Статьи журнала - Pravo - teorija i praksa
Все статьи: 713
Human vs. Artificial intelligence - EU's legal response
Статья научная
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the capacity to improve not only the individual quality of life, but also economic and social welfare. Although the AI systems have many advantages, they also pose significant risks, creating a wide range of moral and legal dilemmas. The European Union has been creating a legal framework for developing, trading, and using AI-driven products, services, and systems to reduce the risks connected with the AI systems and to prevent any possible harm they may cause. The main focus of this paper refers to the analysis of the Proposal for the Artificial Intelligence Act submitted by the European Commission in April 2021. The goal of the article is to move toward a possible resolution to the dilemma of whether the AIA proposal is appropriate for the AI era by addressing the scope of its application, the prohibited AI practices, rules on high-risk AI systems, specific transparency obligations, as well as certain regulatory gaps. The article should be viewed as an initial analysis of the AIA proposal in order to provide a useful framework for the future discussion.
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Ilegalne migracije stanovništva u Libiji
Статья научная
Migracije sežu daleko u istoriju, sve do nastanka samog čoveka. Izražavaju se njegovim stalnim kretanjem iz mesta u mesto, bez ograničenja i ometanja u potrazi za bezbednošću ili begom od prirode i vremenskih prilika. Motivacija i pokretač za to su volja za opstankom, očuvanjem života i produženjem vrste ili želja da se otkriju okruženja koja su podobnija i više odgovaraju njegovim potrebama i ambicijama. Libija spada u red zemalja koje su ozbiljno zahvaćene procesom ilegalnih migracija. Oni su uzrokovani dejstvom dva osnovna faktora od kojih prvi predstavlja geografski položaj a drugi zavidan nivo životnog standarda građana Libije u odnosu na zemlje u njenom okruženju. Shodno tome, u radu će biti prikazani, kako teorijski okviri, tako i praktična iskustva koja je autorka imala tokom svog života i rada u Libiji.
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Статья научная
Trade, as a form of commodity-money relations, has a long history. It begins with the first forms of exchange of goods for money and other valuables. Given that the purpose of trade is the acquisition of profit based on the sale and purchase of goods and services, this activity undoubtedly enabled the commercial class of society to accumulate significant wealth. This is why merchants are considered to be among the wealthiest people in the society, from the beginning of the first states, up to the present day. However, trading often represents an ‘ideal’ way of acquiring illegal gains, which can rapidly increase if it is carried out over a long period of time. The suppression of various forms of illegal trade is carried out at the legal and institutional level. Hence, regulations in this field can be classified into basic ones (governing trading activities), criminal ones (specifying particular criminal offenses), and misdemeanor ones (prescribing penalties for legal entities and individuals). The legal peculiarity in regulating trade, including its legal forms, lies in the extensive catalog of different procedures. In the field of criminal law, there is an independent criminal offense of the same name with multiple forms. In our country, judicial practice is full of various cases in which the criminal ingenuity of the actors of illegal trade is especially manifested. The inspection authorities are the society’s first line of defense against various forms of illicit trade. In the process of carrying out regular and extraordinary supervision, they observe and initiate investigation into the responsibility for offenses in the domain of illegal trade. In the field of criminal law, there is an independent criminal offense of the same name, which has several forms. Consequently, this paper gives an overview of the legal mechanisms for suppressing illegal trade in our country.
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Imovina deteta - upravljanje, korišćenje i raspolaganje
Статья научная
The child is every minor who did not acquire full active legal capacity before the majority. Parents have the right and duty at the same time to be the lawful representatives of their child entering into all transactions of property acquisition. They can also represent their child on the base of contract in all the transactions that child can enter into on the ground of it's active legal capacity. The child who did not reach the age of fourteen is able to carry out by itself only the transactions for acquiring rights (donation, commodatum), not obligations. It may carry out the usual daily transactions too. The child who reached the age of fourteen can enter into all other transactions with the consent of it's parents. When the object of transaction is movable property of great value or real estate, the permission of the welfare committee is necessary for validity of such transaction. The 15-year-old child acquires the working capacity and capability of free managing and disposal of the property acquired by the work. The parents manage and dispose of the property not acquired by the child's work and of the property acquired by the work of the child who did not reach the age of fifteen. Adoptive parent has the same rights as parent on this matter. If a child is in guardianship, the custodian needs the consent of the welfare committee for the transactions beyond the ordinary managing of protégé's property and for the transactions of protégé's property disposal. Established fostering does not influence on the parent rights and duties to manage and dispose of the child's property.
