Статьи журнала - Pravo - teorija i praksa
Все статьи: 713
Статья научная
Broadly defined, codification is every complete legal regulation of a legal area, regardless of whether it was achieved through one or various legal acts. There were codifications in the ancient history (Hammurabi Code, Code of Justinian), as well as in the medieval period, though feudalism was the epoch of uncodified and particular law. Still, the number of codifications rose even further in the transition period from feudalism to capitalism, with the creation of national markets and centralised nation states. Thus commenced the epoch of bourgeoisie codifications with the French civil code in 1804. Following the French, the Civil Code of Austria was enacted in 1811, followed by the General Property Code for the principality of Montenegro in 1888, the German Civil Code in 1896, and in 1844 Civil Code of Laws of Principality of Serbia, which constitute the topic of this paper.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Sistem raspodele javnih prihoda između različitih nivoa organizovanosti jedne države je od presudnog značaja za njeno funkcionisanje. Ukoliko nije zasnovan na principima koji čine temelj uređenja te države, a ogledaju se u sistemu raspodele nadležnosti i načina njihovog ostvarivanja, biće stalni izvor sukoba, kočnica razvoja, te uzročnik veoma opasnog procesa dezintegracije. Svedoci smo intenzivnog procesa evropskih integracija. Evropska unija sve više dobija obeležja federalne države, sa brojnim nadležnostima i organima, koji zahtevaju određena, i to zamašna finansijska sredstva. Države članice ih u najvećoj meri obezbeđuju iz svojih budžeta, ali se radi i na uvođenju izvornih prihoda Unije. Dakle, problem raspodele prihoda se javlja i u odnosima među nezavisnim državama u različitim oblicima integracija. Svoju volju da prihvata proces decentralizacije, koja kao imperativ podrazumeva finansijsku decentralizaciju, najbolje je potvrdila novim Ustavom, iz 2006. god. kojim je predviđeno da lokalne samouprave i AP Vojvodina imaju svoje izvorne prihode, kojim finansiraju svoje nadležnosti, čija se vrsta i visina utvrđuju zakonom. Nedostajuća sredstva će nadomestiti Republika iz svog budžeta. Finansijski federalizam se u teoriji određuje kao sistem odnosa između federacije, federalnih jedinica i lokalnih zajednica u vezi sa ovlašćenjima za utvrđivanje, raspodelu i razgraničenje nadležnosti u oblasti javnih rashoda i javnih prihoda, u kome će svaki od navedenih subjekata raspolagati određenim obimom ovlašćenja. Raspodela funkcija, a time i rashoda, odlučujuće određuje raspodelu sredstava, tj. prihoda. Ekonomska teorija i praksa poznaju tri sistema vertikalne raspodele prihoda u decentralizovanim državama: - sistem separacije ili odvojenih prihoda; - sistem zajednice prihoda ili sistem participacije; - mešoviti sistem. Porezima se obezbeđuje čitav spektar ekstrafiskalnih ciljeva. Oni su rešenje za mnoge probleme ekonomskog, socijalnog pa i političkog karaktera. Zbog toga je neophodno pristupiti, tj. unaprediti sistem fiskalne decentralizacije. U zemljama čije su potrebe i osobenosti slične našim, sistem vezane separacije nad većim brojem prihoda, te participacije kod najizdašnijih izvora, a kao izuzetak slobodna separacija, pokazuje se kao najoptimalniji vid uređenja odnosa u pogledu fiskalnih ovlašćenja različitih nivoa državnog organizovanja.
Бесплатно
Flexible forms of work and work engagement
Статья научная
Global trends in the working world clearly show the changes in the character of labor relations with a significant representation of flexible forms of work. It is an atypical form of work organization that arises as a consequence of strong globalization flows, economic crisis, information and technological revolution, and which stands against the labor law standard of a classical employment, being represented in the form of the employment contract for an indefinite period of time with full time employment. Starting from the concept of flexicurity as the dominant concept in the EU, flexicurity seeks to establish a balance between flexibility in the organization of work in order to preserve stability. Through the flexible organization of work and working hours, there establishes a kind of balance between working hours, the rest time and time for socialization and social activity. However, on the other hand, a flexible organization of work can reduce the rights of the employees and workers outside the employment relationship, especially if this form of work is abused in practice by the contracts concluded contrary to their essence or legal norm. The authors use the historical, comparative- legal and sociological method, as well as the statistical data in the analysis of research subjects with the aim of providing the concrete proposals for the improvement of the existing normative framework.
