Статьи журнала - Pravo - teorija i praksa
Все статьи: 765
Formation of cooperative capital – Challenges, legal framework and development potential
Статья научная
A cooperative, as a specific form of business entity primarily focused on the joint realization of the aspirations of its members, holds a significant position in modern business flows, affirming itself as a relevant factor in the sustainable development of a social community. On a global level, cooperatives are faced with many complex challenges, among which the problem of securing adequate financial prerequisites for their functioning is especially emphasized. In that regard, the formation of cooperative capital as a basic financial resource intended for business operations, represents one of the key challenges in terms of survival and further development of the cooperative sector. Although different factors influence the availability of cooperative capital, legislative support represents a key determinant since the compliance of the legal framework with modern business tendencies and current practices within the formation of the cooperative capital area, as well as the level of its flexibility and efficiency in application, significantly determines the development potential of a cooperative. At the same time, this fact opens up space for critical consideration of existing legal solutions within the field. In this paper, we first analyze the modern business environment and the importance of cooperative capital formation, considering current solutions and development perspectives in this area. Subsequently, using a comparative method to examine the legal frameworks of Serbia and Croatia, the domestic legislation is critically assessed in the segment related to the formation of cooperative capital. The aim of this paper is: 1) to examine whether the existing model of cooperative capital formation within positive legislation enables a cooperative’s competitive market positioning and contributes to its sustainable development, and 2) to offer solutions through de lege ferenda proposals for improving the legislative framework in the field of financing cooperative business operations, in accordance with contemporary economic trends.
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Статья научная
The concept of fundamental breach of contract under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) of 1980 plays a pivotal role in determining the legal remedies available to the aggrieved party. It allows for contract termination only in instances where a breach is deemed fundamental. This paper delves into a comprehensive analysis of the institution of fundamental breach of contract and its characteristics, providing insight into how the Convention distinguishes between a fundamental breach and a non-fundamental breach. As a result, it assists in resolving potential uncertainties and dilemmas the aggrieved party might face concerning the choice of legal remedies. The analysis begins with an exploration of the background and drafting process of Article 25 of the Convention. The focus then shifts to an in-depth analysis of the institution of fundamental breach of contract. This covers how and why the distinction between a fundamental breach and a non-fundamental breach emerged, leading up to an intricate examination of all the conditions and features of a fundamental breach of contract, all with the aim of accurately defining this term in line with the provisions of the Convention. The study also encompasses a review of pertinent judicial and arbitral practices, aiding in a better understanding of the practical application and interpretation of the institution of fundamental breach of contract. Special attention is devoted to analyzing how the aggrieved party can be confident in its right to terminate the contract and how to sidestep potential hazards and consequences of an unjustified termination. Through a detailed review of the Convention's provisions and both judicial and arbitral practices, this paper offers a succinct insight into the institution of fundamental breach of contract in the context of international sales of goods. It investigates how contracting parties can safeguard themselves and how they can act in accordance with the rights and obligations stipulated by the Convention.
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Статья научная
Odgovornost prevoznika za štete na robi u drumskom prevozu proizilazi iz ugovora o prevozu koji se zaključuje sa naručiocem prevoza. Oblik i vrsta te odgovornosti definisana je važećim propisima za takvu vrstu prevoza, odnosno propisima koji uređuju odgovarajući ugovor o prevozu. Ukoliko tokom prevoza dođe do štete na robi za koju je odgovoran prevoznik, on će takvu štetu morati nadoknaditi. Imajući u vidu širok spektar transportnih rizika koji mogu dovesti do nastanka štete na robi, sa jedne strane, kao i visok iznos potencijalnih šteta, sa druge strane, prevoznici svoj ekonomski interes mogu zaštititi ugovaranjem osiguranja. Zaključivanjem osiguranja od odgovornosti za štete na robi koju prevoze, prevoznici štite svoj interes na način da nastalu štetu, za koju su oni odgovorni, umjesto njih treba da nadoknadi društvo za osiguranje. Cilj rada je da se na jednom mjestu ukaže na problematiku odgovornosti prevoznika u Republici Srpskoj sa aspekta aktuelnih zakonskih propisa, kao i na veoma značajnu ulogu osiguranja odgovornosti prevoznika. U zaključku se daje kratak osvrt na uočene probleme u postojećoj zakonskoj regulativi posmatranog problema, te mogućnostima obezbjeđenja adekvatne zaštite prevoznika kroz ugovaranje osiguravajućeg pokrića.
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Gender equality in the European labor law
Статья научная
The author gives an overview of the last European Commission report on equality between men and women, with the aim to draw attention to new trends in the development of labor law in the European Union to move towards the design of new types of strategies and policies that should contribute to the implementation of the new concept of work-life balance that allows you to have some sense of professional most of its capacity with full respect for the rights of women. Women are most often due to their biological role in raising families, forced to renounce a career because it is in the current system of labor market almost impossible to achieve balanced relationship between life and work, and that all rights guaranteed to be full.
