Статьи журнала - Pravo - teorija i praksa
Все статьи: 687
Svetska trgovinska organizacija - pravila i procedure za rešavanje sporova
Статья научная
Problematika položaja Svetske trgovinske organizacije, kao uostalom i drugih međunarodnih organizacija, trebalo bi da bude uslovljena pre svega formalno-pravnom sadržinom akata date organizacije, kao i odredbama i opštim načelima međunarodnog prava, kao i pitanjima faktičkog položaja organizacije u odnosu na postojeće druge relevantne organizacije i tela međunarodnog karaktera i njihove interakcije sa nacionalnim institucijama i nacionalnim pojedinačnim pravnim sistemima. Prilikom ovakvih razmatranja mora se poći od činjenica postojanja angloameričkog pravnog sistema regulisanja pravnih odnosa i kontinentalno evropskog ili klasičnog sistema zasnovanog na opštim načelima i tekovinama rimskog prava, koje oba sa sobom nose različite koncepcije induktivnog i deduktivnog pristupa pravnom zaključivanju, te otuda različitim koncepcijama regulacija i poštovanja odnosno sprovođenja prava u praksi. Anglosaksonsko, odnosno angloameričko pravo kao dominantno i uzorno u formiranju pojedinačnih akata međunarodnih organizacija pa i Svetske trgovinske organizacije, jeste precedentno, načelno, i ono u velikoj meri ostavlja regulaciju predmetnih faktičkih situacija subjektima situacija; i to tako da regulisanje situacija treba da je primereno praksi i shvatanjima strana u odnosu, ili u sporu, što u velikoj meri može stvoriti konfuziju i problematiku ukoliko se odnosi odvijaju između subjekata koji ne pripadaju angloameričkoj pravnoj tradiciji. Ovim, javljaju se kao relevantna i pitanja, mogućnosti lakog nametanja volje jačeg subjekta u odnosu sa slabijem, kao i pitanja problematike težnje ka najoptimalnijim rešenjima i postupcima, u cilju ekonomski najboljeg razrešenja datih situacija. U svetlu ovih pitanja jeste i iznošenje pravila i procedura radi rešavanja sporova članica Svetske trgovinske organizacije, propisanih delom Dogovora o osnivanju STO, aneksom 2 na predmetni dogovor.
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Svojinski odnosi prema Ustavu iz 2006. godine
Статья научная
Pravne norme koje uređuju svojinske odnose, oduvek, u svim pravnim sistemima, imale su izuzetan značaj. One su umnogome bile, i danas jesu, osnova uspostavljanja i funkcionisanja celokupnog pravnog poretka. Dakle, svojina jeste prvenstveno ekonomska kategorija, ali je istovremeno i centralni pravni institut, čiji se osnovni koncept i sadržaj, po pravilu uređuje najvišim pravnim aktom - Ustavom. 2. Ustavom od 1990. godine, otvara se prostor za transformisanje društvene i državne svojine u "druge oblike svojine". Ostavlja se samo mogućnost da se utvrde uslovi pod kojima se ta sredstva mogu pretvarati u druge oblike svojine. Termin privatizacija se ne pominje. Pored drugih oblika svojine jemči i društvena svojina. Predviđa se samo mogućnost njenog pretvaranja u druge oblike svojine, ali bez utvrđivanja bilo kog stepena obaveznosti. Ovakva Ustavna rešenja, pored ostalih činilaca učinila su da se proces transformisanja svojine, kod nas, odvija sa ozbiljnim zastojima i oscilacijama, i traje neopravdano dugo. 3. Ustav od 2006. godine (čl. 86. stav 1), jemči privatnu, zadružnu i javnu svojinu. Istovremeno imperativnom odredbom (stav 2. istog člana) Ustav utvrđuje obavezu prema kojoj se "postojeća društvena svojina pretvara u privatnu svojinu, pod uslovom, na način i u rokovima predviđenim zakonom." Proizilazi da su odredbama Ustava, otklonjene sve dileme u pogledu definitivnog uklanjanja društvene svojine iz strukture svojinskih odnosa. 