Статьи журнала - Pravo - teorija i praksa
Все статьи: 726
Socio-demographic characteristics of traffic offenders
Статья научная
The human factor is regarded as the most significant element in traffic safety. Its complexity and impact on delinquent traffic behavior bring this issue into focus, especially in developing countries. In criminological studies of the causes of traffic delinquency, it is crucial to identify the personality traits of traffic participants that lead to behaviors deviating from socially desirable norms. In other words, it is necessary to point out those characteristics of traffic participants (personality traits, demographic characteristics, attitudes, habits) that contribute to socially deviant behavior and the commission of traffic offenses. The importance of studying these characteristics lies in their application to find adequate measures to influence the behavior of traffic participants and prevent traffic delinquency. This paper analyses the socio-demographic characteristics of traffic offenders in the Republic of Serbia (age, education level and marital status), based on statistical data on traffic offenses for the period 2010- 2019. These characteristics are essential for understanding the social and demographic structure and specific social peculiarities of traffic offenders. Numerous studies have shown that socio-demographic characteristics are significantly positively correlated with safe road user behavior. The results of this research on the socio-demographic characteristics of traffic offenders in Serbia for the period 2010–2019 confirm this conclusion, which is presented in this paper.
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Some remarks on the cultural identity of Bunjevci in Vojvodina
Статья научная
This paper presents some remarks on the cultural identity of the Bunje people or Bunjevci, a national group that has historically undergone a long and difficult journey in preserving their identity. Their struggle – challenging their very existence and fighting for a “rebirth”, including their re-recognition and the restoration of the rights they have held since their arrival in these regions in the 17th century – warrants a place in academic discourse. Although the Bunjevci have been recognized both as a nation and as significant contributors to numerous social and political events since their settlement in these areas, their existence was completely erased by a political decision in Serbia in the mid-20th century. This paper briefly outlines the key elements of the cultural identity of Bunjevci, which sustained them during a period of figurative exile. These include their origin, language, education, and customs, with particular emphasis on their role in some crucial historical events for Serbia. Each of these aspects deserves greater attention, and through this work, we express the need for deeper exploration of these elements, in order to support the Bunjevci in maintaining their permanent status as a national minority.
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Spanish special taxes and the tax harmonization of the European union
Статья научная
If the special taxes have been imposed with a fundamental objective of promoting a consumption limitation of certain products derived from their devastating social or environmental impact, it is necessary to reflect on their high cost produced by the transposition of the EU Directive 2020/262 of the Council, from December 19th, 2019, which establishes a general regime of special taxes and their taxation. If the objective of the aforementioned Directive is to achieve a fiscal harmonization, it is necessary to consider the effects that occur when its application in the Spanish state directly collides with the economic capacities and tax justice, since these principles may be void of a content and threaten to a greater or lesser extent against another basic non-confiscatory tax collection. For this reason, this work will analyze some issues related to its high quantification and the results produced in the EU harmonization line. Taking into account that our constitutional principles may be called into question, there will be raised various questions about a double taxation of the products affected by these taxes, and, how, in its social repercussion, it does not seem to comply with its alleged extra-taxation in terms of its effectiveness.
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Статья научная
In addition to the expansion of general-type ombudsmen, it has been recognized that, for the protection of citizens’ rights, it is necessary to have the so-called specialized ombudsmen, who focus their activities on administrative oversight and the protection of citizens’ rights in specific areas of social life. Thus, there are public law ombudsmen of an external type, internal ombudsmen, and private law ombudsmen. This paper pays particular attention to the position of the Commissioner for Information of Public Importance and Protection of Personal Data in the Republic of Serbia, who is, in fact, a special public law ombudsman of an external type. The paper discusses this special ombudsman’s complex jurisdiction, which is defined by the Law on Free Access to Information of Public Importance and the Law on Personal Data Protection. The authors analyze the competences of this special type of ombudsmеn.
