Статьи журнала - Pravo - teorija i praksa
Все статьи: 739
Статья научная
Problems in the application of Articles 197 and 204 of the Law on of Contract are presented in the paper. Different attitudes in legal theory and case law are presented, as well as proposed solutions in the Preliminary Draft Civil Code of Republic of Serbia. We will put forward our position on the proposed solutions in the Pre-Civil Code of the Republic of Serbia. In the legal theory and jurisprudence, the question arises whether the solution is provided for in Articles 197 and 204 of the Law on Obligations. Problems have been raised regarding the determination of the amount of non-pecuniary damage, when part of the non-pecuniary damage is paid out-of-court procedure, and the injured person files a lawsuit to collect the difference of non-material damage to the court, the court proceedings take several years. How to determine the fair incidence of non-pecuniary damage at the time of passing a judgment?
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Injury of human rights and the right to life during the Covid-19 pandemic in the older population
Статья научная
It has been more than a year since the Covid-19 pandemic began. Millions of people continue to die around the world. Most of them are elderly, but their importance is not downplayed for this reason. The indiscriminate practices being carried out all over the world, in terms of the suffered abandonment, make us reflect in favor of the study of the protection systems of the most vulnerable people. It also includes the attempt to preserve their fundamental rights at the global level, and, above all, the legal point of view. Consequently, and despite the improvement in the situation produced by the application of the different vaccines against Covid-19, nothing prevents this from being repeated in the future if we do not establish the appropriate measures to assure a real and effective protection. The improvement that is assumed and expected should not refer to the field of health only, but also to the rule of law in which the majority of the world population find themselves regarding the approval of the necessary regulations providing the desired results. Therefore, the essence of this paper is searching for legal solutions to protect the human rights of the most vulnerable people - the elders, through the study of the right to their health protection and the functioning of the established systems concerning this field. The main objective is articulating the necessary strategies and instruments that guarantee the integrity of the elderly people throughout the planet.
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Статья научная
In the introductory part of the paper there are discussed the most basic characteristics of both public and private sectors, with an emphasis put on the importance of their mutual influencing. Then, we continue our exposure with a display and analysis of the criminal act 'abuse of power', the incrimination sanctioning only the conduct of the official person (no longer of the person responsible, as it was the case up to the changes and supplements of our Criminal law from 24th December 2012). However, this incrimination is still controversial, because it is not precisely defined, and thus it covers a very wide range of behaviours, which represents the violation of the principle of legality and leads to arbitrariness jeopardizing the principle of the rule of law. Furthermore, the paper deals with an entirely new criminal provisions called 'abuse of position of the person responsible 44 (the Act 234 of the Criminal law of Republic of Serbia). After presenting incriminations themselves, the exposure ends by considering the reasons for introducing the above incriminations in the criminal system of Republic of Serbia and their importance in our criminal justice system.
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Inovativnosti malih i srednjih preduzeća
Статья научная
Mala i srednja preduzeća suočena su sa ozbiljnim izazovima. Proširenje globalne ekonomije, ubitačna borba za tržišta, drastično skraćenje životnog veka proizvoda, brze tehnološke promene, strukturalne transformacije i drugo. Da bi odgovorila na ove izazove preduzeća moraju stalno da povećavaju produktivnost, poboljšavaju kvalitet proizvoda i usluga, razvijaju nove proizvode i susreću zahteve i želje potrošača. Ukratko preduzeća moraju da budu stalno inovativna, jer imperativ savremenog poslovanja preduzeća jeste usavršavanje svih komponenti strukture i poslovanja preduzeća. Osposobljenost malih i srednjih preduzeća da na tržište iznose sve kvalitetnije, funkcionalnije i jeftinije proizvode ukazuje na razvoj inovativnih procesa u tim preduzećima. Najčešće inovacije u malim i srednjim preduzećima predstavljaju novi proizvodi koji predstavljaju garanciju za njihov uspešan rad. Mala i srednja preduzeća su fleksibilnija i adaptibilnija u odnosu na okruženje tako da se neuporedivo lakše prilagođavaju novonastalim okolnostima u odnosu na potrebu inoviranja proizvoda i usluga. Posebna je uloga i uticaj preduzetničke inovativnosti na razvoj malih i srednjih preduzeća. Ona su ključni faktor razvoja privrede Srbije, jer prema relevantnim podacima preko sto hiljada firmi i preko dvesta hiljada preduzetnika zapošljava 60% ukupno zaposlenih radnika i sa 50% učestvuju u društvenom bruto proizvodu. Cilj ovog istraživačkog rada je da ukaže na potrebu podizanja stepena inovativnosti malih i srednjih preduzeća kroz strukturu proizvodno uslužne delatnosti u kojoj novi proizvod ima primarnu ulogu.