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Статья научная
The paper explores the intricate landscape of implementing food safety policies within the European Union (EU) context. Through an examination of key themes, including discretion and enforcement of policies, the EU’s problem-resolution strategies, and the concept of individualization that surpasses mere adherence to laws, the paper sheds light on the complexities and nuances inherent in ensuring food safety across the diverse member states. The paper scrutinizes the role of discretion in the enforcement of food safety policies within the EU. It delves into how regulatory bodies exercise judgment in interpreting and applying policies, taking into account the varying contexts and challenges faced by member states. The discussion highlights the need for a balanced approach that considers both uniformity in enforcement and flexibility to address specific regional or sectoral requirements. Further, the paper focuses on the EU’s problem-resolution strategies concerning food safety policies. It explores the mechanisms in place for identifying and addressing challenges that arise during the implementation phase. This includes an analysis of coordination among member states, collaboration with stakeholders, and the role of regulatory bodies in mitigating issues and fostering a harmonized approach to problem-solving. In the end, the paper introduces the concept of individualization, emphasizing how a diverse range of policies and practices exists beyond mere adherence to overarching laws. This section explores the unique approaches taken by member states in tailoring food safety policies to suit their specific circumstances. It investigates the benefits and potential challenges associated with such individualization, considering its impact on overall policy effectiveness and coherence.
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Implikacije svetske ekonomske krize na osiguranje u Republici Srbiji
Статья научная
Nakon prvog talasa hipotekarne krize koji je najpre pogodio bankarski sektor bilo je jasno da osiguravajuća i reosiguravajuća društva neće ostati imuna. Iz ugla osiguravajućih društava kriza ima višeznačni efekat. Plasirana sredstva, iako u manje rizične finansijske instrumente, izložena su većem riziku na tržištu kapitala. Druga dimenzija krize koju će osetiti osiguravajuće kuće je recesija u koju je ušla privreda, kroz smanjenje potrošnje, povećane cene transfera rizika. Domaće tržište slabo je integrisano u svetsko tržište, pa samim tim i manje podložno tektonskim poremećajima uočenim na drugim finansijskim tržištima. Jedan od razloga zašto kriza ne ugrožava opstanak osiguravajućih društava jeste dosadašnja konzervativna investiciona politika i regulativa. Temeljna načela poslovnih politika osiguravajućih organizacija u danima koji dolaze trebala bi biti sigurnost, likvidnost, disperzija i tek na kraju profitabilnost.
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Статья научная
Higher education reform process introduced many innovations in educational systems and caused the passing many new regulations in this area. European knowledge society rests on two pillars – European Resaerch Area – ERA and European Higher Education Area – EHEA. EHEA is being developed through international cooperation and academic exchange that is performed through government ministries, institutions of higher education, and students and teaching staff. It must be emphasized that economic and cultural globalization has imposed new challenges for the system of higher education. Internationalization of higher education is seen as one of the ways a country responds to the impact of globalization. Also, an important feature of the Bologna Process is the adoption of new approaches in higher education. One of them is concept Open Educational Resources. As can be seen in the paper, the Bologna Process represents a strategic transformation of higher education institutions, and the conclusion is that reform process in higher education leads to economic and social well-being of the country.
