Science, Education and Innovations in the Context of Modern Problems @imcra
Статьи журнала - Science, Education and Innovations in the Context of Modern Problems
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The Policy of the Barka Family in Spain (238-219 bce)
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The policy of the Barcid family in Spain (238–219 BCE) played a crucial role in shaping the geopolitical landscape of the Western Mediterranean during the late third century BCE. Following the end of the First Punic War, Carthage sought to compensate for its losses in Sicily by expanding its influence in Spain, a region rich in natural resources and strategic military advantages. The Barcid family, led by Hamilcar Barca and later his successors, Hasdrubal the Fair and Hannibal, implemented a comprehensive policy aimed at consolidating Carthaginian control, securing economic resources, and preparing for future conflicts against Rome. This study examines the Barcid expansion in Spain by analyzing its military strategies, economic policies, diplomatic engagements, and administrative structures. The research also investigates the interactions between the Barcids and the local Iberian tribes, highlighting the methods used to establish authority and extract resources. The study is based on a thorough review of primary historical sources, including accounts by Polybius, Livy, and Diodorus Siculus, alongside modern scholarly interpretations. The findings reveal that the Barcid policy in Spain was not merely an extension of Carthaginian interests but rather a semi-autonomous effort by the Barcid family to build a power base independent of Carthage. This policy ultimately led to the Second Punic War, as Rome perceived the expansionist ambitions of the Barcids as a direct threat to its own influence in the region. By exploring the motivations, successes, and failures of the Barcid policy, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the factors that fueled one of antiquity's most significant conflicts.
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This study aimed to explore the impact of the Arab Spring revolutions on the level of political awareness among Algerian university students in the central region. It provided a comprehensive conceptual framework on revolutions, political awareness, its components, and the influence of Arab protest movements on the political awareness of higher education students in Algeria. The study employed a fieldwork methodology applied to a sample of Algerian university students, using a questionnaire consisting of 40 items representing indicators for measuring political awareness, after ensuring its validity and reliability according to established scientific standards. Data were analyzed using means, standard deviations, and appropriate statistical tests to answer the study’s questions according to its variables. The results showed that the impact of the Arab Spring revolu-tions on the political awareness of Algerian university students was generally high. No statistically significant effects were recorded for the variables of gender and academic specialization at the significance level (α = 0.05). On the other hand, the study revealed statistically significant differ-ences attributable to the type of specialization. Based on these results, the study recommended the need to strengthen university youth’s awareness of the importance of political participation, both at the individual and collective levels, and to grant students greater freedom of expression and en-gagement in political activities within the university campus, thereby contributing to the promotion of democratic practice and the consolidation of active citizenship values.
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The Popularity of Animal Literature: Kalila and Dimna as a Model
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This research addresses the theme of "animal literature" through the study of the work Kalila wa Dimna, regarded as one of the most prominent allegorical texts that used animals as a medium for conveying wisdom and moral lessons in Arab heritage. The study aims to highlight the symbolic and cultural dimensions embedded in this genre and how it contributed to shaping collective consciousness through stories that blended animal and human traits. This narrative approach enabled readers to comprehend social and political realities in an indirect manner. The research also seeks to trace the influence of this literary form in ancient civilizations such as Indian, Greek, and Egyptian cultures, and its mutual interaction with Arab heritage. The findings reveal that animal literature played a vital role in transmitting ethical and political values, with Kalila wa Dimna standing as a comprehensive model that combines symbolic storytelling with an instructional style. This form of literature has also contributed to preserving folk heritage and communicating human experiences in a simple and accessible language, ensuring its continuity and effectiveness in Arab culture throughout the ages.
