Статьи журнала - Pravo - teorija i praksa
Все статьи: 713
Intelektualna svojina u međunarodnom privatnom pravu
Статья научная
Jedan od najvećih problema u materiji intelektualne svojine i međunarodnog privatnog prava se javlja u vidu dileme, da li strani državljanin može steći zaštitu svog prava iz oblasti intelektualne svojine u Srbiji i pod kojim uslovima, što isto važi i za našeg državljanina u inostranstvu, kao i mogućnosti registracije i zaštite na međunarodnom nivou, čime bi se, u uslovima globalizacije, jedino i moglo govoriti o zaštiti ovog prava. Domaći izvori prava uslovljavaju prava stranaca na intelektualnu svojinu u našoj zemlji formalnim reciprocitetom, čime se ovo pravo svrstava u grupu relativno rezervisanih prava. Strani državljanin će uživati zaštitu, jednako kao i domaći državljanin, pod uslovom da je to predviđeno međunarodnim ugovorom ili se isto pravo priznaje našem državljaninu u strančevoj državi (princip uzajamnosti, tj. reciprociteta). Svest o značaju međunarodnog regulisanja intelektualne svojine je sazrela dosta rano. Danas je reguliše veliki broj međunarodnih dokumenata. Pariska konvencija o zaštiti industrijske svojine iz 1883. god. prvi je međunarodni akt koji reguliše ovo pitanje. Ovu materiju regulišu i drugi međunarodni multilateralni ugovori: Ugovor o saradnji u oblasti patenata, Konvencija o evropskom patentu, Konvenciju o patentu Evropske zajednice itd. Autorsko delo stranog autora zaštićeno je u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori pod uslovom: 1) da je autor lice koje ima autorska prava na osnovu međunarodnog ugovora koji je ratifikovala Srbija i Crna Gora, ili 2) da postoji uzajamnost između Srbije i Crne Gore i zemlje kojoj autor pripada. Autorsko i druga srodna prava predmet su međunarodnog regulisanja. Najznačajnije međunarodne akte iz ove oblasti predstavljaju Bernska konvencija o zaštiti književnih i umetničkih dela iz 1886. godine i Univerzalna konvencija o autorskom pravu iz 1952. godine. Smatramo da bi unifikacija većeg broja pitanja iz oblasti prava intelektualne svojine, ne samo na nivou EU, već i UN-a, međunarodna saradnja, pospešena proširenjem ovlašćenja nadležnih tela unutar UN-a, prvenstveno UNESCO-a, te znatno veća liberalizacija u pogledu dostupnosti pravne zaštite strancima i davanja povlastica i pomoći zemljama u razvoju namenjenim naučno-tehnološkom razvoju, doprinela sveobuhvatnom i uravnoteženijem razvoju, a na dobrobit celokupnog čovečanstva.
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Статья научная
Digitization has led to the emergence of increasingly sophisticated forms of financial fraud, necessitating more advanced and integrated approaches for their rapid detection and prevention. This challenge prompted the authors to examine relevant literature and analyze current policies and measures for detecting financial fraud within the digital environments of organizations, with the aim of enhancing proactive prevention strategies. To this end, an online empirical survey was conducted with 118 executives and managers from Serbia during the first half of 2024, supported by the Association of Employers of Serbia and the Association of Managers. The research focused on the impact of new technologies, particularly AI, on the regulations and organizational policies related to financial fraud detection. Qualitative research, which utilized 12 predefined statements within each impact group using a five-point Likert scale, provided insights into the actual experiences and perspectives of participants concerning financial fraud as a distinct business, social, and economic issue. Multiple correlation approaches were employed to analyze the data. The outcomes suggest that all analyzed factors contribute to addressing financial fraud, with new technologies – especially those based on artificial intelligence – and corporate policies and strategies playing significant roles. Conversely, regulations have a lesser impact, attributed to their correctness, implementation, and enforcement. These findings enhance the understanding of the significance of taking a comprehensive approach to combating fraud, corruption, and financial crime, and highlight the roles of continuous technological advancements, employee digital education, and enhanced communication with the public and investors in building trust and maintaining a company’s reputation.