Бесплатно
Forging payment cards and cybercrime
Статья научная
Payment card forging and high-tech crime are deeply rooted problems in today’s society. These sophisticated forms of crime utilize advanced techniques and high-tech tools to illegally access financial resources and commit fraud. Payment card forgery involves the creation of fake copies of debit or credit cards with the intent of conducting illegal financial transactions. Access to card data is achieved through various methods, including skimming (illegally collecting card data), phishing (fraud through fake emails or web pages), or the physical theft of cards. Simultaneously, high-tech crime encompasses a wide range of activities aimed at the misuse of digital technologies and networks to achieve financial gain or harm to individuals, companies, or states. These crimes often include computer fraud, cyber-attacks, and digital fraud. This paper aims to highlight the importance and seriousness of payment card forgery, explore different methods and patterns of these criminal activities, and emphasize their specific connection with high-tech crime. Different methodologies were applied in the research including quantitative and qualitative content analysis, comparative analysis, as well as descriptive and analytical statistics. The obtained results clearly indicate the growing importance of this problem both in the legislative and in the criminological contexts, with a constant increase in the number of committed criminal acts. Additionally, the research highlights the inextricable link between payment card forgery and various forms of high-tech crime, which often intertwine and together constitute an overarching challenge to the justice system and the security of society. Finally, the paper will consider various strategies and methods that society and the state can use to counter the spread of these criminal activities. The ultimate goal is to preserve the safety and integrity of the financial system and protect the interests of individuals.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
The concept of fundamental breach of contract under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) of 1980 plays a pivotal role in determining the legal remedies available to the aggrieved party. It allows for contract termination only in instances where a breach is deemed fundamental. This paper delves into a comprehensive analysis of the institution of fundamental breach of contract and its characteristics, providing insight into how the Convention distinguishes between a fundamental breach and a non-fundamental breach. As a result, it assists in resolving potential uncertainties and dilemmas the aggrieved party might face concerning the choice of legal remedies. The analysis begins with an exploration of the background and drafting process of Article 25 of the Convention. The focus then shifts to an in-depth analysis of the institution of fundamental breach of contract. This covers how and why the distinction between a fundamental breach and a non-fundamental breach emerged, leading up to an intricate examination of all the conditions and features of a fundamental breach of contract, all with the aim of accurately defining this term in line with the provisions of the Convention. The study also encompasses a review of pertinent judicial and arbitral practices, aiding in a better understanding of the practical application and interpretation of the institution of fundamental breach of contract. Special attention is devoted to analyzing how the aggrieved party can be confident in its right to terminate the contract and how to sidestep potential hazards and consequences of an unjustified termination. Through a detailed review of the Convention's provisions and both judicial and arbitral practices, this paper offers a succinct insight into the institution of fundamental breach of contract in the context of international sales of goods. It investigates how contracting parties can safeguard themselves and how they can act in accordance with the rights and obligations stipulated by the Convention.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Odgovornost prevoznika za štete na robi u drumskom prevozu proizilazi iz ugovora o prevozu koji se zaključuje sa naručiocem prevoza. Oblik i vrsta te odgovornosti definisana je važećim propisima za takvu vrstu prevoza, odnosno propisima koji uređuju odgovarajući ugovor o prevozu. Ukoliko tokom prevoza dođe do štete na robi za koju je odgovoran prevoznik, on će takvu štetu morati nadoknaditi. Imajući u vidu širok spektar transportnih rizika koji mogu dovesti do nastanka štete na robi, sa jedne strane, kao i visok iznos potencijalnih šteta, sa druge strane, prevoznici svoj ekonomski interes mogu zaštititi ugovaranjem osiguranja. Zaključivanjem osiguranja od odgovornosti za štete na robi koju prevoze, prevoznici štite svoj interes na način da nastalu štetu, za koju su oni odgovorni, umjesto njih treba da nadoknadi društvo za osiguranje. Cilj rada je da se na jednom mjestu ukaže na problematiku odgovornosti prevoznika u Republici Srpskoj sa aspekta aktuelnih zakonskih propisa, kao i na veoma značajnu ulogu osiguranja odgovornosti prevoznika. U zaključku se daje kratak osvrt na uočene probleme u postojećoj zakonskoj regulativi posmatranog problema, te mogućnostima obezbjeđenja adekvatne zaštite prevoznika kroz ugovaranje osiguravajućeg pokrića.