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Статья научная
Ljudske slobode i prava predstavljaju jednu od najznačanijih tvorevina čoveka. U celokupnom kontekstu ljudskih sloboda i prava pojavljuje se i institucija ombudsmana koja ima zadatak da ih zaštiti i omogući građanima njihovo ostvarenje. Institucija lokalnog ombudsmana postoji u Španiji jedan duži niz godina, dok je u Srbiji to 'nova' institucija. Izbor lokalnog ombudsmana predstavlja jedan elemenata koji utiču na njegov pravni položaj i samim tim na njegovu nezavisnost i samostalnost. Odredbe koje uređuju uslove za izbor lokalnog ombudsmana, procedura izbora, njegov mandat i mogućnost reizbora, nespojivost sa funkcijom lokalnog ombudsmana i garancije samostalnosti i nezavisnosti, predstavljaju pitanja koja daju pravu sliku o položaju ove institucije. Može se zaključiti da pravni sistemi na veoma sličan način uređuju ova pitanja, ali da postoje i specifičnosti svakog od sistema. Isto tako, zaključak je da je institucija lokalnog ombudsmana neophodna lokalnoj samoupravi i predstavlja instituciju koja je od koristi i građanima i organima uprave.
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Статья научная
The subject of this study is an analysis of different normative solutions and degrees of institutionalization of the role of the opposition in parliaments across a number of European states, ranging from stipulation in the parliamentary rules of procedure to formal recognition of the opposition in the constitution of the state. Balance of the parliamentary political power as well as acknowledgement of the legitimate role of opposition ensures prerequisites for democratic social dialogue and active participation of responsible citizens in the processes of strengthening institutions of representative democracy. Therefore, only consensual political culture contributes to the political trust that citizens place in political institutions. Although there is no universally adopted model that defines the role of the parliamentary majority and opposition, it is undeniable that the post-democracy era requires a redefinition of basic concepts, such as parliamentary majority and opposition, as well as the role of parliament. The scope of the analysis is limited to a comparative overview of constitutional solutions that guarantee the rights of the opposition and the legal framework regulating the part of the rights of parliamentary opposition, which are realized in the process of creating policies. The aim of the paper is to strengthen mechanisms of parliamentary democracy and, in particular, to strengthen trust in the work of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, as only through the effective implementation of European experiences can public trust be built and standards of political culture be improved. Methodologically, the comparative approach is complemented by the analysis of comments and interpretations of constitutional acts, laws, rules of procedure, as well as recommendations of the Venice Commission.
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Insurance fraud as a form of economic crime and the methods for combating IT
Статья научная
Dealing with the topic of economic crime in insurance is very complex and therefore challenging. One of the first challenges concerns the definition of economic crime. Namely, economic crime represents a multi-layered phenomenon which must, in terms of the definition of the basic features, be adapted to the specific requirements of a given society. One of the forms of economic crime, which is very common in practice, certainly refers to abuse in the field of insurance. The most common, and at the same time the only form of economic crime in the field of insurance foreseen by law, is insurance fraud. After the conceptual determination of economic crime as well as its basic features, this paper presents a review of the key issues related to the topic of the paper, which includes the phenomenological definition of insurance, the importance of the existence of insurance, insurance fraud as a form of economic crime, as well as the methods for combating it.