4. Ustav od 2006. godine kada je reč o državnoj svojini, ima kvalitetno drugačiji pristup. Pored potpunog uklanjanja društvene svojine kao oblika svojine, najkrupnija promena u ustavnom konceptu uređivanja svojinskih odnosa, učinjena je upravo u onom segmentu koji se odnosi na državnu svojinu. Ustav jemči javnu svojinu, a pod javnom svojinom podrazumeva: državnu svojinu, dakle svojinu Republike Srbije zatim svojinu Autonomne pokrajine i svojinu jedinica lokalne samouprave. Autonomne pokrajine i lokalne zajednice postaju subjekti, nosioci prava svojine, stiču uslove za određeni stepen ekonomske samostalnosti i formiranje sopstvenih izvora prihoda. To su realne pretpostavke da se pristupi neophodnom i sveobuhvatnom procesu decentralizacije. Ipak, treba naglasiti da će oblici i stepen decentralizacije prvenstveno biti opredeljen sadržajem i karakterom zakonske regulative koja će uslediti u periodu nakon donošenja Ustava. 5. Odredbama Ustava od 2006. godine, uklonjen je monopol države na gradskom građevinskom zemljištu. Gradsko građevinsko zemljište može biti i u privatnoj svojini. Ustav ne sadrži odredbu kojom bi se na bilo koji način ograničavala svojina na poljoprivrednom zemljištu, šumama i šumskom zemljištu. Naprotiv, prema izričitoj odredbi Ustava "korišćenje i raspolaganje poljoprivrednim zemljištem, šumskim zemljištem i građevinskim zemljištem u privatnoj svojini je slobodno".
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Tajm-šering i nepoštena poslovna praksa
Статья научная
Od usvajanja Direktive EU 94/47 o zaštiti kupaca u pogledu pojedinih aspekata ugovora koji se odnose na kupovinu prava na vremenski podeljeno korišćenje nepokretnosti, taj oblik korišćenja je pretrpeo promene, a na tržištu su se pojavili i novi proizvodi za odmor slični tajm-šeringu. U praksi se pokazalo da Direktiva EU 94/47 nije sprečila pojavu ugovora sličnih tajm-šeringu, kojima se nastojalo da se zaobiđu odredbe Direktive. Nesavesni trgovci su na taj način izbegavali odgovornost po osnovu Direktive, znajući da ugovori slični tajm-šeringu ne potpadaju pod njen domašaj. Stoga je bilo potrebno usvojiti propise kojima bi se sprečila nepoštena poslovna praksa i ujedno zaštitila prava potrošača. To je učinjeno usvajanjem Direktiva EU 2005/29, 2006/114 i 2008/122. Predmet ovog rada biće prikaz nepoštene poslovne prakse u vezi sa tajm-šeringom, kao i pravna analiza rešenja sadržanih u svakoj od pomenutih direktiva EU.
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Terorizam kao oblik specijalnog rata
Статья научная
Terorizam je poslednjih decenija prerastao iz akutnog u hronični problem sa kojim se susreće čitava međunarodna zajednica. Naoko sporadični i neujednačeni pokušaji zastrašivanja građana i njihovih legitimnih političkih predstavnika, 'preko noći' postaju oruđe za vođenje posebnog, odnosno specijalnog rata. Sledstveno tome, terorizam je neophodno posmatrati kao globalni fenomen i pretnju koja, usled svog kontinuiranog delovanja, poprima sva obeležja gerilskog načina ratovanja. Bogatstvo formi u kojima se ispoljavaju teroristički akti i veliki broj terorističkih organizacija doprinose otežanom načinu vođenja borbe za njihovo suzbijanje ili bar dovođenje na 'podnošljivu' meru. U tom smislu, neophodno je usmeriti buduće aktivnosti u pravcu sveopšteg pružanja otpora svim vidovima terorizma, što veliki broj država, na čelu sa međunarodnom zajednicom zaista i čini. Uočljivo je prisustvo velikog broja definicija terorizma i terorističkih organizacija u zavisnosti od aspekta iz kojih se ova planetarna pojava i globalno zlo posmatra. Neophodno je ukazati na korišćenje različitih kriterijuma, počev od bezbednosnih, politikoloških, krivičnopravnih, kriminoloških, socioloških i sl., kojima se tretira i pojmovno određuje fenomen terorizma. Uvažavajući specifičnosti različitog tretiranja terorizma, autor ovoga rada je odlučio da, koristeći se dostupnim izvorima, ukaže na sve negativne efekte koje ova planetarna pojava čini ljudskom društvu, kroz vođenje ili oblik specijalnog rata.