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Статья научная
Compensation for non-economic damages, the debate over its justification, and the adequacy of compensation awarded for harm to non-economic goods have been contentious issues among domestic legal theorists for decades. The provisions of the 1978 Law on Obligations resolved this debate by introducing the right to monetary compensation for non-economic damages in explicitly enumerated cases. The aim of the authors is to use appropriate scientific methods to demonstrate how failures by state authorities, specifically the police and judicial bodies, can cause non-economic damage to individuals through miscarriages of justice and false imprisonment. Freedom is a fundamental human right, guaranteed by the Constitution, laws, and ratified international documents. This raises the question of how, and to what extent, a wrongful conviction or unlawful deprivation of liberty violates this fundamental right, and what legal remedies are available to the victim. The focus of the paper will be on the legislation of the Republic of Serbia, as well as the views and interpretations in legal theory and in practice regarding the victim’s claim for monetary compensation for harm to non-economic goods, such as reputation and honor.
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Globalna ekonomska kriza i porast nezaposlenosti
Статья научная
Globalna ekonomska kriza nije nastala odjednom. Njoj su prethodile okolnosti koje su svojim implikacijama na makroplanu uvećale broj nezaposlenih, siromašnih i gladnih ljudi u svetu. Krah globalnih privreda doprineo je istovremeno nekontrolisanoj globalnoj nesigurnosti, što su pojedini analitičari stidljivo najavljivali još od ulaska u novi milenijum, a što se ostvarilo objavljivanjem vesti da je 'svet upao u najdublju ekonomsku krizu još od drugog svetskog rata i da se nalazi u kandžama recesije'. Uzroci krize i njene manifestacije se razlikuju od zemlje do zemlje, ali svima je zajednička karakteristika da proizvode nesagledive posledice i ozbiljne probleme. Tamni oblaci su se nadvili nad svetskom privredom, a oni donose otpuštanje radnika, nezaposlenost i siromaštvo, što dalje vodi i rezultira talasima protesta i štrajkova širom sveta. Udar svetske ekonomske krize u Srbiji očekuje se intenzitetom koji je teško i nezahvalno predvideti.
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Статья научная
Region se posmatra kao 'izvesno jedinstvo država u geografskom smislu, grupa državnih teritorija koje čine jedinstvenu teritoriju, a čiji stanovnici su posebni ili drugačiji u odnosu na druge stanovnike, zbog specifičnosti u bilo kom vidu koje oni žele da sačuvaju, bilo da su to nacionalne, kulturne ili druge specifičnosti'. Tako shvaćen region se suočava tokom svog postojanja sa brojnim izazovima, kao što su: neravnomeran ekonomski razvoj regiona unutar jedne države, koji nužno vodi do polarizacije i separacije regiona u nezavisne države; nedovoljno snažan državni aparat koji može da nadvlada sve globalizacijske procese posebno kad su 'države nacije' u pitanju, i problem da se ljudi teže navikavaju na misao o 'Evropi regiona', umesto dosadašnje prihvatljive 'Evrope država'. No i pored svih problema i izazova, region, regionalizam i regionalna država stoje kao 'treći put', kompromis između federacija i konfederacija.
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Građansko-pravna zaštita prava intelektualne svojine
Статья научная
Predmet ovog rada je pravna zaštita prava intelektualne svojine, s posebnim osvrtom na građansko-pravnu zaštitu, koja je predviđena zakonima u oblasti intelektualne svojine, kao lex specialis, uz osvrt na sudsku praksu posle 2000. godine. Građansko-pravna zaštita obuhvata četiri vrste tužbi. Tužba zbog povrede prava se sastoji od šest tužbenih zahteva. Sud može doneti privremenu meru i naložiti sredstvo obezbeđenja.
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Građanskopravni osnovi odgovornosti stečajnog upravnika i države u stečajnom postupku
Статья научная
Stečajni upravnik odgovara ličnom imovinom za štetu prouzrokovanu učesnicima u postupku namerno ili krajnjom nepažnjom, a teret dokazivanja takvih kvalifikovanih oblika nevinosti je na oštećenom licu. Kada je šteta prouzrokovana običnom nepažnjom - nehatom postoji odgovornost države - Republike Srbije, kao pravnog lica za štetu koju prouzrokuje njegov organ. Za štetu prouzrokovanu učesnicima u postupku namerno ili krajnjom nepažnjom postoji solidarna odgovornost stečajnog upravnika i Republike Srbije. Prigovor u postupku prodaje imovine stečajnog dužnika, ne utiče na punovažnost izvršene prodaje, već predstavlja osnov za utvrđivanje odgovornosti stečajnog upravnika ako je šteta nastala radnjom stečajnog upravnika u postupku prodaje.
