Anthropology and paleogenetics. Рубрика в журнале - Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia

Публикации в рубрике (46): Anthropology and paleogenetics
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Kinship analysis of human remains from the Sargat mounds, Baraba forest-steppe, Western Siberia

Kinship analysis of human remains from the Sargat mounds, Baraba forest-steppe, Western Siberia

Pilipenko A.S., Cherdantsev S.V., Trapezov R.O., Molodin V.I., Kobeleva L.S., Pozdnyakov D.V., Polosmak N.V.

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Morphofunctional characteristics of Mongolian children and adolescents living in different ecological zones

Morphofunctional characteristics of Mongolian children and adolescents living in different ecological zones

Godina E.Z., Permyakova E.Y., Gundegmaa L.

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On the mongoloid component in the Pazyryk population

On the mongoloid component in the Pazyryk population

Chikisheva T.A., Pozdnyakov D.V.

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On the origin of the Neolithic population of Northeast Asia

On the origin of the Neolithic population of Northeast Asia

Chikisheva T.A.

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Origin of the Andronovans: A Statistical Approach

Origin of the Andronovans: A Statistical Approach

Kozintsev A.G.

Статья научная

The origin of the Andronovo population is explored using a statistical rather than typological approach. Four questions are raised. Which Eastern European populations of the Middle Bronze and the transition to the Late Bronze Age had taken part in Andronovo origins? What was the contribution of the southern groups? What was the role of the autochthonous Siberian substratum? What was the population background of the dichotomy between two major Andronovo cultural traditions, Fedorovka and Alakul? To address these questions, measurements of 12 male Andronovo cranial samples (nine relating to Fedorovka and three to Alakul) and 85 male cranial samples from Eastern Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Southwestern Central Asia, Southern Caucasus, and the Near East were subjected to canonical variate analysis, and minimum spanning trees were constructed. The results suggest that the most likely ancestors of Andronovans were Late Catacomb tribes of Northern Caucasus, people of Poltavka, Sintashta, and those associated with the Abashevo-Sintashta horizon. While no direct parallels with Southern Caucasian, Southwestern Central Asian or Near Eastern populations were found among Andronovo groups, some of them could have inherited the southern component from either the Abashevo or the Catacomb people. In the former case, one should postulate a gradient: Fatyanovo → Balanovo → Abashevo → Sintashta → Petrovka → Andronovo; in the latter case, the variation within Andronovo is directly derivable from that among the Catacomb populations. Andronovo groups displaying an autochthonous Siberian tendency demonstrate various degrees of “mutual assimilation” between immigrants and pre-Mongoloid natives. Differences between the Fedorovka and Alakul samples are significant but very small. A special role of Petrovka in the origin of Alakul is not supported by the analysis.

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Paleogenetic studies of migration processes in Eurasia

Paleogenetic studies of migration processes in Eurasia

Pilipenko A.S., Trapezov R.O., Cherdantsev S.V.

Статья научная

Migration processes played a key role in shaping the cultural and genetic landscapes in Eurasia. Significant progress in the field of migration studies in recent years is associated with the development of methods for studying ancient DNA, making it possible to reach a new level of understanding the population-genetic aspects of ancient migrations and significantly supplementing the evidence of paleoanthropology and genetics of modern populations, but not replacing these areas. A key challenge is the correct comparison of processes accompanying migrations at the population genetic level and at the level of material culture. The article highlights current methods used in studying ancient DNA, from the traditional analysis of individual genetic markers to the genome-wide analysis by high-throughput sequencing. Approaches to the study of ancient migrations and to the objective reconstruction of the genetic profile of populations and its dynamics in time and space are assessed. Special attention is paid to the problem of representative sampling in the study of migration processes using paleogenetic methods, and possible strategies for selecting the materials most adequate to the tasks of the study. Ways of enhancing the efficiency of the diachronic approach in reconstructing the genetic history of populations are discussed. Possible prospects of paleogenetic studies are evaluated, including the transition to more detailed reconstructions of local migration processes.

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Patterns of growth and development in urban and rural children of the northern part of European Russia

Patterns of growth and development in urban and rural children of the northern part of European Russia

Godina E.Z., Khomyakova I.A., Zadorozhnaya L.V.

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Planigraphic (spatial) distribution of mitochondrial DNA variants at the Andronovo time cemetery Tartas-1: preliminary results

Planigraphic (spatial) distribution of mitochondrial DNA variants at the Andronovo time cemetery Tartas-1: preliminary results

Trapezov R.O., Cherdantsev S.V., Tomilin M.A., Pristyazhnyuk M.S., Pilipenko I.V., Pozdnyakov D.V., Kobeleva L.S., Molodin V.I., Pilipenko A.S.

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Population affinities of the ancient Northern Okhotsk people: cranial evidence from a collective burial in a rock niche on cape Bratyev, the Northern Okhotsk coast

Population affinities of the ancient Northern Okhotsk people: cranial evidence from a collective burial in a rock niche on cape Bratyev, the Northern Okhotsk coast

Moiseyev V.G., Zubova A.V., Grebenyuk P.S., Lebedintsev A.I., Malyarchuk B.A., Fedorchenko A.Y.