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The European Union market from the aspect of the competition and basic values of Roman law
Статья научная
The rich treasury of Roman law requires a continuous scientific research. The values of Roman law in the process of globalization are achieving the notable results in the creation of a new ius commune. Today, the logistical aspect of the European legal systems takes place in the domain of Roman law, and some of its values are recognizable in the course of economic life on the market within the encounter of the national and European Union Law. The methodological and institutionalized framework of the competition law is used to achieve positive effects in the single market, paving the way for the even distribution of social wealth. The market cannot neutralize the behavior of business entities using the competition to achieve extra profits. So, detecting and placing all possible forms of embezzlement used by business entities under the legal framework is a difficult task dealt with by competition policy entities, largely using the legal institutes of Roman law.
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The European model of the integrated border management
Статья научная
The enlargement of the European Union has called for a reevaluation of the way the external borders to be protected as a necessary consequence of the free movement of people in the European Union. It also appears to be a result of a fundamental component of the area of freedom, security and justice. The abolition of the internal border checks and a different approach to external borders followed by emerging forms of cross-border crime with a cross-border dimension, illegal migration, trafficking in human beings and terrorist threats constantly being on the rise, have requested a different approach. The lack of economic perspective, poverty, environmental disasters and wars have forced people to look for a better life elsewehere, which has led to the most important global phenomenon of the 21st century- migration. Migration issues have made us think about the important matters faced by developed countries independantly, and as such they are currently at the top of the European Union’s political agenda. To respond effectively to emerging challenges and threats, the European Union has expedited the development of the integrated border management as a generally acceptable border management model, as well as a key factor in improving migration management. The paper is based on the information gathered from the open sources of the European Union institutions, as well as from personal experiences gained throughout the course of border management reform in Republic of Serbia.
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The United Nations Convention on the International Agreements of Solving Disputes through Mediation
Статья научная
The United Nations Convention on International Agreements resulting from Mediation is significant because it regulates the cross-border enforcement of agreements reached in mediation and seeks to provide a single, effective framework for the recognition and enforcement of these agreements, which resolve international trade disputes. The global importance of this Convention is of a great importance, which is indicated by signing the Convention by three countries with the largest world economy: the USA, China and India. The purpose of this Convention is to promote the enforcement of international agreements arising from mediation, in the same way as the New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitrary Decisions facilitates the recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitrary decisions. As the New York Convention regulated the field of enforcement of foreign arbitrary decisions, mediation in this field had a legal void. Such a legal void made cross-border mediation impossible, which the Singapore Convention eliminated. The number of countries signatories is the best indicator of the actual need of the international economy for this type of dispute resolution. Therefore, the topic of this paper will be an overview of the main contents of the Singapore Convention.
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The analysis of the structured financial transactions as alternative sources of financing
Статья научная
It is undeniable that global financial institutions are facing the major changes taken place during the last few years. Starting with the continuous tightening of both legal and financial regulations, preparation for the introduction of Basel 3, consolidation of the industry itself, the introduction of new information and communication technologies, enhanced safeguards to prevent money laundering, globalization of financial functions and capital markets, the traditional structure of the financial services industry has suffered many changes. Technological changes have reduced the transaction costs and accelerated the transfer of knowledge between the countries all over the world. There have emerged the modern forms of financial instruments crossing the barriers of national markets. Complex financial transactions unite all participants in the global market and, at the same time, they form the relative prices of all goods, services and capital. This paper aims to analyze the mechanism of realization of the structured financial transactions of banks and specialized institutions as alternative sources of financing in the global financial market.