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An attentive reader may notice that most ―bestselling‖ books are strongly tied to the motivational force they offer. In today's world, individuals search for happiness in every corner of the universe. This search comes at a time when people are worn down by life's burdens, in an age of rapid change and infinite needs shaped by modern information and communication technologies. Since the late twentieth century, the concept of human development has evolved rapidly, becoming one of the most prominent themes in academic and developmental discourse. Its significance lies in its departure from purely economic and quantitative measures, placing the individual—along with their capacities and dignity—at the center of development policies. As interest in mental health and quality of life continues to grow, there is a pressing need to explore the scientific framework of human development. This includes examining its relationship with psychological disciplines, particularly positive and religious psychology, and distinguishing between academic and rhetorical approaches in the field. Against this backdrop, this paper investigates the possibility of establishing a distinct discipline under the title: The Science of Human Development.
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This study seeks to explore some aspects of the pragmatic approach in the discourse of the Qur'an. We are not concerned with the history of pragmatics or its initial developments, nor are we aiming to discuss its linguistic and terminological concepts, which are widely available in various sources and references. Rather, this paper focuses on two aspects of the pragmatic approach: indexical and their types, and conversational implicature, and attempts to apply them to the discourse of the Qur'an. We chose Surah "Al-Kahf" for this pragmatic approach, leading us to the most important findings of this analysis.
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The Preventive Mechanisms to Confront Ecological Crimes
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There has been an increased interest in environmental problems and the resulting negative impacts on society and the universe in general. It became necessary to examine the legislative framework. Indeed, the Algerian legislator has kept pace with these new international developments through the issuance of Law No. 10-03, linking it to the increasing and escalating transformations within Algerian society, especially with technological advancement. The matter concerns the necessity to equip the state with legal mechanisms, including preventive ones, which allow for better protection of the environmental balance.
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The specialized school lexicon is one of the most important pedagogical tools that support the learner’s linguistic and scientific knowledge. Both teachers and students rely on it to overcome difficulties in understanding the content of various didactic curricula. In practice, the didactic field presents many challenges. Some of these are operational, such as issues of communicative teaching and the situations that arise during instruction. Among the most significant of these is the problem of didactic terminology. This issue has become increasingly visible in recent times. The latest didactic reforms in Algeria have played a key role in highlighting the importance of translating didactic terminology in specialized school dictionaries. These reforms have prompted the transfer and translation of didactic terms to and from Arabic.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, the confrontation between science and religion became increasingly acute. In this regard, a discussion on the topic of “What sciences do we need?” unfolded on the pages of the newspaper “Hayat” (“Life”). The main topic was formed as follows: which sciences, religious or secular, should be considered the most important. This question was raised back in the 70s of the 18th century in the newspaper “Ekinci” (“Plowman”). But in those difficult times, “Ekinci” failed to develop a discussion on this burning issue, and the life of the newspaper itself was short-lived. At the beginning of the 20th century, discussions around the issue revived again, official discussions began after the publication of A. Akhundoglu’s article in the 106th issue of the newspaper “Hayat” on May 17, 1906. A. Huseynzade, J. Mamedguluzade, O.F. Nemanzade and others took part in the polemics, and the materials were reflected in the article “What sciences do we need?”, published in the Tiflis printing house “Geyrat” (“Honor”) in 1907.
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Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, occurring naturally or due to human activities like burning fossil fuels, which produce greenhouse gases such as methane and carbon dioxide. These gases act like a blanket, trapping heat and raising global temperatures. Sectors like energy, transport, and agriculture contribute significantly to these emissions. The topic's importance lies in its impact on sustainable development in Sub-Saharan African countries, prompting the international community to hold conferences and agreements to address and mitigate this phenomenon.
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Agricultural insurance is essential for protecting farmers against risks such as fires, floods, and pests, which negatively impact production. It plays a key role in supporting agricultural development by providing financial compensation, thus allowing the continuity and expansion of agricultural activities. This study analyzes the current state of a gricultural insurance in Algeria and evaluates its impact on agricultural development, focusing on its economic and social contributions. It examines the available types of insurance, their importance, the challenges faced (high costs, adverse selection, l ack of information, low awareness, and an insufficient legal framework), as well as support policies. The results show that agricultural insurance promotes access to financing, income stability, and food security. The study recommends developing effective policies and appropriate insurance products to improve the sector’s performance and support sustainable agricultural development in Algeria.