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Specialization of judges for settlement of marriage disputes
Статья научная
The specialization of judges and/or specialized courts, as the reality of modern legal systems, take many forms: a specialized judge dealing with a limited legal area or cases relating to a particular factual situation in certain areas (such as, e.g. family law), specialized councils at existing courts (e.g. family council) or separate special courts (e.g. family courts). Modern family law defines a divorce judge as mediator, controller and protector of children’s interests, as well as of the balance of interests of spouses, whose main role is the consensual and complete regulation of the consequences of the marriage dissolution and, in other cases, the resolution of the divorce dispute by judgement on merits based on all the evidence presented. Such a complex court role requires not only an in-depth knowledge of legal matter but also a multidisciplinary approach to dispute resolution and imposes a specialization requirement in family matters, especially when it comes to high-conflict divorce cases. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the specialization of judges in the resolution of a high-conflict divorce dispute, taking into account all the advantages and disadvantages of specialization of judges, i.e. courts in that matter. Also, the aim of the paper is to consider the possibilities of better and more efficient work of the courts of the Republic of Serbia in this field, as well as the possibilities of specialization of judges in family law or the establishment of special family courts.
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Specific characteristics of digital violence and digital crime
Статья научная
Migration of many aspects of human life and work into the online sphere has become an integral part of everyday life and it is difficult to imagine the functioning of any aspect of life without the Internet and the space in which most human interactions take place. One such large and significant new form has created a large number of smaller ones, and conditioned the transformation of things and phenomena from the physical world into completely new digital forms. The same happened with violence, as a phenomenon, a pattern of behavior and a part of human nature from the very beginnings of civilization, which took its new form being called a digital violence. It does not necessarily have to be online, but it is necessarily related to digital devices. To the problem of digital crime there should be added a digital violence as a contemporary problem, especially when we talk about legal regulatory mechanisms, although these two phenomena, with frequent overlaps, do not necessarily have to be contained in each other, but they are equally important. Online and offline digital spaces represent just a new field in which violence and crimes are committed, but the virtual characteristic of these spaces is only an additional specific feature, because their consequences are felt in the physical, real world, and in that sense, the border between virtual and real is invisible. This paper aims to explore the ontological determinants of violence and digital violence, to identify specific forms of digital violence and digital crime, as well as to analyze existing regulations aimed at combating digital violence and digital crime.
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Specific execution of criminal sanctions against juveniles
Статья научная
In almost all modern societies appear as perpetrators of criminal acts the young population. This phenomenon and this type of crime called juvenile delinquency. Regardless of the diversity of the causes of that delinquency, we can say that it is a specific type of crime which consists of young people. In almost all modern countries, according to them, as a rule, the specific types of criminal sanctions - educational measures, and only very fine, which may be a special kind. Purpose of criminal sanctions to juveniles is to control, providing protection and assistance, as well as providing general and vocational training affect the development and strengthening of personal responsibility of minors, to education and proper development of his personality, in order to ensure the reintegration of juveniles in the community. Measures of social reactions to juvenile crime in the resocialization, are subject to a permanent theoretical studies, and frequent criticism, which are subject to change.
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Specificities of the property restitution procedure under the law of the Republic of Serbia
Статья научная
In all the republics of the former Yugoslavia, including in the Republic of Serbia, property relations were highly dynamic, with the answer to the question of who held ownership rights frequently changing. In Serbia, among the last countries in the region, a systemic law regulating property restitution was only passed in 2011 – the Law on the Restitution of Confiscated Property and Compensation. This law, encompassing both substantive civil and procedural administrative law, introduces a special procedure for the return of confiscated property and compensation, in which, in certain areas, significant deviations from the general rules of administrative procedure are evident. This paper examines the specificities of the property restitution procedure as a special administrative procedure and highlights the key differences compared to the general administrative procedure.