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The application of digital technology in business registration
Статья научная
The application of digital technology has succeeded, on the one hand, in facilitating the business and whole life of the modern humans, and, on the other hand, in slightly putting in the background the long-maintained habits and values that have become obsolete and unnecessary with digitalization. Almost the entire year of 2020, due to the global pandemic and restrictive measures, as well as business in it, has been reduced to the virtual world and digitalization. Although the application of new technologies is not new, this year it has received a special treatment, and the business entities have been required to adjust their business, the work from home, the online work, through various Internet applications with which help there can be organized certain meetings, seminars, educative programmes, conferences as well as closer business contacts with a picture and tone being alive. So, digital technologies have, in this socalled. Covid19 year, taken over our entire, both business and a large part of private life. However, if the focus is put on a lot of positive aspects of the application of new technologies, especially in modern business, where their application saves time and energy, and thus money, then a digital registration of business entities is certainly one of them. For example, in Serbia, since 2018, with a few clicks, it has been possible to electronically register a one-member or multi-member limited liability company and an entrepreneur. However, the application of digital technologies in the process of registration and setting up the business entities has existed much longer than the e-registration. Along with the increasing application and importance of digital technologies in this area, there are opened up some new dilemmas and emerged new challenges that modern business entities have to be faced. The same thing can be applied to the new challenges the registration authorities are faced.
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The calculation of earnings and wages compensation as executive documents
Статья научная
Recent amendments to the Labour Act put a significant issue in front of the scientific and professional public: whether employees, by amending of Article 121, received an important institute of protection of individual rights or whether, in practice, we are talking about a difficult to operate Institute of rights protection. Will the provision providing the fact that the calculation of earnings and wages compensation represents an executive document allow the employee to quickly and easily exercise his/her right to remuneration which he/she had not been paid by the employer and thereby reduce the number of labor disputes, or, will it be 'drowned' in a continuous interpretations of stakeholders and become stultified. Generally speaking, neither of parties are fully satisfied with the adopted solutions which amended the Labour Act. By giving certain dilemmas and attitudes being presented in this study, I want to contribute only to a clearer and more precise formulation of the individual labor law institute, and thereby, in the near futurity, to the facilitation of the implementation of laws needed to be clear and available to all employers and employees.
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The causes of economic crime and the review of its effects in the business field
Статья научная
Economic crime is a serious security risk, which is present in every country. The factors of current economic, social and broader societal conditions of global trends are considered to be the general factors contributing to the causes of economic crime. If a country’s economic system is established on solid foundations, fully respecting the market economy laws, such a system is less exposed to various forms of criminal attacks. Bearing in mind the importance as well as the complexity of the matter of economic crime, this academic paper deals with the etiology of economic crime as a phenomenon. The study includes a general criminological review of the above-mentioned topic, with a special emphasis on the review of the economic crime causes in Republic of Serbia. It is evident that the emergence and development of new types of economic crime, as well as the refinement of already existing ones, have had a significant impact on the operations of business entities and on the national economy as a whole. The causes of economic crime that are deeply rooted in a particular society have an extremely negative impact on the trust given to business entities and their stable operations. The roots and causes of economic crime are based on the contradictions of socioeconomic relations, which affect the outward forms of this kind of crime, and represent the result of a series of political, economic, geographical, legal, moral, cultural and other factors, which fundamentally negatively affects the overall economic stability.
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The comparative analysis of design right and copyright
Статья научная
A large variety of market relations are regulated by intellectual property rights, which represent legitimate monopolies correcting certain inefficiencies of a profit distribution on the market. In the following paper, the author examines the relations between design right and copyright using the comparative method. Firstly the author will analyze both resemblances and differences between these two intellectual property rights. The resemblance in protection object in particular makes available the cumulation of protected rights, in other words, the possibility of protecting industrial design by copyright, which will also be analyzed in the paper. Such work aims to comprehend the hybrid nature of design right as a right usually bypassed in a legal theory, and which is, in the author’s opinion, especially interesting.