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Independence of the judiciary as a path and a goal – Тhe voice of the profession
Статья научная
The views and experiences of the judges are important for the performance of their duties, as well as for the improvement of their social and professional position. Therefore, the topic of this paper is the suggestions for improving the independence of the judiciary, which come from the representatives of the judicial profession. The paper is based on the results of extensive empirical research of the judges from all courts of general jurisdiction in Serbia. For the interpretation of the respondents’ answers (N=599), thematic analysis was used, allowing us to further categorize the received statements by the perspectives of the respondents. The conclusion is that judges see the greatest space for improvement in the area of institutional guarantees of independence, while they are significantly less oriented towards guarantees of personal independence. Apart from the theoretical contribution, the paper primarily has a practical goal in advocating social change, i.e. a normative framework based on the guidelines that come from those to whom the regulations refer.
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Infiltration into the criminal milieu
Статья научная
The characteristics of the modern organized crime have demanded the properly organized competent authorities in order to be able to oppose it successfully. It cannot be achieved without the infiltration into the criminal milieu as a complex criminal-operating activity. It is also a postulation for the competent authorities being engaged in a prevention and combating crime to strive to provide reliable sources of information in the criminal structures, with the aim of detecting the intended or committed criminal acts as well as collecting the evidence of their perpetrators’ guilt. Nowadays, it`s almost impossible without an “insider“ to reveal the structure of the criminal organization, the committed and planned crimes, having in mind extensive protection measures taken by its members. The changes themselves in the manifestation of the organized crime have gone beyond the mere use of informants and made a need for developing the new investigating techniques, aimed at the infiltration into the criminal milieu, which includes the usage of the undercover investigators in order the conspiratory investigations to be conducted and the simulated activities to be realized.
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Influence of bio-climatic conditions of mount Zlatibor on health tourism
Статья научная
Introduction: Bioclimatic conditions are of great importance for all forms of tourism, especially for health tourism, as they should encompass therapeutic and prophylactic characteristics. Over the last three decades, tourism in Zlatibor has been continuously growing in terms of tourist numbers and the development of tourist infrastructure. This paper presents the bioclimatic and climatic conditions on Mount Zlatibor from the perspective of their impact on tourism. More precisely, it examines their influence on tourist movements on this mountain and their significance for the development of health tourism. Materials and Methods: Research data were obtained through the analysis of temperature, air pressure, humidity, insolation, and precipitation levels. Based on these data, physiological equivalent temperature (PET) values and the universal thermal climate index (UTCI) were calculated. Results: The obtained results of bioclimatic indices (PET and UTCI) indicate potential stress due to extreme cold in the mornings and evenings from late October to the second decade of March. Pleasant warmth prevails during the summer months in the mornings and evenings. In terms of health, the climate of Zlatibor is suitable for maintaining health, as well as for treating various lung diseases, anemia, heart and blood vessel disorders, especially thyroid disorders. Bioclimatic conditions closely correlate with tourist movements on Zlatibor, as evidenced by climate data and the results obtained from PET and UTCI calculations. Conclusion: Comparing tourist numbers over a five-year period reveals that bioclimatic conditions significantly influence Zlatibor’s peak tourist season, which occurs during the summer months. This period offers the most favorable bioclimatic conditions, attracting the highest number of visitors to the mountain, especially those seeking health and recreational activities.
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Статья научная
Problems in the application of Articles 197 and 204 of the Law on of Contract are presented in the paper. Different attitudes in legal theory and case law are presented, as well as proposed solutions in the Preliminary Draft Civil Code of Republic of Serbia. We will put forward our position on the proposed solutions in the Pre-Civil Code of the Republic of Serbia. In the legal theory and jurisprudence, the question arises whether the solution is provided for in Articles 197 and 204 of the Law on Obligations. Problems have been raised regarding the determination of the amount of non-pecuniary damage, when part of the non-pecuniary damage is paid out-of-court procedure, and the injured person files a lawsuit to collect the difference of non-material damage to the court, the court proceedings take several years. How to determine the fair incidence of non-pecuniary damage at the time of passing a judgment?