Бесплатно
Gender equality in the European labor law
Статья научная
The author gives an overview of the last European Commission report on equality between men and women, with the aim to draw attention to new trends in the development of labor law in the European Union to move towards the design of new types of strategies and policies that should contribute to the implementation of the new concept of work-life balance that allows you to have some sense of professional most of its capacity with full respect for the rights of women. Women are most often due to their biological role in raising families, forced to renounce a career because it is in the current system of labor market almost impossible to achieve balanced relationship between life and work, and that all rights guaranteed to be full.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Compensation for non-economic damages, the debate over its justification, and the adequacy of compensation awarded for harm to non-economic goods have been contentious issues among domestic legal theorists for decades. The provisions of the 1978 Law on Obligations resolved this debate by introducing the right to monetary compensation for non-economic damages in explicitly enumerated cases. The aim of the authors is to use appropriate scientific methods to demonstrate how failures by state authorities, specifically the police and judicial bodies, can cause non-economic damage to individuals through miscarriages of justice and false imprisonment. Freedom is a fundamental human right, guaranteed by the Constitution, laws, and ratified international documents. This raises the question of how, and to what extent, a wrongful conviction or unlawful deprivation of liberty violates this fundamental right, and what legal remedies are available to the victim. The focus of the paper will be on the legislation of the Republic of Serbia, as well as the views and interpretations in legal theory and in practice regarding the victim’s claim for monetary compensation for harm to non-economic goods, such as reputation and honor.
Бесплатно
Globalna ekonomska kriza i porast nezaposlenosti
Статья научная
Globalna ekonomska kriza nije nastala odjednom. Njoj su prethodile okolnosti koje su svojim implikacijama na makroplanu uvećale broj nezaposlenih, siromašnih i gladnih ljudi u svetu. Krah globalnih privreda doprineo je istovremeno nekontrolisanoj globalnoj nesigurnosti, što su pojedini analitičari stidljivo najavljivali još od ulaska u novi milenijum, a što se ostvarilo objavljivanjem vesti da je 'svet upao u najdublju ekonomsku krizu još od drugog svetskog rata i da se nalazi u kandžama recesije'. Uzroci krize i njene manifestacije se razlikuju od zemlje do zemlje, ali svima je zajednička karakteristika da proizvode nesagledive posledice i ozbiljne probleme. Tamni oblaci su se nadvili nad svetskom privredom, a oni donose otpuštanje radnika, nezaposlenost i siromaštvo, što dalje vodi i rezultira talasima protesta i štrajkova širom sveta. Udar svetske ekonomske krize u Srbiji očekuje se intenzitetom koji je teško i nezahvalno predvideti.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Region se posmatra kao 'izvesno jedinstvo država u geografskom smislu, grupa državnih teritorija koje čine jedinstvenu teritoriju, a čiji stanovnici su posebni ili drugačiji u odnosu na druge stanovnike, zbog specifičnosti u bilo kom vidu koje oni žele da sačuvaju, bilo da su to nacionalne, kulturne ili druge specifičnosti'. Tako shvaćen region se suočava tokom svog postojanja sa brojnim izazovima, kao što su: neravnomeran ekonomski razvoj regiona unutar jedne države, koji nužno vodi do polarizacije i separacije regiona u nezavisne države; nedovoljno snažan državni aparat koji može da nadvlada sve globalizacijske procese posebno kad su 'države nacije' u pitanju, i problem da se ljudi teže navikavaju na misao o 'Evropi regiona', umesto dosadašnje prihvatljive 'Evrope država'. No i pored svih problema i izazova, region, regionalizam i regionalna država stoje kao 'treći put', kompromis između federacija i konfederacija.