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The concept of marriage in Roman law and the position of a woman in it
Статья научная
This paper aims to present comprehensions about marriage and its various forms that existed in ancient Rome. The Roman legal tradition has lasted for more than a millennium and marriage, as a legal institute, has undergone changes in its manifestations, from cum manu marriage to sine manu marriage until Justinian’s changes. Since the institution of marriage is directly related to the position of the woman, the paper presents the rights and obligations that the woman had in relation to each of these forms of marriage. This is primarily related to her social status and property rights in connection with marriage and dowry. Historically, the importance of Roman law is in the fact that it represents the foundation of all the rights of the continental legal system, and we see the results of that evolution today, among other things, in our positive marital and family law. Forms for marriage, consent of wills, property relations arising from marriage and other legal regulations under Roman law all significantly imply positive legal solutions. Although the social position of a woman and her position in marriage was, in principle, poor, it changed for the better over time, as a result of the emergence and influence of Christianity, drastic changes in the economy, and the disappearance of patriarchal morality.
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Статья научная
Based on the premises that public administration should serve as an open, digitally developed and work-transparent public service, the aim of the paper is to analyze the notion and purpose of an administrative contract as a part of new Law on General Administrative Procedures. Simultaneously developed with the Public Administration Reform as its corner stone, several aspects of the law have been analyzed, just for the purpose of comparing novelties. Having in mind that such a contract represents a novelty here, but not in the European administrative space, it is our goal to determine and conclude whether this agreement provides an essence of citizens’ social and economic demands. The concept of establishing this kind of a ‘symbiotic’ contract finds its purpose in being differentia specifica from any other contracts, thus having government on one side. It still stands as an open issue how such a kind of an agreement will be fully executed, monitored and regulated.
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The control of the state security services from the middle of 1966 untill the beginning of 1975
Статья научная
The Brioni plenum took place in mid 1966. It was carefully planned and prepared beforehand. The decisions made there will have a crucial importance and far-reaching consequences for the fate of Yugoslavia at the time. This event sped up the process of the decentralization of the power of the state. Furthermore, it brought a completely new organization based on this new concept, as well as a new role and jurisdiction of the newly formed State Security Service. Based on the Law on Federal councils, the Federal Council for the Protection of the Constitutional Order was established from July 1966 until the beginning of 1975. Based on original and so far unpublished sources, this paper attempts to show and explain how these governing bodies and organs functioned. The main task of these governing bodies and organs was to follow, control, guide and coordinate the activities of the extremely complex security intelligence system of SFRY.
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The employment of the minors in the context of exercising the child’s right to work
Статья научная
Exercising the child’s right to work requires a good legislative framework for labour relations and a set of conditions prescribed to ensure that the minors work in a way that does not harm their safety, health, physical, mental and moral development and does not interfere with their education. The aim of this paper is to consider both the international and national standards regulating the children’s work and challenges in their application in practice. It also points out the necessary actions aimed at improving the position of the minors in the labour law environment. A special attention is paid to the issues related to the prohibition of discrimination against children in the field of work, the consent for employment including the regulation of the minimum age for employment and protection at work. The paper focuses in particular on the issue of the implementation of labour legislation in practice of Republic of Serbia, especially in the context of the efficiency of control mechanisms and the results of inspections conducted in 2019 by the Labour Inspectorate of the Ministry of Labour, Employment, Veteran and Social Affairs, which revealed a series of violations of the child’s right to work. In this paper, in order to grasp an insight into this issue, there have been used the historical comparative-legal and theoretical-analytical methods. The research findings indicate that the national labour legislation regulating the minors` work is harmonised with the international standards to a significant extent, but there is a room for their improvement. It is also necessary to improve the mechanisms of inspection and the efficiency of the application of legislative provisions in practice.