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Integracija naknade za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta u porez na imovinu
Статья научная
U ovom radu biće prikazane hronološke promene zakonske regulative koje se odnose na porez na imovinu u statici i naknade za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta, kao i efekti primene zakonskih promena u praksi. Naknada za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta i porez na imovinu u statici predstavljaju dva najizdašnija izvorna prihoda jedinice lokalne samouprave. Oni su posebno utvrđivani i naplaćivani, da bi se izmenama zakona naknada integrisala u porez i od 2014. godine se naplaćuje samo porez na imovinu. Razlozi za ovu integraciju se nalaze u prilagođavanju sistema javnih prihoda standardima Evropske unije i ukidanje dosadašnje diskriminacije pravnih lica u odnosu na fizička kada je u pitanju utvrđivanje naknade za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta. S obzirom da su izmene zakona izazvale veliku medijsku pažnju poreskih obveznika i predstavnika zakonodavne vlasti, posebna pažnja u radu je posvećena efektima integracije naknade za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta u porez na imovinu.
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Intelektualna svojina u međunarodnom privatnom pravu
Статья научная
Jedan od najvećih problema u materiji intelektualne svojine i međunarodnog privatnog prava se javlja u vidu dileme, da li strani državljanin može steći zaštitu svog prava iz oblasti intelektualne svojine u Srbiji i pod kojim uslovima, što isto važi i za našeg državljanina u inostranstvu, kao i mogućnosti registracije i zaštite na međunarodnom nivou, čime bi se, u uslovima globalizacije, jedino i moglo govoriti o zaštiti ovog prava. Domaći izvori prava uslovljavaju prava stranaca na intelektualnu svojinu u našoj zemlji formalnim reciprocitetom, čime se ovo pravo svrstava u grupu relativno rezervisanih prava. Strani državljanin će uživati zaštitu, jednako kao i domaći državljanin, pod uslovom da je to predviđeno međunarodnim ugovorom ili se isto pravo priznaje našem državljaninu u strančevoj državi (princip uzajamnosti, tj. reciprociteta). Svest o značaju međunarodnog regulisanja intelektualne svojine je sazrela dosta rano. Danas je reguliše veliki broj međunarodnih dokumenata. Pariska konvencija o zaštiti industrijske svojine iz 1883. god. prvi je međunarodni akt koji reguliše ovo pitanje. Ovu materiju regulišu i drugi međunarodni multilateralni ugovori: Ugovor o saradnji u oblasti patenata, Konvencija o evropskom patentu, Konvenciju o patentu Evropske zajednice itd. Autorsko delo stranog autora zaštićeno je u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori pod uslovom: 1) da je autor lice koje ima autorska prava na osnovu međunarodnog ugovora koji je ratifikovala Srbija i Crna Gora, ili 2) da postoji uzajamnost između Srbije i Crne Gore i zemlje kojoj autor pripada. Autorsko i druga srodna prava predmet su međunarodnog regulisanja. Najznačajnije međunarodne akte iz ove oblasti predstavljaju Bernska konvencija o zaštiti književnih i umetničkih dela iz 1886. godine i Univerzalna konvencija o autorskom pravu iz 1952. godine. Smatramo da bi unifikacija većeg broja pitanja iz oblasti prava intelektualne svojine, ne samo na nivou EU, već i UN-a, međunarodna saradnja, pospešena proširenjem ovlašćenja nadležnih tela unutar UN-a, prvenstveno UNESCO-a, te znatno veća liberalizacija u pogledu dostupnosti pravne zaštite strancima i davanja povlastica i pomoći zemljama u razvoju namenjenim naučno-tehnološkom razvoju, doprinela sveobuhvatnom i uravnoteženijem razvoju, a na dobrobit celokupnog čovečanstva.