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Specifičnosti alternativnih sankcija u krivičnom pravu Srbije
Статья научная
U ovom radu akcenat je stavljen na pitanje koliko krivično pravosuđe u današnje vreme ispunjava očekivanja koje savremeno društvo stavlja pred njega. Takođe, postavlja se pitanje, kako obezbediti efikasniji rad krivičnog pravosuđa, a da to istovremeno ne ide na štetu kvaliteta njegovog rada. Ovde se ne radi o sitnijim reformskim organizacionim merama, već o strateškim koncepcijama koje duboko zadiru u funkcionisanje krivičnog pravosuđa, a imaju i šire društvene reperkusije i mogu suštinski da utiču na život svakog čoveka. Elementarno pitanje koje se nameće jeste kako reagovati na kriminalitet koji je, sa izvesnim oscilacijama, u stalnom porastu. Svesni svih protivurečnosti koje sa sobom nosi osavremenjivanje postojećeg režima krivičnih sankcija, neophodno je ukazati na osnovne sadržaje alternativnih krivičnih sankcija. Njima se postižu višestruki pravni efekti na polju reaktivnog reagovanja na kriminalitet. Otuda ćemo posebnu pažnju posvetiti ukazivanju na osnovne sadržajne odrednice alternativnih sankcija u našem krivičnom pravu.
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Specifičnosti i uloga komunikologije u međunarodnom ekonomskom pregovaranju
Статья научная
U diplomatiji i ukupnoj korespodenciji u oblasti međunarodnih odnosa sve se više koristi veština pregovaranja. Isto tako, sve je naglašeniji značaj ovog vida komuniciranja među ljudima u svakodnevnom privatnom i javnom životu. Važno je istaći da svojevrsni međunarodni standardi komuniciranja treba da budu primenjeni u jednom krajnje osetljivom sektoru kao što je bezbednost. Nakon 'hladnog rata' bezbednost pojedinca, svake države i međunarodne zajednice nije više ugrožena prevashodno vojnim pretnjama, nego i drugim brojnim rizicima koje prepoznajemo kao prirodne katastrofe, ne namerno ili namerno izazvane nesreće, nemaran odnos prema životnoj sredini, bolesti, ekonomske krize, socijalne promene, prisilne migracije, organizovani kriminal, terorizam i sl. Po osnovu svih navedenih izazova bezbednosti veoma često dolazi do sukoba i kriza. Ovaj članak predstavlja napor da se uspostavi nova matrica odnosa u sferi bezbednosti (gde je dugo vladala netolerantnost i nepostojanje osećaja za kompromis), kako bi se i najsloženiji problemi mogli rešiti mirnim, a ne nasilnim sredstvima - pregovaranjem, a ne oružjem i prisilom.
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Specifičnosti naučno-istraživačkog rada u društvenim naukama
Статья научная
Metodologija naučno-istraživačkog rada predstavlja svojevrsnu riznicu dosadašnjih iskustava naučnih radnika iz različitih oblasti. Stoga su mnoge teme ostale van okvira ovog rada, dok su obrađena osnovna pitanja metodologije (metod i izvori metodoloških saznanja) i naučnog istraživanja (metodološki postulati naučne delatnosti i faze naučnog istraživanja) s posebnim osvrtom na specifičnost istraživanja i problem objektivnosti istraživanja u društvenim naukama, te je ukazano na izvesna otvorena pitanja iz pomenute materije.
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Specifičnosti pranja novca u bankarskom sektoru
Статья научная
Cilj ovog rada jeste da se ukaže na osnovne specifičnosti pranja novca u bankarskom sektoru. Pranje novca predstavlja globalni problem na koji nije ni jedna država sveta imuna. Pranje novca predstavlja derivativan oblik kriminaliteta jer mu po pravilu uvek prethodi neko krivično delo/ili više njih, na osnovu kojeg je stečena imovinska korist, odnosno novac za koji postoji potreba da se opera i prikaže kao legalan. Modaliteti pranja novca su različiti, a u radu autor će ukazati na različite tipologije pranja novca putem bankarskog sektora.
