Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast @volnc-esc-en
Статьи журнала - Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast
Все статьи: 1659
Strategic priorities for the Russian seaports cargo turnover structure development
Статья научная
Trends in the world economy and trade, as well as the process of globalization, contribute to the seaports development as a strategic driver of economic growth in many countries. Seaports play a major role in optimizing trade relations; they act as key nodes in global transport chains and serve as connecting elements of the socio-economic systems in many countries. We have identified global, national and regional trends in the development of port facilities, analyzed cargo transshipment in the sea ports that are strategic objects of the state; this determines the need to improve methods and forms of management of their development on the basis of advanced technology. The development of port infrastructure will ensure economic growth both in the regional location and in the country as a whole. It is in the regions that it is necessary to form a competitive environment for economic entities, in particular seaports. Their development should have a positive impact on economic and social aspects: economic growth of territorial entities, market competition, development of innovative technologies and investment inflow. Empirical estimates of the links of neighboring regions economic growth were obtained on the basis of Moran's I, as well as from studies on how Russia's export cargo flows through seaports depend on GDP and on the index of industrial production in the period from 2006 to 2018. We analyzed the relationship between cargo turnover and shocks such as the financial and economic crisis of 2008-2009 and the imposition of sanctions, which for obvious reasons increase the observed volatility of international trade and, in particular, cargo volumes in ports. In the conclusion of the article we have formulated strategic priorities for the development of cargo turnover structure in sea ports on the basis of the identified opportunities and the obtained forecasts.
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Strategic priorities of Russia-Belarus integration in terms of food security issue
Статья научная
The article dwells on the scientific and practical aspects of cross-border cooperation, as well as the existing challenges and threats in the agro-food sector of Russia and Belarus in the context of food security. According to the authors, the choice of strategic priorities for interaction significantly determines the efficiency of the integration process. Special attention is given to the problem of quality and safety of modern food and beverages in the conditions of the activities of transnational companies and open market.
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Strategic priorities of small and medium towns' development
Статья научная
The current trends of population concentration in large cities and agglomerations lead to an imbalance in spatial development. These trends are among the main threats to the national security of the state. The problems of socio-economic development are particularly acute for small and medium towns, as local centers of adjacent territories. In this regard, the choice of ways and directions to improve the efficiency of the management of these localities becomes particularly relevant. The purpose of the research is to find and scientifically substantiate new priorities of strategic management of the development of small and medium towns taking into account the diversity of their types. The article presents the views of leading Russian researchers on the problem of managing small and medium towns. Based on the scientific literature analysis and survey results of heads of administrations of small and medium towns of the Vologda Oblast, the authors identify the main factors that hinder the construction of an effective management system. The paper proves the expediency of working out regional strategies for the development of small and medium towns, based on the settlements' typology according to the economic profile and position in the urbanized system. The work shows the approaches to the definition of the town's specialization: 1) based on the current economic structure; 2) based on the “smart specialization” concept. The information basis of the study is data of official statistics and scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers on the studied subject. In the paper, the authors use the methods of expert survey, monographic, economic and statistical, tabular and graphical methods of data visualization. The research results can be used in the activities of regional and municipal authorities in the working out strategic planning documents for managing the development of small and medium towns.
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Strategic regulation of structural transformations in the economy of the single-industry town
Статья научная
The article considers the problems of strategic regulation of the structural transformations processes in the single-industry towns' economy. The author substantiates the view that its future economic development directly depends on the activity of the town-forming enterprise and presents the algorithm of restructuring program formation. The contents of the main algorithm blocks (stages) are studied in detail. According to the author, the fundamental point in the proposed algorithm is to evaluate the features of the town-forming enterprise in ensuring the implementation of the social objectives of town development. This issue is in focus. The author indicates the necessity to develop the enterprise restructuring program and single out the best option to diversify the town's profile economic structure. In this regard, the article suggests the schematic diagram of the choice and objectives of effective diversification option. According to the author, the options generation procedure for the diversification profile structure of single-industry towns' economy should base on the strategic analysis of the town's economic capacity to identify the competitive advantages of single-industry towns and possible barriers to diversification processes. The author notes that the options implementation will require various types of resources and first of all, investment, labor, energy and land ones. The article provides detailed recommendations on this issue.