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The study aimed to examine the reality of occupational burnout in the professional environment among employees of the Algerian local administration. A simple random sample of 55 employees from the Bou Saâda Municipality in M'Sila Province was selected. The research team employed a descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire specifically designed for the purpose of the study to collect data from the sample. The study arrived at the following findings: • The level of occupational burnout in the professional environment among local administration employees was high in its overall degree, across the dimensions of the burnout variable: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. • There were no statistically significant differences in the average responses of local administration employees regarding the level of burnout attributable to gender. • There were no statistically significant differences in the average responses of local administration employees regarding the level of burnout attributable to years of professional experience.
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Corruption is widely recognized as a transnational crime due to its severe impact and its increasing connections to various other crimes, particularly economic and financial offenses. These crimes, in turn, have widespread effects on social and economic development and can destabilize countries. In response, nations have classified corruption as a transnational organized crime under the United Nations Convention against Corruption. This designation was formalized by the United Nations member states in 2004. Efforts by these states led to the establishment of two primary methods for recovering criminal proceeds: the first method involves direct recovery through civil legal processes, while the second focuses on confiscation after final criminal convictions.
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Praise be to Allah, we praise Him, seek His help, ask for His forgiveness, and seek refuge in Allah from the evils of ourselves and the misdeeds of our actions. Whomever Allah guides, there is no misguidance for him, and whomever He misguides, there is no guide for him. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, alone without partner, and I bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and messenger. This research aims to study and analyze the jurisprudential book Manāhij al-Taḥṣīl wa-Natāʾij Laṭāʾif al-Ta’wīl fī Sharḥ al-Mudawwana wa ḥall Mushkilātihā by Imam Abu al-Ḥasan Ali bin Said al-Rajrāji. This book is considered one of the most important works in Maliki jurisprudence, as Imam al-Rajrāji excelled in explaining and interpreting legal issues, especially those related to the Maliki Mudawwana. The book also addresses how to deal with issues in legal matters and provide clear solutions to them. This research will focus specifically on studying the legal issues related to prayer, which Imam al-Rajrāji argues there is no disagreement over, and it will compare these matters with the opinions of other Islamic legal schools. The study also seeks to highlight Imam al-Rajrāji’s views and present them within their legal context.
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This article aims to shed light on one of the most influential divine laws (Sunan Ilahiyyah) in shaping the trajectory of human civilizations—namely, the Law of Divine Support (Sunnat al-Ta‘yīd). This divine law represents a pro-found manifestation of God's accompaniment and assistance granted to those whose inner selves are purified and whose hearts are sincerely oriented toward Him. It is through this divine support that individuals and, consequent-ly, entire nations may ascend the ladder of civilizational advancement and spiritual excellence. The Law of Divine Support becomes evident when individuals embody sincerity, deep reliance on Allah, and genuine dedication to fulfilling His commands. Strengthening one's relationship with Allah is a foundational pillar for civilizational revival, while the absence or weakness of this connection often leads to moral, intellectual, and societal decline. This prin-ciple is repeatedly emphasized in the Qur'an, often mentioned in assertive language, underlining both its potency and its essential role in the progress of human history. Within the context of the Islamic civilizational project, the Law of Divine Support is not a mere auxiliary factor but a fundamental, divinely ordained principle governed by consistent rules. It is not arbitrarily granted but must be actively pursued and deserved through sincere effort.Thus, there is an urgent need to revive awareness of this and other divine laws within contemporary Islamic thought to restore the Ummah‘s civilizational witness and fulfill its divine mandate.
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This study explored the relationship between organisational justice and professional mobility at the FERPHOS Company in Tébessa. The study population consisted of 75 employees. The field research method was adopted because of its suitability to the subject's nature, and a comprehensive survey approach was employed. Data collection relied primarily on observation and the questionnaire as the primary tool. The study yielded the following results: 1 - Distributive justice significantly discouraged employees from considering job transfers within the organisation. This dimension was pivotal in enhancing performance effectiveness, fostering organisational loyalty, and reinforcing the desire to maintain one’s position. 2 - Procedural justice contributed to ensuring objective standards for promoting employees within the organisation in terms of salary, bonuses, incentives, training, and advancement. This directly influences employees' relationships with the organisation and their perceptions of work. 3 - Interactional justice plays a prominent role in the absence of employee turnover within the organisation, creating a work environment characterised by understanding, cooperation, and freedom. This, in turn, helped increase employee morale, fostered a spirit of initiative, and ultimately achieved job stability among workers.