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Injury of human rights and the right to life during the Covid-19 pandemic in the older population
Статья научная
It has been more than a year since the Covid-19 pandemic began. Millions of people continue to die around the world. Most of them are elderly, but their importance is not downplayed for this reason. The indiscriminate practices being carried out all over the world, in terms of the suffered abandonment, make us reflect in favor of the study of the protection systems of the most vulnerable people. It also includes the attempt to preserve their fundamental rights at the global level, and, above all, the legal point of view. Consequently, and despite the improvement in the situation produced by the application of the different vaccines against Covid-19, nothing prevents this from being repeated in the future if we do not establish the appropriate measures to assure a real and effective protection. The improvement that is assumed and expected should not refer to the field of health only, but also to the rule of law in which the majority of the world population find themselves regarding the approval of the necessary regulations providing the desired results. Therefore, the essence of this paper is searching for legal solutions to protect the human rights of the most vulnerable people - the elders, through the study of the right to their health protection and the functioning of the established systems concerning this field. The main objective is articulating the necessary strategies and instruments that guarantee the integrity of the elderly people throughout the planet.
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Статья научная
In the introductory part of the paper there are discussed the most basic characteristics of both public and private sectors, with an emphasis put on the importance of their mutual influencing. Then, we continue our exposure with a display and analysis of the criminal act 'abuse of power', the incrimination sanctioning only the conduct of the official person (no longer of the person responsible, as it was the case up to the changes and supplements of our Criminal law from 24th December 2012). However, this incrimination is still controversial, because it is not precisely defined, and thus it covers a very wide range of behaviours, which represents the violation of the principle of legality and leads to arbitrariness jeopardizing the principle of the rule of law. Furthermore, the paper deals with an entirely new criminal provisions called 'abuse of position of the person responsible 44 (the Act 234 of the Criminal law of Republic of Serbia). After presenting incriminations themselves, the exposure ends by considering the reasons for introducing the above incriminations in the criminal system of Republic of Serbia and their importance in our criminal justice system.
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Inovativnosti malih i srednjih preduzeća
Статья научная
Mala i srednja preduzeća suočena su sa ozbiljnim izazovima. Proširenje globalne ekonomije, ubitačna borba za tržišta, drastično skraćenje životnog veka proizvoda, brze tehnološke promene, strukturalne transformacije i drugo. Da bi odgovorila na ove izazove preduzeća moraju stalno da povećavaju produktivnost, poboljšavaju kvalitet proizvoda i usluga, razvijaju nove proizvode i susreću zahteve i želje potrošača. Ukratko preduzeća moraju da budu stalno inovativna, jer imperativ savremenog poslovanja preduzeća jeste usavršavanje svih komponenti strukture i poslovanja preduzeća. Osposobljenost malih i srednjih preduzeća da na tržište iznose sve kvalitetnije, funkcionalnije i jeftinije proizvode ukazuje na razvoj inovativnih procesa u tim preduzećima. Najčešće inovacije u malim i srednjim preduzećima predstavljaju novi proizvodi koji predstavljaju garanciju za njihov uspešan rad. Mala i srednja preduzeća su fleksibilnija i adaptibilnija u odnosu na okruženje tako da se neuporedivo lakše prilagođavaju novonastalim okolnostima u odnosu na potrebu inoviranja proizvoda i usluga. Posebna je uloga i uticaj preduzetničke inovativnosti na razvoj malih i srednjih preduzeća. Ona su ključni faktor razvoja privrede Srbije, jer prema relevantnim podacima preko sto hiljada firmi i preko dvesta hiljada preduzetnika zapošljava 60% ukupno zaposlenih radnika i sa 50% učestvuju u društvenom bruto proizvodu. Cilj ovog istraživačkog rada je da ukaže na potrebu podizanja stepena inovativnosti malih i srednjih preduzeća kroz strukturu proizvodno uslužne delatnosti u kojoj novi proizvod ima primarnu ulogu.
