Статьи журнала - Nanotechnologies in Construction: A Scientific Internet-Journal
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X-ray spectral methods for measuring the degree of ordering of carbon nanoparticles
Статья научная
Methods for the quantitative assessment of the content of ordered structures in the products of synthesis of fulleroid materials based on the spectra of characteristic X-ray radiation and X-ray diffraction are considered. The introduction shows that the use of carbon fulleroid materials (fullerenes, fullerenols and their compounds, fulleroid nanoparticles) as modifiers of the properties of various structural materials and plasticizers of concrete mixes is currently one of the most rapidly developing areas in the field of nanotechnology in construction. Methods and materials. In this work, the following analytical control methods were used: scanning microscopy, local X-ray spectral analysis and X-ray diffractometry. The products of synthesis of fulleroid materials were studied: samples of fullerene-containing soot collected at different distances from the arc synthesis zone. Results. Raster images of the synthesis products with various magnifications are shown, as well as the X-ray fluorescence spectra and the elemental composition of the synthesis products. The X-ray phase analysis of the synthesis products was carried out. It is shown that the analysis of the amorphous component of the composition, which is one of the products of the yield, will make it possible to control the synthesis at each stage and under various conditions of its implementation. Analysis of a nonlinear dynamic system. To construct an attractor of a dynamic system, the correlation dimension, the dimension of the phase space and the fractal dimension of the process under study were calculated. The correlation dimension and the dimension of the phase space were calculated using the Takens’ method. The fractal dimension is calculated using the Hurst exponent. Conclusions. To study the dynamics of chemical reactions occurring during arc synthesis, the system of differential Rössler attractor is used. A solution to this system is obtained – Rössler attractor – an attracting set of trajectories in the phase space, which is identical in appearance to the process under study, which makes it possible to estimate, relying on attractors characteristic of each sample (synthesis material), at what stage the synthesis process occurs, and by making differential model, to organize the control to improve the quality of output products. Thus, the possibility of evaluating the efficiency of the synthesis of fulleroids used for the modification of building materials is demonstrated.
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Статья научная
One of the global problems in the world is the protection of humanity from fires, 70% of which occur in high-rise residential buildings and individual houses. The article presents the application of the methodology of «intellectualization» of household electrical appliances for split systems to control dangerous factors of fire and explosion (DFFE) from household gas leaks in apartment buildings and individual houses. The principal difference of the proposed modification is that, firstly, a multisplit- system with two or three internal blocks is used, one of which is to be installed in the kitchen and is connected to the gas meter with an electromagnetic valve to block the supply of household gas. Secondly, the «kitchen block» disconnects the power supply in the apartment/individual house, in the apartment/individual house, when detecting DFFE with help of powerful triac or magnetic starter, which is mounted in the electrical panel of the apartment/individual house. And thirdly, a battery and converter are integrated in each indoor unit to ensure their operation when power is turned off, and to charge the unit when power is supplied. Fourthly, in addition to smoke, heat and gas sensors, a thermomagnetic air separator is built into each indoor unit, which is turned on when detects dangerous fire and explosion factors from the pumped air, separates and removes oxygen to the outside, returning only inert gas to the room and thereby preventing explosion or fire spread. The controller, including the thermomagnetic air separator, generates an audible alarm for residents and an SMS call to the corresponding emergency service. The results prove the effectiveness of nanotechnology of gas separation and detection of DFFE in multi-split-systems, not only for ventilation and air conditioning of apartments in high-rise buildings and individual houses, but also for their fire protection.
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Статья научная
Introduction. Today, a detailed study of the geological structure of oil and gas fields is essential. The study and understanding of the geological structure can be achieved through the analysis of geological heterogeneity. This has a significant impact on the degree of involvement of the reservoir volume in the drainage process, determines the dominant directions of filtration flows and the nature of oil displacement in the process of formation flooding. Methods and materials. The paper presents statistical indicators of the main reservoir characteristics – porosity, permeability, dissection, sandiness, as well as complex indicators of macro- and microheterogeneity in permeability distribution. The given characteristics allow estimating the variability of the reservoir, both by area and by section, i.e. in the volume of the oil-and-gas bearing reservoir. Results. This paper highlights the results of a comprehensive analysis of the micro- and macroheterogeneity of the studied object and a comparison of the identified zones with production data on well operation. The purpose of the study is to develop, using the example of studying the UV1 formation, an algorithm for selecting geological and technological measures, including the use of horizontal well drilling with aphron-containing drilling muds, based on identifying geological and industrial causes of premature water cut in the extracted products, and determining the geological factors that control the distribution of residual hydrocarbon reserves. Determining the causes of premature water cut will help not only to eliminate premature water cut, but also to carry out work to prevent it. Conclusion. The established causes of premature well water cuttings as a result of the analysis will allow to determine promising areas for optimizing the development system – revision of the well grid, drilling of new horizontal production and injection wells, changing operating modes, using flow-diverting technologies, etc. Establishing the directions of fluid movement using heterogeneity analysis helps to determine the sources of water that prematurely enters the well (bottom or injected waters).
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