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Internal audit as one of the key factors of employee accountability in public administration
Статья научная
Internal audit is one of the key mechanisms of good governance, which contributes to increased accountability, with auditors serving as specific guardians of the lawful and proper functioning of an organization. The goal of establishing internal audit is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization’s operations. This paper presents the research findings on the most common irregularities in the work of internal auditors within the public sector. The paper aims to identify the most frequent types of irregularities in the work of internal auditors and highlight the importance of establishing internal audit in public administration as one of the key factors of accountability and proper organizational functioning.
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International Criminal Court: Young but important part of international justice
Статья научная
The idea of the establishment of international criminal court as a means of solving international disputes originating from the nineteenth century. 'Leipzig processes' conducted during 1919. year against former members of the German Army and Navy have shown that the national courts cannot expect sufficient impartiality in regard to war crimes. In Nuremberg, was through the tendency to individual procedures and to not be turn in the trial all the German people, promoted the principle of individual criminal responsibility. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda were promoted through decisions of the Security Council from 1993. and 1994. year. The existence of a legal basis and powers of the Security Council to form an ad hoc tribunals is the subject of numerous debates. At the diplomatic conference held in Rome, under the auspices of the United Nations, was adopted the Statute of the permanent International Criminal Court. Opening ceremony was followed on the 11. of March 2003. in taking an oath by the judges. The fact that a permanent International Criminal Court is a young body indicates how difficulties were in the building of such institutions, and that the overall work in the field of law is only in a processes, mostly on the development of mechanisms which would take away defects that are observed in similar trials that history abounds.
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Статья научная
One of the basic rights of any person, whether an individual or business entity, is the right to achieve an adequate protection of its violated rights, in front of any state or non-state institution, independently and impartially. However, besides the very need for justice to be satisfied, the efficiency of the process resulting in its satisfaction is also of a great importance. It is not the same whether the establishment of the situation prior to the appearance of the unlawfulness will come within a reasonable time, or within a certain period, which, due to the length of the proceedings, only leads to the omission of justice and fairness. Precisely, it is the efficiency itself which determins the choice of the institution where the participants of the eventual future or emerging disputes will realize their own rights, since the very length of the proceedings, in addition to the uncertainty, can contribute to the development of negative consequences of the unlawfulness more seriously (the greater damage, losses in business, distortion of reputation, etc.). In that sense, the quickness of the process is especially important for business entities regarding the fact that the essence of their existence is a profit gained through the performance of their registered economic activities. Especially favorable are global economic flows, which open up a wide space in terms of the exchange of goods, services and capital outside the borders of the countries that business entities belong to, since the countries themselves are becoming more and more frequent participants of these flows. However, a preexisted harmonious relationship can be easily disturbed with the emergence of business disputes, that cannot be solved by the mentioned agreement. Then, the ruling legal systems, to which the state and business entities belong, become particularly prominent, in order to provide the answers to questions concerning the jurisdiction of the institutions for resolving the dispute, and also the rights that should be applied to the resolution regarding the specific legal nature of the relationship. In situations such as this one, where the laws of the free market predominate, it is clearly pointed out that there is a need for a completely special mechanism in the form of permanent or ad hoc arbitration tribunals, with the state courts competent to resolve economic disputes dominated by the element of foreign affairs. The need for such mechanisms is reflected in the fact that the rights and interests of business entities being violated during an international business cooperation would be satisfied through a “less formal” and more efficient procedure. Therefore, the international arbitration, as a special type of non-state tribunal, is of exceptional importance for economic disputes with a foreign element, if it was envisaged by the agreement between business entities.*
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Статья научная
The European Union is more and more active in areas such as security and combating crimes. In both cases, is acting in two directions, through the institutions of the system and through the instruments that usually present a high degree of compliance among member states or through international agreements and contracts, with key players in the world and the countries that clearly represent the interests of the EU zone.