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Статья научная
Ljudska prava su segment univerzalnih, prirodnih i neotuđivih civilizacijskih vrednosti. Kao takva deo su međunarodnog prava, a posebno nacionalnih pravnih sistema kroz koje se realizuju. Posebnu ulogu u ostvarivanju, obezbeđenju i zaštiti ljudskih prava imaju policijski organi država. Posledica unifikacije ljudskih prava na međunarodnom nivou je stvaranje međunarodnih standarda policijskog delovanja. Reforma policije se u Republici Srbiji intenzivno vrši kroz harmonizaciju zakonodavnog okvira policijskog organizovanja, delovanja i postupanja od 2000. godine u skladu sa visokim standardima Saveta Evrope i Evropske unije, kao jedna od pretpostavki evropskih integracija. Načela zakonitosti, proporcionalnosti, profesionalnosti i postupanja u skladu sa policijskom etikom postaju kodeksi delovanja.
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Haški tribunal - izveštaj obaveštajnog analitičara - forenzički nalaz ili analitička informacija
Статья научная
Potreba da se izvede ovo istraživanje javila se nakon što je u procesu pred Međunarodnim krivičnim sudom za bivšu Jugoslaviju izveštaj obaveštajnog analitičara vojne obaveštajne službe označen i prihvaćen kao isprava koja u sebi sadrži nalaz i/ili mišljenje veštaka/forenzičara. Ovo stoga, što se, u krivično-procesnoj praksi Suda ne uočava jasna razlika između istražnog analitičara, forenzičkih radnji na osnovu forenzičkih znanja (legaliteta i legitimiteta) i forenzičkog nalaza i/ili mišljenja i obaveštajnog analitičara i obaveštajne analitičke informacije koja nastaje kao proizvod obaveštajnog analitičkog procesa. U radu se ukazuje da je obaveštajna analitička informacija samo nastavak obaveštajnog rada u njegovom kružnom procesu, odnosno da je zaključak obaveštajnog analitičara samo metod obaveštajnog rada, a ne forenzički nalaz i/ili mišljenje, kao i to da je obaveštajna analiza samo jedan segment u obaveštajnom ciklusu. Nije nezavisna delatnost veštaka u krivičnom postupku.
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Hibridni sud za Istočni Timor - pravna i politička dimenzija
Статья научная
Međunarodni krivični sud u Istočnom Timoru Ujedinjene nacije su ustanovile nezavisno od odluka nacionalnih vlasti. On je, kao i drugi sudovi tog tipa, bio plod političkih dogovora u okviru Ujedinjenih nacija. Osnivanje ovog suda u velikoj meri bilo je uzrokovano činjenicom da u toj državi nakon povlačenja Indonezije gotovo da nije bilo pravnika s iskustvom rada u pravosuđu. Sud za Istočni Timor prvi je hibridni sud koji je počeo sa radom. Iako mešovitog sastava, on je bio deo nacionalnog pravosudnog sistema. Do osnivanja ovog suda došlo je neposredno nakon što su Ujedinjene nacije uspostavile prelaznu upravu u toj državi. Iako je bilo predloga da se osnuje zaseban tribunal za suđenje osobama odgovornim za zločine, Savet bezbednosti nije postupio po tim preporukama. Umesto toga osnovana su Posebna veća za ozbiljne zločine sastavljena od domaćih i međunarodnih sudija za suđenje osobama osumnjičenim za zločine učinjene u Istočnom Timoru. Posebnim većima data je isključiva nadležnost nad zločinima genocida, ratnim zločinima, zločinima protiv čovečnosti, ubistvima, seksualnim zločinima i mučenjima koja su se dogodili u Istočnom Timoru u razdoblju od 1. januara do 25. oktobra 1999. godine, a pod određenim uslovima i za zločine učinjene pre toga datuma. Materijalna prava koje su primenjivala Posebna veća za zločine genocida, ratne zločine i zločine protiv čovečnosti gotovo je u potpunosti preuzeto iz Rimskog statuta Međunarodnog krivičnog suda.
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Historical development of life insurance
Статья научная
The origins of certain forms of property and life security date back to a very distance past. The beginnings of commodity and monetary relations and class society mark the beginning of insurance activities as well. The basic function of insurance has not changed throughout its history and it amounts to the property and individual protection. Life insurance, as a special type of a personal insurance, occupies an important place in insurance activities today. Insurance premiums keep growing in the global market and so does the share of life insurance in the total premium structure. As early as in 1996, it constituted 57%, while the others, non-life insurances, constituted 43%. This paper treats the historical development of life insurance, from the very origins of this type of insurance to this very day.