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Статья научная
Digitization has led to the emergence of increasingly sophisticated forms of financial fraud, necessitating more advanced and integrated approaches for their rapid detection and prevention. This challenge prompted the authors to examine relevant literature and analyze current policies and measures for detecting financial fraud within the digital environments of organizations, with the aim of enhancing proactive prevention strategies. To this end, an online empirical survey was conducted with 118 executives and managers from Serbia during the first half of 2024, supported by the Association of Employers of Serbia and the Association of Managers. The research focused on the impact of new technologies, particularly AI, on the regulations and organizational policies related to financial fraud detection. Qualitative research, which utilized 12 predefined statements within each impact group using a five-point Likert scale, provided insights into the actual experiences and perspectives of participants concerning financial fraud as a distinct business, social, and economic issue. Multiple correlation approaches were employed to analyze the data. The outcomes suggest that all analyzed factors contribute to addressing financial fraud, with new technologies – especially those based on artificial intelligence – and corporate policies and strategies playing significant roles. Conversely, regulations have a lesser impact, attributed to their correctness, implementation, and enforcement. These findings enhance the understanding of the significance of taking a comprehensive approach to combating fraud, corruption, and financial crime, and highlight the roles of continuous technological advancements, employee digital education, and enhanced communication with the public and investors in building trust and maintaining a company’s reputation.
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Internal audit as one of the key factors of employee accountability in public administration
Статья научная
Internal audit is one of the key mechanisms of good governance, which contributes to increased accountability, with auditors serving as specific guardians of the lawful and proper functioning of an organization. The goal of establishing internal audit is to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the organization’s operations. This paper presents the research findings on the most common irregularities in the work of internal auditors within the public sector. The paper aims to identify the most frequent types of irregularities in the work of internal auditors and highlight the importance of establishing internal audit in public administration as one of the key factors of accountability and proper organizational functioning.
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International Criminal Court: Young but important part of international justice
Статья научная
The idea of the establishment of international criminal court as a means of solving international disputes originating from the nineteenth century. 'Leipzig processes' conducted during 1919. year against former members of the German Army and Navy have shown that the national courts cannot expect sufficient impartiality in regard to war crimes. In Nuremberg, was through the tendency to individual procedures and to not be turn in the trial all the German people, promoted the principle of individual criminal responsibility. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda were promoted through decisions of the Security Council from 1993. and 1994. year. The existence of a legal basis and powers of the Security Council to form an ad hoc tribunals is the subject of numerous debates. At the diplomatic conference held in Rome, under the auspices of the United Nations, was adopted the Statute of the permanent International Criminal Court. Opening ceremony was followed on the 11. of March 2003. in taking an oath by the judges. The fact that a permanent International Criminal Court is a young body indicates how difficulties were in the building of such institutions, and that the overall work in the field of law is only in a processes, mostly on the development of mechanisms which would take away defects that are observed in similar trials that history abounds.
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Статья научная
One of the basic rights of any person, whether an individual or business entity, is the right to achieve an adequate protection of its violated rights, in front of any state or non-state institution, independently and impartially. However, besides the very need for justice to be satisfied, the efficiency of the process resulting in its satisfaction is also of a great importance. It is not the same whether the establishment of the situation prior to the appearance of the unlawfulness will come within a reasonable time, or within a certain period, which, due to the length of the proceedings, only leads to the omission of justice and fairness. Precisely, it is the efficiency itself which determins the choice of the institution where the participants of the eventual future or emerging disputes will realize their own rights, since the very length of the proceedings, in addition to the uncertainty, can contribute to the development of negative consequences of the unlawfulness more seriously (the greater damage, losses in business, distortion of reputation, etc.). In that sense, the quickness of the process is especially important for business entities regarding the fact that the essence of their existence is a profit gained through the performance of their registered economic activities. Especially favorable are global economic flows, which open up a wide space in terms of the exchange of goods, services and capital outside the borders of the countries that business entities belong to, since the countries themselves are becoming more and more frequent participants of these flows. However, a preexisted harmonious relationship can be easily disturbed with the emergence of business disputes, that cannot be solved by the mentioned agreement. Then, the ruling legal systems, to which the state and business entities belong, become particularly prominent, in order to provide the answers to questions concerning the jurisdiction of the institutions for resolving the dispute, and also the rights that should be applied to the resolution regarding the specific legal nature of the relationship. In situations such as this one, where the laws of the free market predominate, it is clearly pointed out that there is a need for a completely special mechanism in the form of permanent or ad hoc arbitration tribunals, with the state courts competent to resolve economic disputes dominated by the element of foreign affairs. The need for such mechanisms is reflected in the fact that the rights and interests of business entities being violated during an international business cooperation would be satisfied through a “less formal” and more efficient procedure. Therefore, the international arbitration, as a special type of non-state tribunal, is of exceptional importance for economic disputes with a foreign element, if it was envisaged by the agreement between business entities.*
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Статья научная
The European Union is more and more active in areas such as security and combating crimes. In both cases, is acting in two directions, through the institutions of the system and through the instruments that usually present a high degree of compliance among member states or through international agreements and contracts, with key players in the world and the countries that clearly represent the interests of the EU zone.