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Статья научная
Unlike the interpretation of the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereinafter: CRPD Committee), which prohibits any deprivation of liberty on the basis of mental disability, the laws of member states continue to allow and implement involuntary psychiatric measures. The recent objection by the CRPD Committee to the adoption of a legally binding document at the Council of Europe level, which aims to regulate the protection of the human rights and dignity of individuals with mental disorders, could potentially have negative consequences. At this point, a legally binding agreement is more significant than a complete prohibition on placement in psychiatric institutions without consent or the exclusion of substitute decision-makers from providing consent for treatment. This is supported by Serbian legislation, which has certain deficiencies in the procedures for the placement and treatment of individuals with mental disorders. Involuntary measures should be applied only in exceptional cases, and a legally binding document that reflects genuine state consensus could be beneficial for creating laws and ensuring protection for those subjected to involuntary psychiatric measures.
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Статья научная
Internet law represents one of the youngest branches of law, which emerged from the need to expand the existing and create a new regulatory framework that would regulate the internet and introduce the necessary legal security and protection for its users. Internet Law or Cyber Law is largely intertwined with the Law on Information and Communication Technology, as a legal field which encompasses the regulation of contractual relations established by means of information technology, the right to privacy and data protection, freedom of speech and intellectual property, internet security, copyright on computer program codes and databases, criminal offenses arising from actions on the internet, as well as the tax aspects of online goods and services exchange. In contrast to the broader scope of IT law, Internet law refers to a narrower segment of this legal field related to the internet, regulation of internet management at all levels, management of internet domain names and IP addresses, etc. Internet law (or Cyber law), in a broader sense, encompasses those parts of the legal system and legal domains that are related to the internet and provide protection to its users. To address the issue of domain name registrant liability and determining their identity, it is necessary first to explain the governance structure of the internet and the informational and legal nature of internet domains. Although the internet is often said to be free and belonging to everyone, this complex system does not operate entirely on its own, which means that it is not perfect to the extent that its structure is fully automated. Addressing the topic of internet fraud and educating colleagues and the general public are aimed at preventing fraud. The lack of awareness about how internet scams operate continually leads to new victims, and insufficient knowledge of legal provisions and potential penalties can create potential perpetrators of this crime. When complex topics are explained in simple terms, it represents a significant step in educating individuals, both in the legal and technological aspects from a legal perspective. Such academic work should not deter people from using the Internet, nor should it present an obstacle to progress and the digitization of difficult and time-consuming paperwork obligations. Instead, the objective is to timely educate individuals so that the utilization of the digital world can be integrated into all segments of society as quickly as possible. This will facilitate the functioning of daily life, including business operations, while still remaining within the bounds of legal regulations. Therefore, it is extremely important to educate people on how to avoid internet fraud.
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Internet prodaja u Republici Srbiji
Статья
Tema ovog rada jeste internet prodaja i analiza zakonskih propisa kojima se ona reguliše u Srbiji. Autor će nastojati da dâ i odgovore na neke od najčešćih pitanja i problema sa kojima se suočavaju potrošači prilikom internet kupovine. Uprkos otporu i podozrenju na koji nailazi u našoj zemlji, kupovina preko interneta je nužnost koju nameće novo informatičko doba, koja nudi brojne prednosti i pogodnosti u odnosu na klasičnu prodaju. Kupovina preko interneta je najbrži i najjeftiniji način kupovine nekog proizvoda, ali i najprofitabilniji oblik trgovine zbog jednostavnosti i niskih troškova. U Srbiji je donet niz zakona i drugih podzakonskih propisa kojima se reguliše internet prodaja i koji prate zahteve i standarde Evropske unije. Međutim, nije dovoljno donošenje zakonskih propisa, već njihova efikasna implementacija i primena od strane građana i nadležnih organa, kao i edukacija trgovaca, ali i samih potrošača radi širenja svesti o značaju i koristima elektronske trgovine.
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Intestate heir law according to the law of the twelve tables
Статья научная
The text of the Law of Twelve Tables was passed in 451 and 450 BC. It was displayed in the Forum, but the original bronze plates were not preserved through the Roman history. Based on the number of quotes made by many authors, their full content can be established with great certainty. Concerning claims being made about their authenticity, it should be taken into consideration that jurists had to know them by heart and later lawyers built their legal authority on those quotes. The Law of Twelve Tables represents a basis of ius civile. The Romans had a great respect for the Law of Twelve Tables through the history and they stated that those regulations could not be abolished by any law, so they practically adapted legislation to new social relations while respecting the traditions connected to the Law of Twelve Tables.