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Статья научная
The modern concept for modernization of Russia's economy, put forward by the federal executive authorities, provides for an innovation development model. It is believed that only innovation is able to solve many problems that the Russian economy faces, and first of all, the enhancement of its competitiveness. One of the problems of Russia's innovation system consists in the lack of resources and in their inefficient use in certain directions of development of innovation activity: outdated production capacities and facilities and equipment at research organizations; ageing of staff; limited access to financial resources. The availability and condition of these resources, the opportunities for their usage - in other words, the choice of innovation development strategy, all these factors determine the effectiveness of innovation activity inthe region. The article provides a classification of the region's innovation strategies. Due to the fact that the most important factor in achieving innovation economic development is the improvement of the quality of human resources, the authors highlight the issue of strategic compliance between the innovation development of the region and human resources management...
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Strategic reserves of labor productivity growth in the regional economy
Статья научная
The article work investigates features of labour productivity in regional economy and defines level and dynamics of labour productivity on separate branches and an economic complex as a whole. The problem of growth in labour productivity is connected with specific activities of branches and the enterprises. It is revealed factors making the greatest impact on labour productivity. Considerable influence on labour productivity renders motivator - wages level. It is revealed possibilities of increase of labour productivity under conditions of financial and economic crisis, it is developed the measures directed on increase labour productivity in the basic branches of region’s economy in 1.5 - 2 times during the period 2008 to 2020.
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Strategical approach to management of tourism in municipal district of Republic of Karelia
Статья научная
The article deals with the questions of tourism management on the municipal level in Republic of Karelia with Pryazhenskiy National Municipal District as an example.
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Статья научная
The paper is a result of the scientific theoretical and empirical research conducted by the author on the issue of collective self-preservation of local societies on the territory of the Arkhangelsk Oblast. The rise of general welfare is achieved at the expense of weakening family ties, deformation of the demographic structure of the population and, as a result, aggravating demographic risks, various social deviations, destruction of traditional bonds that helped people survive for centuries thanks to social solidarity and mutual aid. Social risks entail, directly or indirectly, all other risks, making them particularly dangerous for the society. However, the society in historical perspective has formed the mechanisms of protection against the negative impact of social and other shocks. These mechanisms are especially pronounced in local resident populations and they currently remain in the form of social control, social solidarity, and other forms of collective protection...
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Статья научная
The article discusses possibilities of application of the program-target method in regulation of regional development. It is shown that elaboration of economic strategies is based on the same approaches, adapted to the long perspective conditions. There are given stages and some program arrangements of the Strategy of socio-economic development of the Murmansk region for the period to the year of 2025.
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Strategy development sea tourism in Euroarctic region
Статья научная
This article discusses strategic directions of the sea tourism development in the Euro-arctic region of Russia. We analyzed the current state and prospects of the development of the Arctic sea tourism as a tool for the development of the Arctic in order to achieve objectives of the maritime activities strategy in the region. We denfined priority types and forms of sea tourism and substantiated a strategy for creating a system of specially protected natural areas in the Barents Sea region of Russia.
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Strengthening fiscal decentralization to reduce the heterogeneity of Russia's economic space
Статья научная
According to a number of strategic documents, Russia’s economic space is characterized by high heterogeneity. To reduce it, Russian and foreign researchers propose to strengthen fiscal decentralization. The study aims to find out whether using this method in Russia will allow achieving the desired result. An answer can be obtained by conducting a regression analysis of the dependence of the scale of heterogeneity of the economic space on the degree of concentration of budget revenues and expenditures at the federal level. In the course of the research, we develop a new method for quantifying the level of heterogeneity of the economic space of a territory; the method requires constructing a figure in a rectangular coordinate system and finding its area. The advantage of this method for assessing the scale of heterogeneity of Russia’s economic space is that it allows us to take into account both major indicators - the volume of GRP and the volume of GRP per capita, since so far it has not been determined which of them is a numerical indicator of a region’s economic development level. Having assessed the scale of heterogeneity of Russia’s economic space for the period from 2000 to 2021 with the help of the above method, we conclude that strengthening fiscal decentralization will reduce the heterogeneity of Russia’s economic space. In particular, a 1% decrease in the concentration of budget expenditures at the federal level may lead to a 12.6% decrease in heterogeneity. Proceeding from this conclusion, we put forward some ways to reduce the share of federal budget expenditures in the total volume of the expenditure part of the consolidated budget.