Бесплатно
Građansko-pravna zaštita prava intelektualne svojine
Статья научная
Predmet ovog rada je pravna zaštita prava intelektualne svojine, s posebnim osvrtom na građansko-pravnu zaštitu, koja je predviđena zakonima u oblasti intelektualne svojine, kao lex specialis, uz osvrt na sudsku praksu posle 2000. godine. Građansko-pravna zaštita obuhvata četiri vrste tužbi. Tužba zbog povrede prava se sastoji od šest tužbenih zahteva. Sud može doneti privremenu meru i naložiti sredstvo obezbeđenja.
Бесплатно
Građanskopravni osnovi odgovornosti stečajnog upravnika i države u stečajnom postupku
Статья научная
Stečajni upravnik odgovara ličnom imovinom za štetu prouzrokovanu učesnicima u postupku namerno ili krajnjom nepažnjom, a teret dokazivanja takvih kvalifikovanih oblika nevinosti je na oštećenom licu. Kada je šteta prouzrokovana običnom nepažnjom - nehatom postoji odgovornost države - Republike Srbije, kao pravnog lica za štetu koju prouzrokuje njegov organ. Za štetu prouzrokovanu učesnicima u postupku namerno ili krajnjom nepažnjom postoji solidarna odgovornost stečajnog upravnika i Republike Srbije. Prigovor u postupku prodaje imovine stečajnog dužnika, ne utiče na punovažnost izvršene prodaje, već predstavlja osnov za utvrđivanje odgovornosti stečajnog upravnika ako je šteta nastala radnjom stečajnog upravnika u postupku prodaje.
Бесплатно
Статья научная
Ljudska prava su segment univerzalnih, prirodnih i neotuđivih civilizacijskih vrednosti. Kao takva deo su međunarodnog prava, a posebno nacionalnih pravnih sistema kroz koje se realizuju. Posebnu ulogu u ostvarivanju, obezbeđenju i zaštiti ljudskih prava imaju policijski organi država. Posledica unifikacije ljudskih prava na međunarodnom nivou je stvaranje međunarodnih standarda policijskog delovanja. Reforma policije se u Republici Srbiji intenzivno vrši kroz harmonizaciju zakonodavnog okvira policijskog organizovanja, delovanja i postupanja od 2000. godine u skladu sa visokim standardima Saveta Evrope i Evropske unije, kao jedna od pretpostavki evropskih integracija. Načela zakonitosti, proporcionalnosti, profesionalnosti i postupanja u skladu sa policijskom etikom postaju kodeksi delovanja.
Бесплатно
Haški tribunal - izveštaj obaveštajnog analitičara - forenzički nalaz ili analitička informacija
Статья научная
Potreba da se izvede ovo istraživanje javila se nakon što je u procesu pred Međunarodnim krivičnim sudom za bivšu Jugoslaviju izveštaj obaveštajnog analitičara vojne obaveštajne službe označen i prihvaćen kao isprava koja u sebi sadrži nalaz i/ili mišljenje veštaka/forenzičara. Ovo stoga, što se, u krivično-procesnoj praksi Suda ne uočava jasna razlika između istražnog analitičara, forenzičkih radnji na osnovu forenzičkih znanja (legaliteta i legitimiteta) i forenzičkog nalaza i/ili mišljenja i obaveštajnog analitičara i obaveštajne analitičke informacije koja nastaje kao proizvod obaveštajnog analitičkog procesa. U radu se ukazuje da je obaveštajna analitička informacija samo nastavak obaveštajnog rada u njegovom kružnom procesu, odnosno da je zaključak obaveštajnog analitičara samo metod obaveštajnog rada, a ne forenzički nalaz i/ili mišljenje, kao i to da je obaveštajna analiza samo jedan segment u obaveštajnom ciklusu. Nije nezavisna delatnost veštaka u krivičnom postupku.