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Статья научная
Ljudske slobode i prava predstavljaju jednu od najznačanijih tvorevina čoveka. U celokupnom kontekstu ljudskih sloboda i prava pojavljuje se i institucija ombudsmana koja ima zadatak da ih zaštiti i omogući građanima njihovo ostvarenje. Institucija lokalnog ombudsmana postoji u Španiji jedan duži niz godina, dok je u Srbiji to 'nova' institucija. Izbor lokalnog ombudsmana predstavlja jedan elemenata koji utiču na njegov pravni položaj i samim tim na njegovu nezavisnost i samostalnost. Odredbe koje uređuju uslove za izbor lokalnog ombudsmana, procedura izbora, njegov mandat i mogućnost reizbora, nespojivost sa funkcijom lokalnog ombudsmana i garancije samostalnosti i nezavisnosti, predstavljaju pitanja koja daju pravu sliku o položaju ove institucije. Može se zaključiti da pravni sistemi na veoma sličan način uređuju ova pitanja, ali da postoje i specifičnosti svakog od sistema. Isto tako, zaključak je da je institucija lokalnog ombudsmana neophodna lokalnoj samoupravi i predstavlja instituciju koja je od koristi i građanima i organima uprave.
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Статья научная
The subject of this study is an analysis of different normative solutions and degrees of institutionalization of the role of the opposition in parliaments across a number of European states, ranging from stipulation in the parliamentary rules of procedure to formal recognition of the opposition in the constitution of the state. Balance of the parliamentary political power as well as acknowledgement of the legitimate role of opposition ensures prerequisites for democratic social dialogue and active participation of responsible citizens in the processes of strengthening institutions of representative democracy. Therefore, only consensual political culture contributes to the political trust that citizens place in political institutions. Although there is no universally adopted model that defines the role of the parliamentary majority and opposition, it is undeniable that the post-democracy era requires a redefinition of basic concepts, such as parliamentary majority and opposition, as well as the role of parliament. The scope of the analysis is limited to a comparative overview of constitutional solutions that guarantee the rights of the opposition and the legal framework regulating the part of the rights of parliamentary opposition, which are realized in the process of creating policies. The aim of the paper is to strengthen mechanisms of parliamentary democracy and, in particular, to strengthen trust in the work of the National Assembly of the Republic of Serbia, as only through the effective implementation of European experiences can public trust be built and standards of political culture be improved. Methodologically, the comparative approach is complemented by the analysis of comments and interpretations of constitutional acts, laws, rules of procedure, as well as recommendations of the Venice Commission.
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Insurance fraud as a form of economic crime and the methods for combating IT
Статья научная
Dealing with the topic of economic crime in insurance is very complex and therefore challenging. One of the first challenges concerns the definition of economic crime. Namely, economic crime represents a multi-layered phenomenon which must, in terms of the definition of the basic features, be adapted to the specific requirements of a given society. One of the forms of economic crime, which is very common in practice, certainly refers to abuse in the field of insurance. The most common, and at the same time the only form of economic crime in the field of insurance foreseen by law, is insurance fraud. After the conceptual determination of economic crime as well as its basic features, this paper presents a review of the key issues related to the topic of the paper, which includes the phenomenological definition of insurance, the importance of the existence of insurance, insurance fraud as a form of economic crime, as well as the methods for combating it.
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Integracija naknade za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta u porez na imovinu
Статья научная
U ovom radu biće prikazane hronološke promene zakonske regulative koje se odnose na porez na imovinu u statici i naknade za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta, kao i efekti primene zakonskih promena u praksi. Naknada za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta i porez na imovinu u statici predstavljaju dva najizdašnija izvorna prihoda jedinice lokalne samouprave. Oni su posebno utvrđivani i naplaćivani, da bi se izmenama zakona naknada integrisala u porez i od 2014. godine se naplaćuje samo porez na imovinu. Razlozi za ovu integraciju se nalaze u prilagođavanju sistema javnih prihoda standardima Evropske unije i ukidanje dosadašnje diskriminacije pravnih lica u odnosu na fizička kada je u pitanju utvrđivanje naknade za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta. S obzirom da su izmene zakona izazvale veliku medijsku pažnju poreskih obveznika i predstavnika zakonodavne vlasti, posebna pažnja u radu je posvećena efektima integracije naknade za korišćenje građevinskog zemljišta u porez na imovinu.
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