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The Right to Life and Reproductive Human Rights
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In the presented article, the author reveals the concept of "reproductive human rights" in Russian legislation and its elements. As a result of the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion about the validity and necessity of separating reproductive rights into a separate, independent group of human rights. In this article the author discloses the concept of "reproductive rights" an d its elements in the Russian legislation. As a result of the analysis the author comes to the opinion of the necessity in a separate, independent group of human rights for reproductive rights.
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The Role of Administrative Judicial Review in Protecting Rights and Freedoms in Algeria
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Public administration, in exercising its legal powers, undertakes various acts, some of which are material and others legal. However, it may sometimes exceed the boundaries of its legal authority, thereby adversely impacting the exercise of individual and collective rights and freedoms. This underscores the urgent necessity of establishing continuous administrative judicial review over administrative acts, accessible through actions for annulment or compensation, to guarantee the protection of the exercise of these rights and freedoms. Indeed, administrative judicial review is regarded as the most effective means of protecting individual and collective rights and freedoms from any form of arbitrariness that may be committed by the administration, considering that individuals tend to place greater trust in this form of review for the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. Nevertheless, this review sometimes encounters obstacles that limit its effectiveness. This challenge has been addressed by the Algerian legislator under the Code of Civil and Administrative Procedure by granting extensive powers to the administrative judge, aiming to strike a balance between ensuring adequate protection for public rights and freedoms and maintaining public order.
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The Role of Artificial Intell igence in the Development and Growth of Startups
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This research paper aims to highlight the importance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in light of the rapid changes and digital transformations in the technology sector globally. By examining how it contributes to the development of startups, and using a descriptive analytical approach, the study concludes that AI plays a central and fundamental role in providing great opportunities for these companies. It has helped them overcome constraints such as limited resources, lack of operational efficiency, and difficulty competing effectively in dynamic markets. By leveraging adv anced AI technologies, startups have succeeded in reducing costs, innovating new products, improving product design, and shortening time to market, among other improvements that significantly enhanced their overall performance. Nevertheless, AI adoption al so poses several challenges, primarily the high implementation costs, technical complexity, and limited data access forming barriers to the adoption of such technologies.
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This study explores the potential role of artificial intelligence (AI) in the preservation and sustainability of desert palaces, particularly in the context of historical and cultural heritage. Desert palaces, which are key examples of traditional architecture in arid regions, face significant challenges due to environmental factors such as harsh climates, erosion, and degradation. This research examines how AI technologies, including machine learning, data analysis, and digital modeling, can be applied to monitor, restore, and conserve these architectural treasures. By integrating AI tools with traditional conservation methods, the study aims to develop innovative approaches that can enhance the longevity and integrity of desert palaces while maintaining their cultural significance. Additionally, the research outlines the technical methodologies involved in using AI for assessing structural damages, predicting potential risks, and providing sustainable restoration solutions. The findings underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that combines cutting-edge technology with historical preservation to safeguard these unique structures for future generations.
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The importance of small enterprises in economic life is growing because of their significant role at the macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. Developed and developing countries strive to advance their economies and achieve comprehensive development for their citizens, economies, and businesses by focusing on the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector alongside large-scale projects. This approach aims to realise economic development, thus creating a critical need for business incubators. These incubators offer essential support to SMEs, enabling them to overcome significant obstacles and reach maturity levels that ensure their sustainability and effectiveness. Given the pivotal role that business incubators play in promoting economic activity and increasing the success rates of enterprises, it is necessary to understand their function and clarify their contribution to economic development. Moreover, this research paper presents some prominent international experiences to derive valuable insights and best practices.
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