Бесплатно
Hibridni sud za Istočni Timor - pravna i politička dimenzija
Статья научная
Međunarodni krivični sud u Istočnom Timoru Ujedinjene nacije su ustanovile nezavisno od odluka nacionalnih vlasti. On je, kao i drugi sudovi tog tipa, bio plod političkih dogovora u okviru Ujedinjenih nacija. Osnivanje ovog suda u velikoj meri bilo je uzrokovano činjenicom da u toj državi nakon povlačenja Indonezije gotovo da nije bilo pravnika s iskustvom rada u pravosuđu. Sud za Istočni Timor prvi je hibridni sud koji je počeo sa radom. Iako mešovitog sastava, on je bio deo nacionalnog pravosudnog sistema. Do osnivanja ovog suda došlo je neposredno nakon što su Ujedinjene nacije uspostavile prelaznu upravu u toj državi. Iako je bilo predloga da se osnuje zaseban tribunal za suđenje osobama odgovornim za zločine, Savet bezbednosti nije postupio po tim preporukama. Umesto toga osnovana su Posebna veća za ozbiljne zločine sastavljena od domaćih i međunarodnih sudija za suđenje osobama osumnjičenim za zločine učinjene u Istočnom Timoru. Posebnim većima data je isključiva nadležnost nad zločinima genocida, ratnim zločinima, zločinima protiv čovečnosti, ubistvima, seksualnim zločinima i mučenjima koja su se dogodili u Istočnom Timoru u razdoblju od 1. januara do 25. oktobra 1999. godine, a pod određenim uslovima i za zločine učinjene pre toga datuma. Materijalna prava koje su primenjivala Posebna veća za zločine genocida, ratne zločine i zločine protiv čovečnosti gotovo je u potpunosti preuzeto iz Rimskog statuta Međunarodnog krivičnog suda.
Бесплатно
Historical development of life insurance
Статья научная
The origins of certain forms of property and life security date back to a very distance past. The beginnings of commodity and monetary relations and class society mark the beginning of insurance activities as well. The basic function of insurance has not changed throughout its history and it amounts to the property and individual protection. Life insurance, as a special type of a personal insurance, occupies an important place in insurance activities today. Insurance premiums keep growing in the global market and so does the share of life insurance in the total premium structure. As early as in 1996, it constituted 57%, while the others, non-life insurances, constituted 43%. This paper treats the historical development of life insurance, from the very origins of this type of insurance to this very day.
Бесплатно
Human rights and the social position of citizens in ancient Rome
Статья научная
The paper analyzes the status aspects of human rights during the period of existence of the Roman state. Considering the fact that it was the empire lasted for several centuries, the position of a human in it and his/ her rights changed. The modern understanding of human rights originates from the period of the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century, when The School of Natural Law laid the foundations of the understanding of human, natural rights, which did not exist in that form during the ancient period. The primary social differentiation of the population in ancient Rome was based on a simple division of people into free ones and slaves. From this premise, they built the foundations of their rights as well as their social, legal and political positions. In theory, Roman history is chronologically divided into four periods: The period of Kings, The period of the Republic, the Principate and the Dominate. In those periods, the social structure differed significantly. The aim of this paper is to show the position of the population in each of these periods, their rights and mutual relationships. The Roman law represents the cradle of contemporary continental law, and the germ of human rights was “sown” exactly in that period, which, for this reason, deserves to be the subject of a deeper professional analysis.
Бесплатно
Human rights’ approach to environmental protection – practice of the Human Rights Committee
Статья научная
The consequences of environmental degradation and pollution have raised the issue of the significance of the link between human rights and environmental protection. Since the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not explicitly recognize the right to a healthy environment, the Human Rights Committee has accepted the possibility that a State Party can violate a number of civil and political rights by its acts or failures in the field of environmental protection. The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the practice of the Committee in order to define the standards in the context of violation of human rights by environmental degradation. The paper will address regular reports submitted by State Parties, as well as general comments and concluding observations of the Committee. A special attention will be paid to the views of the Committee regarding the individual complaints received under the First Optional Protocol to the ICCPR. On the basis of the analytical discussion, the authors will provide a conceptual clarity to the interpretation of standards that might be useful in articulating the civil and political rights related to environmental protection.
Бесплатно