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Spoljnotrgovinska razmena tekstilne industrije Srbije - stanje i pravci promena
Статья научная
Razvojna kriza u industriji Srbije nameće potrebu njenog korenitog strukturnog prilagođavanja, pre svega u pravcu adekvatnog uključivanja u međunarodnu podelu rada. Priliv stranih direktnih investicija je nedovoljan, sa relativno lošim prognozama za njihovo obimnije povećanje u kratkom i srednjem roku, usled globalne finansijske krize. U tim uslovima, značajno je identifikovati grane industrije koje, sa postojećim faktorima konkurentnosti i uz podršku odgovarajućih mera industrijske politike, mogu poboljšati spoljno-trgovinski bilans zemlje. Tekstilna industrija Srbije je zadržala prepoznatljiv izvozni potencijal i pored brojnih problema i slabosti u sferi spoljno-trgovinskih odnosa. Po obimu izvoza ova industrijska grana je među pet najvećih izvoznika, ali, u isto vreme, sa rastućim deficitom u spoljno-trgovinskoj razmeni. Evidentna je nužnost njenih strukturnih promena u pravcu podizanja niskog nivoa konkurentnosti, ali i potreba stvaranja povoljnijeg institucionalnog ambijenta za realizaciju tih promena.
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Sporazum o priznanju prekršaja i njegova implementacija u domaćem zakonodavstvu
Статья научная
Osnovna ideja institucionalizacije sporazuma o priznanju prekršaja zasniva se na pretpostavci da se sporazumom stranaka može lakše okončati prekršajni postupak. Sporazum o priznanju prekršaja se može posmatrati u svetlu reformi u oblasti kaznenog (prekršajnog i krivičnog) prava, koje za cilj imaju efikasniji postupak. Osnovni elementi ovog instituta su: prihvatanje odgovornosti, volja ovlašćenog podnosioca zahteva i zakonsko predviđanje. Imajući u vidu njegovo pravno dejstvo, precizno su propisani njegovi elementi. Sporazum o priznanju prekršaja nije originalna tvorevina prekršajnog prava. On je preuzet iz krivičnog prava, a njegovi koreni se nalaze u anglosaksonskom pravu, gde je on veoma razvijen i široko primenjiv. U radu je prikazan njegov razvoj u domaćem pravu, obeležja, sličnosti i razlike sa krivičnopravnim institutom priznanja, te sličnim institutima u prekršajnom pravu, te očekivanja, ali i sumnje u pogledu njegove šire primene.
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Sporna pravna pitanja i praktični problemi u postupku reorganizacije
Статья научная
Iz ovog rada mogli bi se izvesti odgovarajući zaključci koji predstavljaju odgovore na sporna pravna pitanja i na probleme u praktičnom sprovođenju reorganizacije: 1) plan reorganizacije stečajni dužnik može podneti ukoliko je privredno društvo samo uz predlog za pokretanje stečajnog postupka, a ostali predlagači i stečajni dužnik preduzetnik plan reorganizacije mogu podneti samo nakon donošenja rešenja o otvaranju postupka stečaja; 2) plan reorganizacije se ne može usvojiti u prethodnom stečajnom postupku; 3) rok za podnošenje plana reorganizacije je prekluzivan; 4) stečajni sudija nema zakonom predviđena ovlašćenja da naloži stečajnom upravnik izradu nacrta plana reorganizacije; 5) posle donošenja rešenja o bankrotstvu odnosno unovčenju imovine stečajnog dužnika ne može se doneti odluka o reorganizaciji stečajnog dužnika, odnosno o pristupanju izradi nacrta plana za reorganizaciju; 6) rešenje o potvrđivanju ili odbijanju potvrđivanja usvojenog plana reorganizacije donosi se u formi odluke koja sadrži: uvod, izreku i obrazloženje i protiv koje odluke se može izjaviti žalba u roku od 8 dana drugostepenom sudu; 7) nastupanjem pravosnažnosti rešenja kojim se odobrava usvojeni plan reorganizacije obustavlja se postupak stečaja nad stečajnim dužnikom.