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Статья научная
Unlike the interpretation of the UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (hereinafter: CRPD Committee), which prohibits any deprivation of liberty on the basis of mental disability, the laws of member states continue to allow and implement involuntary psychiatric measures. The recent objection by the CRPD Committee to the adoption of a legally binding document at the Council of Europe level, which aims to regulate the protection of the human rights and dignity of individuals with mental disorders, could potentially have negative consequences. At this point, a legally binding agreement is more significant than a complete prohibition on placement in psychiatric institutions without consent or the exclusion of substitute decision-makers from providing consent for treatment. This is supported by Serbian legislation, which has certain deficiencies in the procedures for the placement and treatment of individuals with mental disorders. Involuntary measures should be applied only in exceptional cases, and a legally binding document that reflects genuine state consensus could be beneficial for creating laws and ensuring protection for those subjected to involuntary psychiatric measures.
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International jurisdiction – Dilemmas of a specific procedural issue
Статья научная
International jurisdiction, as a special type of jurisdiction exercised by national courts or other bodies to resolve private law disputes with a foreign element, is activated whenever a relevant foreign element exists in the dispute. This foreign element may either define the civil or commercial law relationship or link the dispute to a state, or several states, other than the state of the court. Issues related to international jurisdiction fall under the domain of international civil procedural law, and the applicable procedural rules are outlined in the Law on the Resolution of Conflicts of Laws with the Regulations of Other Countries, the Law on Civil Procedure, and relevant international agreements, depending on the nature of the disputed legal issue. The legal provisions in these two laws, functioning as general (lex generalis) and special (lex specialis) laws, differ primarily in how the principle of perpetuation of jurisdiction is applied. This situation leaves practice and doctrine to provide applicable solutions. This paper will present and analyze doctrinal viewpoints and judicial practice concerning the establishment of international jurisdiction, with the aim of evaluating the proposed solution in the draft of the new Law on Private International Law. The objective of the paper is to further clarify the specific procedural situation in which courts, having established their international jurisdiction, may encounter facts that have changed during the course of the proceedings.
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Статья научная
Internet law represents one of the youngest branches of law, which emerged from the need to expand the existing and create a new regulatory framework that would regulate the internet and introduce the necessary legal security and protection for its users. Internet Law or Cyber Law is largely intertwined with the Law on Information and Communication Technology, as a legal field which encompasses the regulation of contractual relations established by means of information technology, the right to privacy and data protection, freedom of speech and intellectual property, internet security, copyright on computer program codes and databases, criminal offenses arising from actions on the internet, as well as the tax aspects of online goods and services exchange. In contrast to the broader scope of IT law, Internet law refers to a narrower segment of this legal field related to the internet, regulation of internet management at all levels, management of internet domain names and IP addresses, etc. Internet law (or Cyber law), in a broader sense, encompasses those parts of the legal system and legal domains that are related to the internet and provide protection to its users. To address the issue of domain name registrant liability and determining their identity, it is necessary first to explain the governance structure of the internet and the informational and legal nature of internet domains. Although the internet is often said to be free and belonging to everyone, this complex system does not operate entirely on its own, which means that it is not perfect to the extent that its structure is fully automated. Addressing the topic of internet fraud and educating colleagues and the general public are aimed at preventing fraud. The lack of awareness about how internet scams operate continually leads to new victims, and insufficient knowledge of legal provisions and potential penalties can create potential perpetrators of this crime. When complex topics are explained in simple terms, it represents a significant step in educating individuals, both in the legal and technological aspects from a legal perspective. Such academic work should not deter people from using the Internet, nor should it present an obstacle to progress and the digitization of difficult and time-consuming paperwork obligations. Instead, the objective is to timely educate individuals so that the utilization of the digital world can be integrated into all segments of society as quickly as possible. This will facilitate the functioning of daily life, including business operations, while still remaining within the bounds of legal regulations. Therefore, it is extremely important to educate people on how to avoid internet fraud.