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Invalidsko osiguranje u državama sukcesorima SFRJ
Статья научная
U ovom radu razmatrane su najbitnije odlike invalidskog osiguranja u državama-republikama bivše Jugoslavije. Posebno su analizirani definicije invalidnosti i njeni najznačajniji elementi - opšta i profesionalna nesposobnost za rad, trajanje invalidnosti, kao i delimična nesposobnost za rad. Srbija i Crna Gora su odabrale opštu nesposobnost, tj. nesposobnost za obavljanje bilo kog posla umesto nesposobnosti za rad prema kvalifikacijama i poslovima koje je osiguranik obavljao, s tim da je Crna Gora ustanovila delimičnu invalidnost. Prihvatanje opšte nesposobnosti za rad motivisano je potrebom smanjenja broja korisnika invalidske penzije, a time i rashoda za ovo osiguranje. Da bi otklonili nedostatke koncepta opšte invalidnosti Hrvatska i Makedonija su ustanovili i profesionalnu nesposobnost za rad. Više nivoa invalidnosti zadržali su sistemi invalidskog osiguranja u entitetima Bosne i Hercegovine i Slovenije. Uporedni pregled uslova za ostvarivanje prava iz invalidskog osiguranja jasno je pokazao da je Slovenija zadržala najveći obim prava, dok je Srbija izvršila njihovo najveće smanjenje.
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Isplativost poslovne ideje sa aspekta rizika
Статья научная
Plasiranje novog proizvoda ili usluge na tržište za svakog preduzetnika je oduvek predstavljalo rizičan potez, a u sadašnjim kriznim uslovima i naglašenu poslovnu opasnost. Stoga je osnovna namera ovog rada da prikaže ključne planske aktivnosti koje bi svaki poslovno odgovoran poslodavac trebalo da preuzme pre nego što stupi na klizavi teren kriznog tržišta. Akcenat se pri tome stavlja na tri osnovna principa provere uspešnosti budućeg poslovanja: istraživanje tržišne atraktivnosti poslovne ideje, zatim ocenu njene izvodljivosti i isplativosti, kao i ocenu rizika njene realizacije. Pored toga, kao poseban vid doprinosa smanjenju opasnosti od poslovnog neuspeha naših preduzetnika, u radu je prikazan i prigodan model integralnog vrednovanja isplativosti poslovnih ideja. Značaj ovog modela je u tome što on faktor rizika posmatra kao sastavni element ekonomske efikasnosti posmatranog biznisa, čime se postiže daleko veća objektivnost u proceni očekivanih poslovnih rezultata.
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Iura in re aliena - servitudes
Статья научная
Rights in realty to the others’ things (iura and re aliena) occupy a significant position among real rights in the Roman law . They are absolute and work towards everyone (erga omnes). However, they differ from their property rights because they do not possess the entire but only a part of their ownership. These rights have a real-life nature, but to the other’s staff. The institute of rights in realty over others’ rights expired in the Roman law more than two millennia ago. In the same or somewhat modified form, these rights exist today being adapted to the needs of the modern life. The most important groups of rights in realty to the others’ things are: servitudes, mortgage, superficies, and emphyteusis. There is a certain difference between them, because the servitudes, superficies and emphyteusis represent the right to someone else’s stuff to be used, while the mortgage does not involve the usage of someone else’s stuff, but it presents a means of securing the creditor. The work will process the servitudes as one of the rights in realty to the other’s possessions with all its features. The author will try to point out all the important questions about the servitudes as they were regulated by the Twelve tables Law until Justinian’s right, with a special emphasis put on the classification into personal and real servitude.