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Strengthening the tourism appeal of Russian territories: current trends and management practices
Статья научная
The article is devoted to an acute issue of regional governance - the development of tourism appeal of Russian territories. The article discusses the concept of “tourism appeal”, substantiates the author's viewpoint in relation to its content. The research methods by the author include document analysis and the sociological survey of experts (heads of local authorities). Statistical and sociological data served as the basis for determining the specifics and problems of tourism development in the Russian Federation reflected in the objective and subjective indicators of tourism infrastructure performance. The article determines the malfunctions of modern management practices in tourism development in the Russian Federation; it also reveals the main problems related to the implementation of program-target management methods in modern government and regional policy. The authors make a conclusion that the implementation of program-target methods of development of the tourism appeal of territories is associated with a number of drawbacks that limit their effectiveness; they distinguish the following main problems that emerge in the implementation of the federal target program “Development of domestic and inbound tourism in the Russian Federation (2011-2018)”: financial risks; the declarative principle of selection of regions for participation in the federal target program; focus on the achievement of economic indicators - these problems make it difficult to assess the long-term prospects of aspects of tourism appeal such as the creation and/or development of unique tourist attractions, the image of a territory, high threshold values of co-financing of expenditure obligations to implement the programs for regional budgets...
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Статья научная
This paper investigates how Japanese SIE’s labor markets in Asian societies provide career opportunities for young Japanese workers. The number of locally employed Japanese workers in Asia has increased since the 1990s. Previous studies, which have relied on the Lifestyle Migration view, pointed that the primary reason for expatriation is self-seeking and that Japanese expatriates feel finding something worthwhile for their lives by expatriation at the expense of status attainment. However, these studies paid little attention to the demand-side aspects of Japanese SIE’s career, which directly determines their opportunities. This study aims to provide some empirical findings based on the structural and institutional accounts that are different from the previous studies. The authors analyze the interview data of staffing agencies and the salary data in Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, Indonesia, and China, which the Japanese expatriate workers are likely to choose as destinations. From the qualitative analyses of the interview data, the authors find four dimensions relating to Japanese expatriate’s labor market chances; market growth in the local society, the existence of Japanese community, legal restriction of issuing work permits, and the degree of localization of Japanese firms. According to these factors, it is possible to classify the five societies into two groups: one has a premium of Japanese self-initiated expatriate workers, and the other does not. The quantitative analyses using the salary data from a staffing agency also confirm the cross-society difference of economic remuneration. In China, Indonesia, and Thailand which are included in the former group, the salary of native Japanese workers is significantly higher than those of other worker types, but it is not in Singapore and Hong Kong. The authors discuss the differences between the present study and previous literature and the future research prospects in the concluding remarks.
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Structural changes in the economy: searching for sectoral drivers of growth
Статья научная
In the conditions of a system-wide economic crisis and destabilization of the external environment, the economy of the Russian Federation and its regions is experiencing structural limitations, which are associated with its imbalance. As a result, domestic demand for manufactured products is reducing; such a situation does not encourage enterprises to increase their output. This makes it necessary to search for the ways to eliminate structural disproportions and provide economic growth in modern economic conditions. One of such ways is to promote sectoral drivers of growth, that is, those industries and sectors of the national economy, the increase in demand for products in which has a significant positive impact on the economy. In this regard, the goal of this article is to identify and scientifically substantiate the need to stimulate the production of goods and services in economic sectors so as to promote structural changes in the economy at the national and regional levels. In this study, we consider mechanical engineering, information and communication technologies and tourism as drivers, which have a large multiplier effect and contribute to economic growth. The article assesses the consequences of stimulating the selected sectors of the economy in the context of structural changes both at the nationwide level and in the territorial context; this provision forms the scientific novelty of the study. The findings of the study reveal problems in development of mechanical engineering, information and communication technologies and tourism, confirm the importance of their development for the economy; the importance is expressed in a significant increase in the main economic indicators due to the increase in the production of goods and services. We use general scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, and the tools based on the input-output methodology. In the future, we plan to continue our work aimed at determining the correspondence of the parameters of development of these sectors contained in the strategic documents and the results obtained in the study for a deeper understanding of the problems of structural adjustment of the economy.