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Internet prodaja u Republici Srbiji
Статья
Tema ovog rada jeste internet prodaja i analiza zakonskih propisa kojima se ona reguliše u Srbiji. Autor će nastojati da dâ i odgovore na neke od najčešćih pitanja i problema sa kojima se suočavaju potrošači prilikom internet kupovine. Uprkos otporu i podozrenju na koji nailazi u našoj zemlji, kupovina preko interneta je nužnost koju nameće novo informatičko doba, koja nudi brojne prednosti i pogodnosti u odnosu na klasičnu prodaju. Kupovina preko interneta je najbrži i najjeftiniji način kupovine nekog proizvoda, ali i najprofitabilniji oblik trgovine zbog jednostavnosti i niskih troškova. U Srbiji je donet niz zakona i drugih podzakonskih propisa kojima se reguliše internet prodaja i koji prate zahteve i standarde Evropske unije. Međutim, nije dovoljno donošenje zakonskih propisa, već njihova efikasna implementacija i primena od strane građana i nadležnih organa, kao i edukacija trgovaca, ali i samih potrošača radi širenja svesti o značaju i koristima elektronske trgovine.
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Intestate heir law according to the law of the twelve tables
Статья научная
The text of the Law of Twelve Tables was passed in 451 and 450 BC. It was displayed in the Forum, but the original bronze plates were not preserved through the Roman history. Based on the number of quotes made by many authors, their full content can be established with great certainty. Concerning claims being made about their authenticity, it should be taken into consideration that jurists had to know them by heart and later lawyers built their legal authority on those quotes. The Law of Twelve Tables represents a basis of ius civile. The Romans had a great respect for the Law of Twelve Tables through the history and they stated that those regulations could not be abolished by any law, so they practically adapted legislation to new social relations while respecting the traditions connected to the Law of Twelve Tables.
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Invalidsko osiguranje u državama sukcesorima SFRJ
Статья научная
U ovom radu razmatrane su najbitnije odlike invalidskog osiguranja u državama-republikama bivše Jugoslavije. Posebno su analizirani definicije invalidnosti i njeni najznačajniji elementi - opšta i profesionalna nesposobnost za rad, trajanje invalidnosti, kao i delimična nesposobnost za rad. Srbija i Crna Gora su odabrale opštu nesposobnost, tj. nesposobnost za obavljanje bilo kog posla umesto nesposobnosti za rad prema kvalifikacijama i poslovima koje je osiguranik obavljao, s tim da je Crna Gora ustanovila delimičnu invalidnost. Prihvatanje opšte nesposobnosti za rad motivisano je potrebom smanjenja broja korisnika invalidske penzije, a time i rashoda za ovo osiguranje. Da bi otklonili nedostatke koncepta opšte invalidnosti Hrvatska i Makedonija su ustanovili i profesionalnu nesposobnost za rad. Više nivoa invalidnosti zadržali su sistemi invalidskog osiguranja u entitetima Bosne i Hercegovine i Slovenije. Uporedni pregled uslova za ostvarivanje prava iz invalidskog osiguranja jasno je pokazao da je Slovenija zadržala najveći obim prava, dok je Srbija izvršila njihovo najveće smanjenje.
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