
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The Philosophy of Perennial Wisdom in the Traditionalist School
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Through this academic study, we seek to explore the intellectual roots of Perennial Wisdom and its manifestations in contemporary philosophical thought. This will be achieved by examining a set of philosophical inquiries aimed at clarifying and revealing the essence of truth as expressed in this wisdom, as well as the methods employed in addressing such epistemological topics. Our approach is based on the perspective advocated by what is now referred to as the Traditionalist School or the Perennial Philosophy.
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The Philosophy of Reshaping the New World Order According to Samuel Huntington
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World politics stands on the threshold of a new era characterised by significant intellectual, cultural, and political trans-formations. Intellectuals have put forward many perspectives regarding the nature of the new world order. Samuel Huntington, an American philosopher (1927–2008), argues that the primary source of conflict in this new world will no longer be ideological or primarily economic. Instead, the major divisions among humanity will be cultural and civilisational. He posits that conflict has become civilisational, meaning that clashes of civilisations will dominate global politics, and differences between civilisations will be fundamental rather than superficial. Therefore, according to Hun-tington, this new phase in human history will not be based on peace, coexistence, or dialogue but instead on confronta-tion and separation. The underlying and unchanging driving force is cultural and civilisational identities. Differences in religion, language, history, ethnicity, customs, and traditions will become the key criteria for human classification. Cul-tural entities that encompass groups sharing the same identity will take precedence. Consequently, every state must define its position in the new global political order based on its civilisational and cultural affiliation.
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The Philosophy of Values in the Thought of Mahdi Elmandjra
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This article aims to explore a concept previously overlooked in studies addressing the thought of Mahdi Elmandjra, namely, the philosophy of values. The research traces his publications to extract references related to this theme, focusing on his dedicated work, The Value of Values. In this book, Elmandjra addresses the problematic relation-ship between the Global North and the Global South, asserting that such a relationship cannot be built on solid foundations as long as the North views the South with condescension, refuses to respect its values, and insists that Southern countries adopt Western values and culture as a prerequisite for respect. Elmandjra also interprets the First Gulf War as a civilisational conflict waged by the West, not only for military and economic reasons but also to eradi-cate the values of the "other", those divergent from Western values. Hence, he calls for ethical engagement and mu-tual respect for values in North–South relations as essential conditions for global peace.
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