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Historical development of the privatization concept in Serbia – Experience and conclusions
Статья научная
Privatization is a process of crucial importance for the transformation of a planned economy into a market economy. Requirements and procedures for the change of ownership over social and public capital and assets in the Republic of Serbia were regulated by the Law on Privatization (2014). In conceptual terms, privatization is not a novelty, even though rules and legal regulations have changed, evolved and adapted to the needs of the economy and society. The paper analyzed the historical development of the privatization concept in Serbia, considering that it would be interesting to make an overview of the evolution of privatization from 1989 to 2001 and from 2001 to 2014, as well as the contemporary concept of privatization that was introduced in 2014. In terms of methodology, the paper was based on a theoretical analysis of relevant contemporary views, normative analysis of legislative sources and quantitative analysis of statistical indicators of various parameters of privatization effects from 1989 to the present day. The research was founded on numerical indicators and available data on contemporary theoretical–practical analyses of privatization development in Serbia. This comprehensive research encompassed the entire privatization process, from its initiation in 1989 to the modern concept introduced in 2014.
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Human rights and the social position of citizens in ancient Rome
Статья научная
The paper analyzes the status aspects of human rights during the period of existence of the Roman state. Considering the fact that it was the empire lasted for several centuries, the position of a human in it and his/ her rights changed. The modern understanding of human rights originates from the period of the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, when The School of Natural Law laid the foundations of the understanding of human, natural rights, which did not exist in that form during the ancient period. The primary social differentiation of the population in ancient Rome was based on a simple division of people into free ones and slaves. From this premise, they built the foundations of their rights as well as their social, legal and political positions. In theory, Roman history is chronologically divided into four periods: The period of Kings, The period of the Republic, the Principate and the Dominate. In those periods, the social structure differed significantly. The aim of this paper is to show the position of the population in each of these periods, their rights and mutual relationships. The Roman law represents the cradle of contemporary continental law, and the germ of human rights was “sown” exactly in that period, which, for this reason, deserves to be the subject of a deeper professional analysis.
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Human rights’ approach to environmental protection – practice of the Human Rights Committee
Статья научная
The consequences of environmental degradation and pollution have raised the issue of the significance of the link between human rights and environmental protection. Since the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not explicitly recognize the right to a healthy environment, the Human Rights Committee has accepted the possibility that a State Party can violate a number of civil and political rights by its acts or failures in the field of environmental protection. The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the practice of the Committee in order to define the standards in the context of violation of human rights by environmental degradation. The paper will address regular reports submitted by State Parties, as well as general comments and concluding observations of the Committee. A special attention will be paid to the views of the Committee regarding the individual complaints received under the First Optional Protocol to the ICCPR. On the basis of the analytical discussion, the authors will provide a conceptual clarity to the interpretation of standards that might be useful in articulating the civil and political rights related to environmental protection.
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Human vs. Artificial intelligence - EU's legal response
Статья научная
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the capacity to improve not only the individual quality of life, but also economic and social welfare. Although the AI systems have many advantages, they also pose significant risks, creating a wide range of moral and legal dilemmas. The European Union has been creating a legal framework for developing, trading, and using AI-driven products, services, and systems to reduce the risks connected with the AI systems and to prevent any possible harm they may cause. The main focus of this paper refers to the analysis of the Proposal for the Artificial Intelligence Act submitted by the European Commission in April 2021. The goal of the article is to move toward a possible resolution to the dilemma of whether the AIA proposal is appropriate for the AI era by addressing the scope of its application, the prohibited AI practices, rules on high-risk AI systems, specific transparency obligations, as well as certain regulatory gaps. The article should be viewed as an initial analysis of the AIA proposal in order to provide a useful framework for the future discussion.
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Ilegalne migracije stanovništva u Libiji
Статья научная
Migracije sežu daleko u istoriju, sve do nastanka samog čoveka. Izražavaju se njegovim stalnim kretanjem iz mesta u mesto, bez ograničenja i ometanja u potrazi za bezbednošću ili begom od prirode i vremenskih prilika. Motivacija i pokretač za to su volja za opstankom, očuvanjem života i produženjem vrste ili želja da se otkriju okruženja koja su podobnija i više odgovaraju njegovim potrebama i ambicijama. Libija spada u red zemalja koje su ozbiljno zahvaćene procesom ilegalnih migracija. Oni su uzrokovani dejstvom dva osnovna faktora od kojih prvi predstavlja geografski položaj a drugi zavidan nivo životnog standarda građana Libije u odnosu na zemlje u njenom okruženju. Shodno tome, u radu će biti prikazani, kako teorijski okviri, tako i praktična iskustva koja je autorka imala tokom svog života i rada u Libiji.
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