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The etiology of juvenile delinquency
Статья научная
In contemporary societies characterized by advanced information technology and widespread accessibility to various resources, social and psychological factors leading to adverse personal and societal consequences significantly influence minors, providing fertile ground for the emergence of juvenile delinquency. Juvenile delinquency is a serious problem for all contemporary societies, encompassing different forms of deviant behaviors among minors, including criminal acts that trigger legal proceedings and sanctions. Since there are a lot of theories and studies which focus on the distinctions between delinquency and criminality, this paper does not deal with that in greater detail. Instead, it focuses on elucidating juvenile delinquency as a foundational concept for understanding diverse forms of deviant behavior from criminal, psychological, and sociological perspectives. The paper identifies causes of juvenile behavior and early indicators for identifying young offenders. The primary research objective is to explore delinquency prevention strategies tailored to offenders. The examples illustrate the most frequent criminal acts perpetrated by reported, accused, and convicted minors, categorized by gender, age, and type of criminal sanction.
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The exogenous characteristics of traffic delinquents
Статья научная
The exogenous characteristics of traffic participants, such as: alcoholism, fatigue and psychoactive substances, have a significant impact on a safe behaviour in traffic, especially the motor vehicle drivers. In that sense, they represent the factors that can directly influence the unsafe behaviour in traffic. The influence of the exogenous characteristics on a safe behaviour of traffic participants has been analysed on the basis of the statements in documents as well as the results of numerous empirical studies. For the purposes of this paper, there have been selected and analysed the statistical data on the influential factors of traffic accidents for the period from 2010 to 2019 in Republic of Serbia. After reviewing the statistical data, both a qualitative and quantitative content analyses were performed. In addition to the statistical method, there were also used the content analysis methods, empirical method, descriptive method, comparative methods, as well as deduction and induction methods, in order to analyse the trend and presence of these influential factors of traffic accidents in Republic of Serbia. The statistical data being processed in this paper, originated from the database of the Traffic Safety Agency of Republic of Serbia. The results of the research show the extent to which the exogenous characteristics affect a safe behaviour of traffic participants, as well as the severity of the consequences of traffic accidents. Observed individually, the listed characteristics have a different intensity of influence on a safe behaviour in traffic. In this regard, from the external characteristics of traffic delinquents, the most common is the drunk driving as an influential factor, which especially affects the severity of traffic accidents in Republic of Serbia.
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The first degree murder in a cruel manner
Статья научная
The first degree murder belongs to the group of the heaviest criminal offences punishable by the heaviest penalties. Basically, the first degree murders have all the characteristics which are common to every murder, i.e. the unlawful deprivation of another person’s life. But, the murder accompanied by a certain qualifying circumstance makes it heavier and socially more dangerous than an ordinary murder. In this paper, we will look back and explain in more detail the first degree murder in a cruel manner, which is a complex criminal offence, where, on the one hand, cruelty means taking the victimʼs life in such a way that it causes the excessive pain and suffering, while, on the other hand, it is necessary that a perpetrator also shows a special emotional relationship towards the pain and suffering (in the form of feeling pleasure, enjoying them, the absence of pity, etc.). We will analyze the hypothesis of the criminal offence of the first degree murder committed in a cruel manner to be planned and a person for the attempt of such an offence to be punished. We will draw a parallel between the criminal act of murder and the first degree murder including the fact whether this offence was committed in a conscientious or unsconscientious way. We will also consider the issue of the organized crime and how often this type of an offence is committed in criminal groups. The aim of the research is to meet the meaning and qualifying circumstances being specific for this offence as well as to see how this offence is qualified in practice. It also covers the issue of its sanctions and how the court evaluates certain findings and opinions in the proceedings including the aggravating circumstances relevant for determining the amount of the punishment.
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The forms of domestic violence
Статья научная
Domestic violence is not a phenomenon of the modern age, but rather a new interest of the state to recognize it, provide a protection for victims of domestic violence and to fight against it. In Republic of Serbia, domestic violence was incriminated only just in 2002 by amendments to then valid Criminal Code, while our legislator introduced the family law protection as well as the institute of domestic violence in 2005 by the Family Law. Domestic violence refers to a behavior by which one family member threatens the physical and psychological integrity or serenity of another family member. It most often comes out in the form of physical, psychological, sexual and economic violence. The aforementioned forms of domestic violence will be the subject of analysis of this paper. In addition, a special attention will be paid to victims who are most often exposed to domestic violence - women, children, the elderly and men.
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