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Stalna aktuelnost pitanja ljudskih prava i sloboda
Статья научная
Izuzetno veliki društveni značaj međunarodnog, regionalnog, državnog i praktično individualnog karaktera ostvarivanja i zaštite ljudskih prava i sloboda. Prvi međunarodni dokument koji na univerzalan i autentično prirodno pravno reguliše ljudska prava potiče iz 18. stoleća, to je bila Francuska Deklaracija o pravima čoveka i građanina. Sva ranija dokumenta se ne odnose na autentična i univerzalna prirodna prava koja čoveku pripadaju po njegovom rođenju nego su sva ta ranija prava sadržana u određenim dokumentima, bila izraz volje vladara da li pojedinca ili oligarhijskih grupa kao neka vrsta oktroisanih prava i koja nisu bila trajna i univerzalna, nego parcijalna i promenjiva. Kao preteče savremenih i univerzalnih prava čoveka uzima se Engleski zakon o pravima - Bill of Rights od 1689. godine. Isto tako period priznavanja ljudskih prava u državnom zakonodavstvu i pravnim aktima pominje se Proglas 13. nezavisnih država Amerike od 1776. godine vezano za Američku revoluciju. Treba istaći da su međunarodni standardi o ljudskim pravima, pre svih, i iznad svih dati u Opštoj deklaraciji OUN o pravima čoveka iz 1948. godine koja predstavljaju najznačajniju kodifikaciju ljudskih prava, te se to stablo ljudskih prava razgranalo i važi širom planete. U najširem smislu ljudska prava se mogu odrediti kao minimum moralno političkih i socijalno-ekonomskih zahteva građana u odnosu na državnu vlast čije je ostvarenje preduslov za osnovnu biološku, političku i kulturnu egzistenciju pojedinaca tj. uslov za život dostojan čoveka i njegove humane i stvaralačke prirode. Takva ljudska prava proističu iz osnovnog karaktera čoveka kao najsavršenijeg planskog i zdravorazumskog bića.
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Standby letter of credit as a means of security in international contractual relations
Статья научная
The subject of this paper is a type of letter of credit that is not commonly encountered in the practices of domestic banks. It is not specifically regulated by domestic legislation; however, its significance is expected to grow in the international business relations of our businessmen with companies from other countries where the use of this payment security instrument is common in the banking industry. This type of letter of credit is theoretically of disputed legal nature, raising questions about whether it qualifies as a letter of credit, a type of guarantee, or a distinct legal institute. The focus of the research is on the standby letter of credit as a security measure in international contractual relations, particularly in sales and construction contracts. In sales contracts, the standby letter of credit serves to secure the interests of the seller, while in construction contracts, it can secure interests of both the client the contractor, depending on the party for whose benefit it was issued. The paper aims to define the standby letter of credit, explain its role in protecting the rights and interests of contracting parties, and explore its legal nature. In particular, we will conduct a comparative analysis between this legal institute and a ‘classic’ documentary letter of credit and a bank guarantee. In our legal theory, and to a greater extent in American and English legal theory, there are numerous works that deal with the topic of standby letters of credit. However, the legal regulations related to banking operations have changed over time, which requires a fresh perspective. The goal of this work is to familiarize our companies and banks engaged in transactions with foreign entities, where the issuance of this type of letter of credit is customary, with the role of a standby letter of credit as an instrument for ensuring contractual obligations. In addition to that, the paper aims to explore the legal relationships established with this type of letter of credit.