Статья научная

This study reconstructs biological affinities in a cranial sample from a collective burial on Cape Bratyev in Babushkin Bay. The burial, found in a rock niche on the Okhotsk Coast, was excavated by S.P. Efimov in 1976 and tentatively attributed to the Old Koryak culture. The sample consists of 13 adult skulls of differing preservation—five male, five female, and three undeterminable. Genome-wide analysis was carried out at the Center for Geogenetics of the University of Copenhagen. Paleogenetic data support the archaeological hypothesis attributing the burial to the Old Koryak culture. The results of the craniometric analysis suggest that the Old Koryak population was heterogeneous. Cranial data indicate population contacts between ancient Koryaks and the Epi-Jōmon people of Hokkaido. Also, they reveal common episodes in the population history of the group from Cape Bratyev and the Okhotsk culture people. Two of the three Okhotsk samples used for comparative analysis demonstrate very close affinities with individuals studied. According to the previous studies and our current analysis, the Okhotsk people resulted from the admixture of ancient groups related to Chukchi and Eskimo, on the one hand, and Tungus-Manchu groups, on the other. A significant difference between the Old Koryak population and that of Okhotsk culture is that the former includes a component related to Nivkhs.

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Porotic hyperostosis observed in the 16th to 19th century crania of native Siberians, Russian settlers, and Joseon dynasty Koreans

Porotic hyperostosis observed in the 16th to 19th century crania of native Siberians, Russian settlers, and Joseon dynasty Koreans

Hyejin L., Ha H.J., Slepchenko S.M., Hoon Sh.D.

Статья научная

Porotic hyperostosis (PH) is the skeletal marker used in the estimation of physiological stress suffered in childhood. Despite a conventional hypothesis that mankind’s health conditions declined with the advent of agriculture, there are few reports comparing the PH seen on ancient crania of hunters-fishermen-gatherers and agrarian peoples. In this study, we examined the crania of 16th to 19th century Eurasian peoples: Siberian natives (hunters-fishermen-gatherers), Russian settlers, and Joseon Koreans (agriculturalists) to see whether PH could be observed to differ between populations with varying subsistence strategies. The prevalence of PH decreased in the order of Joseon people (18.9 %), Russian settlers (6.3 %), and Siberian natives (3.8 %). In brief, the hunters-fishermen-gatherers’ stress level was lower than agriculture-based Joseon people and Russian settlers. In addition, Joseon people might have been exposed to more serious stressful episodes than Russian settlers were. We assume that the former might have lived under much stressful conditions than the latter did, though both people depended on intense agriculture. As for sexual dimorphism of PH: in all groups, males were identified with more PH signs than females were. Our report successfully shows that the detailed pattern of stress markers might have been influenced by complex interactions between various factors that existed under different conditions in history.

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Prevalence of caries among Siberian Tatars of the Omsk region in the 17th to early 20th centuries

Prevalence of caries among Siberian Tatars of the Omsk region in the 17th to early 20th centuries

Slepchenko S.M.

Статья обзорная

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Realism of face depiction in portraiture

Realism of face depiction in portraiture

Vergeles M.O.

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Robusticity of hand phalanges: relevance to the origin of the Altai Neanderthals

Robusticity of hand phalanges: relevance to the origin of the Altai Neanderthals

Mednikova M.B., Shunkov M.V., Markin S.V.

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Secular dynamics of body height and weight in Russian children aged 0-17

Secular dynamics of body height and weight in Russian children aged 0-17

Fedotova T.K., Gorbacheva A.K.

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The first settlers of Novosibirsk: the demographic structure of Krivoshchekovo, Western Siberia, in the 18th and early 19th centuries

The first settlers of Novosibirsk: the demographic structure of Krivoshchekovo, Western Siberia, in the 18th and early 19th centuries

Chikisheva T.A., Salnikova I.V.

Статья научная

Sex and age were determined in a skeletal sample from an 18th to early 19th century cemetery at Krivoshchekovo, a rural center since the mid-1790s. Historical records mention the area as the Krivoshchekovo Ob region. The village was founded by immigrants from European Russia. Archival sources concerning the demography of Krivoshchekovo were analyzed, mortality tables were constructed, proportions of various age groups were calculated, and average age of death was estimated for adults. Limitations of the study stem from the fact that the population of Krivoshchekovo was not stationary. The results of the paleodemographic analysis are compared with information from two archival sources: confessional lists and parish registers of St. Nicholas Church, where births, marriages, and deaths were recorded over the period from 1763–1841. Comparative material relates to Russian old residents and the local Tatar population of the Omsk Irtysh region in the 1600s–1800s. Sex and age were estimated in a skeletal sample of 462 individuals—one third of the number of deaths during 1763–1841, when people were buried at the graveyard. Child mortality was lower than among old residents, immigrants, or natives of the Middle Irtysh. The most vulnerable group in the Krivoshchekovo population were young women and children aged 1–4. The findings of the skeletal study agree with those derived from archival sources, and likely mirror the real situation.

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The morphology of permanent molars from the Paleolithic layers of Denisova cave

The morphology of permanent molars from the Paleolithic layers of Denisova cave

Zubova A.V., Chikisheva T.A., Shunkov M.V.

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The origin of the Karasuk people: craniometric evidence

The origin of the Karasuk people: craniometric evidence

Kozintsev A.G.

Статья научная

Measurements of 24 male cranial samples associated with the Karasuk culture were compared with those of 56 other samples using multivariate methods. On the dendrogram, the Karasuk cluster includes the Mongun-Taiga people, Saka, Sauromatians, Tauri, and a group from Sialk B. In the two-dimensional projection, this cluster is intermediate between the Andronovo and Okunev clusters, testifying to the admixed nature of the Karasuk population. In people associated with the Classic Karasuk tradition and in the north of the Karasuk area, the Okunev component predominates, whereas in members of the Kamenny Log tradition and in the south of the area, the proportion of the Okunev and Andronovo components is closer to equal. The use of twelve Andronovo samples conclusively disproves the belief that the sole ancestors of the Karasuk people were Andronovans. Mechanisms whereby Okunev aborigines were assimilated by Andronovo immigrants are discussed.

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