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Izazovi savremene lokalne samouprave kao necentralnog upravno-teritorijalnog sistema
Статья научная
Lokalnu samoupravu je neophodno posmatrati kao celovit, kompleksan, dinamičan i multifunkcionalan sistem upravljanja. Ona predstavlja dinamičnu, društveno uzrokovanu i politički osetljivu pojavu, u pogledu koje nisu primenjivi jedinstveni modeli uređivanja, a koja u svakom društvu zahteva kontinuirano preispitivanje i problematizaciju, dinamično normativno delovanje i praktično rešavanje, jer je najneposrednije vezana za potrebe građana. Iako se teorijski ne dovodi u pitanje značaj lokalne samouprave, ne samo za demokratizaciju jednog društva, nego i za efikasno obavljanje javnih usluga, situacija u stvarnosti odstupa od toga. Lokalna samouprava je neretko neefikasna, suočena sa brojnim problemima koje sama ne može da reši, uprkos tome što su oni lokalne prirode i tiču se njenih nadležnosti. Kao osnovni problemi javljaju se pitanja distribucije nadležnosti između lokalnih i državnih organa, stepena, tipa, teritorijalne osnove i neposrednog učešća građana u ostvarivanju lokalne samouprave.
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Izigravanje zakona (fraus legis) u međunarodnom privatnom pravu
Статья научная
Izigravanje prava kao pojava i borba protiv nje, stari su koliko i samo pravo. Međunarodno privatno pravo je oblast koja pruža široke mogućnosti za izigravanje zakona. Izigravanje zakona se sastoji iz tri elementa: materijalnog (promena činjenica i promena merodavnog prava), moralnog (namera izigravanja) i zakonskog (predmet izigravanja). Kriterijum na osnovu koga se razlikuje uobičajeno delovanje stranaka od njihovog fraudoloznog delovanja, odnosno da li je primena drugog merodavnog prava prosta posledica promene činjenica ili je upravo cilj te promene jeste namera izigravanja (animus fraudis). Predmet izigravanja zakona su, po pravilu, imperativne norme koje nameću obavezu određenog ponašanja i isključuju mogućnost stranaka da sporazumno uređuju međusobne odnose. Iz razloga pravne sigurnosti i obezbeđivanja pravnih dejstava građanskopravnih odnosa u inostranstvu, preporučuje se da nadležni domaći sud ili organ uprave, ukoliko se pojavi sumnja da stranke pokušavaju da izbegnu primenu stranog prava, zastane sa postupkom dok se ne reši ovo prethodno pitanje. Da bi po dobijanju obaveštenja od strane nadležnog organa u postupku međunarodne pravne pomoći o tome, postupak nastavio i doneo odluku u zavisnosti od pozitivnog ili negativnog odgovora. Specifičnost izigravanja zakona sastoji se u formalnopravnom postupanju stranaka po slovu zakona, ali protivno njegovom duhu. Ako tome dodamo elemenat inostranosti i potencijalnu primenu odredbi različitih pravnih sistema, dobijamo novu, međunarodnu dimenziju i mogućnost sagledavanja problema fraus legis u svoj njegovoj kompleksnosti.
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Izrada dispozitiva u prvostepenoj presudi u parničnom postupku
Статья научная
Zakon o parničnom postupku propisuje koji su delovi prvostepene sudske odluke u parničnom postupku. To su: uvod, izreka i obrazloženje. U radu autori analiziraju segment izreke sudske odluke u prvostepenom parničnom postupku, ukazujući sa jedne strane, kako pravilno treba postupati u pogledu izrade izreke prvostepene presude, a sa druge strane, na propuste i greške koje se čine prilikom izrade prvostepene presude u formulisanju izreke (dispozitiv).
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Статья научная
Pojmovno određenje pravne norme i pravnog načela, kao i precizna karakterizacija njihovog međusobnog odnosa, prema našem mišljenju, predstavlja jedan od nezaobilaznih početnih koraka na putu valjanog pravnog umovanja, tako neophodnog, kako u stvaranju, tako i u primeni prava u našoj savremenoj društvenoj praksi. Uspešno terminološko razjašnjenje i razgraničenje pojmova koji, po prirodi stvari, predstavljaju težišne tačke svake pravne azbuke, neizbežno tvori, kako dobru osnovu, tako i zalog budućeg pravnog sistema okrenutog progresivnom i uspešnom regulisanju i usmeravanju savremenih društvenih tokova. Upravo iz tih razloga, skloni smo da ovo pitanje smatramo izuzetno značajnim, te mu stoga i posvećujemo dužnu pažnju.
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