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State-legal foundation of medieval Serbia in the provisions of Dušan’s code
Статья научная
This paper represents a synthesis of knowledge acquired by the author through studying Dušan’s Code. It analyzes the provisions reflecting the state-forming ambitions of Emperor Dušan. Considering the fact that he was aware of the size and strength of his state, which was legally grounded, the Code had to meet the Emperor’s expectations. The critics of his authoritarian rule cannot deny that he had purposefully limited his own (legal) power. Thereby, the legislative technique being used was fully in the spirit of the time and space in which the Code was to be applied. Therefore, it is the author’s intention to point out the provisions of Dušan’s Code in which the original sources of Serbian statehood could be traced back. The issue of originality of Dušan’s Code will be discussed contextually regarding the content of certain regulations. This is hindered by the fact that Dušan’s Code was transcribed over twenty times, and the contents of those transcriptions were not fully identical. Therefore, the originality of the provisions in Dušan’s Code should also be evaluated in relation to its previous legal monuments.
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Status nezakonito izbrisanih građana Slovenije i pravna sredstva za ostvarenje njihovih prava
Статья научная
U ovom radu dat je prikaz problematike vezan za status nezakonito izrisanih građana Slovenije kao i pravna sredstva za ostvarenja njihovih prava. Posle proglašenja nezavisnosti Republika Slovenija je nelegalno izbrisala oko 40.000 hiljada svojih građana i oduzela im njihova zagarantovana prava. Ovo je učinjeno u najvećoj tajnosti, tako da pojedina dokumenta još uvjek nisu dostupna javnosti. Vlast u Republici Sloveniji je svesno oduzela pravo svojim građanima što nije pravilo Evropske unije. Učinjen je pokušaj da se stručnoj javnosti približe problemi sa kojima su suočeni građani Slovenije, iako su literatura i dokumenti oskudni i vešto sakriveni. Prikazan je i jedan primjer iz pravne prakse kojim je dokazano da Republika Slovenija svesno kršila sopstvene zakone.
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Stepen humanog razvoja i vladavine prava u Republici Srbiji
Статья научная
Velika politička i ekonomska kriza, kao i niz oružanih sukoba, tokom prošle decenije uticali su na degradiranje i ugrožavanje perspektive i prosperiteta u Srbiji. Navedene pojave inicirale su oštar pad u indikatorima humanog razvoja. Sve to je doprinelo da se ispolji fenomen siromaštva, da se teže dostignu ciljevi koji vrednuju ljudska prava. Evidentni su u kontekstu navedenog sve veći nedostatci i propusti u realizaciji ekonomskih i društvenih prava. Pravosuđe kontinuirano ima problem sa korupcijom i ogromnim brojem zaostalih nerešenih slučajeva. Korupcija je široko rasprostranjena pojava u zemlji. Srbija se u ovoj fazi nalazi u periodu ekonomske i političke stabilizacije, nakon postkonfliktne faze. Međutim, rastuća stopa nezaposlenosti, tinjanje tenzija u vezi sa Kosovom, međunarodne obaveze čije ispunjenje traži EU uslovljavaju osećaj stagnacije, a borbu protiv siromaštva, nezaposlenosti, humanog razvoja nekako stavljaju u drugi plan. U bavljenju siromaštvom, u kontekstu ljudskih prava, zapaža se da postoje mnoge dimenzije siromaštva čiji su parametri: nivoi potrošnje, zaposlenosti, prihoda, stanovanja, obrazovanja i zdravlja. U demokratski razvijenim zemljama, u takozvanim zrelim demokratijama, tokom vremena su se iskristalisali demokratski oblici demokratskog upravljanja, koji podrazumevaju odgovornost, transparentnost uz učešće javnosti. Vladavina prava koja se temelji na podeli vlasti daje osnovni pravni okvir za demokratsko upravljanje. Samim tim su preventivni i kontrolni mehanizmi delotvorni, a pravosuđe zaštićeno od neželjenih uticaja. Negativne posledice, prouzrokovane oružanim sukobima i ozbiljnim narušavanjem ljudskih prava, ostavile su vidljiv ožiljak na ključne institucije sistema i tako uticale da se izgradi nepoverenje građana. Potrebno je da se osnaži krhka demokratija, da izgrađivanje demokratskog društva postane realnost i da srpsko društvo stekne snagu i ostvari kredibilitet.
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