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Structural dynamics of the economy: impact of investment in old and new technologies
Статья научная
The purpose of the study is to determine the degree of impact of investment in technological renewal on economic growth, to establish the ratio of the contribution of investment in old and new technologies to the growth rate. This problem is solved when considering the GDP structural dynamics by expenditure in the case of the United States, Germany, Russia and China. The research methodology is based on structural analysis, which establishes a “structural formula” assessing the contribution of investment in new and old technologies to the growth rate of the economy, as well as the contribution of other GDP components by expenditure. This approach allows us to distinguish the existing models of economic growth in the countries under consideration - consumer, investment, mixed models and technological development modes according to the sensitivity of the overall technological economy to investment in new and old technologies. Investment in new technologies is understood as investment in technological innovations, and the overall technological efficiency of the economy is determined by the ratio of the volume of innovative goods shipped and the volume of non-innovative goods, works, and services. The investment breakdown method helps to assess the contribution of investment in new technologies to economic growth, both in a comparative way relative to other GDP components, and for the considered countries. The result of the study is the identification of the economic growth model by the largest contribution to GDP component in the period under review, the contribution to the rate of investment in new and old technologies, as well as the determination of the sensitivity of technology to investment in new and old technologies in the United States, Germany, China and Russia. The analysis found that the impact of investment on the GDP dynamics and the level of technology is not synchronized, which requires to change the approach to macroeconomic policy, aimed not only at stimulating investments as a driver of growth, but also their distribution in such a way which would lead to an increase in the technology of the economy together with changing the institutions.
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Structural transformation issues in regional economy
Статья научная
The paper systematizes areas of structural research in economic theory. We analyze structural shifts and proportions in regional economy using the data on the Vologda Oblast for 1995-2016. We consider regularities in the Oblast’s socio-economic development at the level of the economy as a whole and its sectoral structure at all the key stages of the reproduction process: production, formation and use of income. We reveal the presence of significant transformation in the structure of output of products, expressed in the reducing share of commodity production and growing share of services production. We register a decrease in the overall efficiency of the Oblast’s economy caused by the increase in the intensity of the output of goods and services. We highlight the trend of raising the wages of employees and reducing business income in the structure of the economy. We conclude that social reproduction in the Vologda Oblast is managed poorly, and there remain certain problems in the sectoral and reproduction structure of GRP, in the structure of investments, final consumption and savings; these problems constrain modernization processes and do not contribute to the improvement of the quality of life...
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Structure and dynamics of household consumption of information goods: regional perspective
Статья научная
Over the past two decades, the indicators of consumption of information goods by the Russian population have been significantly behind the similar indicators in developed countries, which was accompanied by inequality in consumption between Russian regions. The importance of studying consumption of information goods in information economy is due to the fact that the degree of satisfactionofneedsreflectsthelevelofpopulation'swelfareandisanindicatorofinnovativedevelopment which defines the incentives and constraints of modernization and long-term sustainable growth of the national economy. The article is devoted to contemporary structural changes in consumption of auxiliary information goods by the population of a dynamically developing region (the Sverdlovsk Oblast) amid the development of information economy. The use of methods of economic-statistical analysis and sociological survey has helped identify the structure and main trends in consumption of information goods in Russia in general and in the Sverdlovsk Oblast in particular. The article reviews the impact of factors such as consumers' age group, place of residence (town, village) and income level on household consumption of goods in the Sverdlovsk Oblast.
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Статья научная
Competitiveness as a personal characteristic is strategically important in daily and work activities. The article presents analysis of the process of formation of students' competitiveness (case study of high school students and students from secondary vocational and higher educational institutions) with further implementation of competitive strategies in the work of young workers. The youth socio-demographic group is considered as a battery of creative and competitive potential characterized by the desire to develop their own personality and transform the surrounding society. The article presents the assessment of personal characteristics of students and income-earning youths, analyzes the respondents' self-assessment of the level of competitiveness, value attitudes and desirable life characteristics in the long term. The empirical framework includes data of a representative mass questionnaire survey of the youth of the Tyumen Oblast. The sociological research indicates that high school students have a minimum level of competitiveness among all categories of youth and have the potential to improve it among students...
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Students’ digital literacy: competence-based approach
Статья научная
Currently, digital technology has a significant impact on socio-economic development in various societal spheres. In this regard, the importance of the formation of digital competencies in student youth is increasing. Modern generation should have these competences in order to work effectively and use the digital environment safely. The article presents an overview and systematization of scientific concepts that reveal the content of digital literacy. We show how the scientific category “digital literacy” correlates with “digital competence”. Concrete facts have confirmed that the use of digital technology in education involves the formation of digital competencies, the importance of which is beyond doubt, as well as the fact that digital literacy promotes the development of skills in search, analysis, critical understanding of the information received; it also helps to use digital platforms and network technology competently and in compliance with the basics of security in the digital environment. In this regard, the purpose of our research is to identify the level of formation of digital competencies in students in the higher education system (on the example of the Chelyabinsk Oblast). Scientific novelty of the work lies in theoretical substantiation of the content of digital literacy and systematization of approaches using a competencebased approach. In this context, the results of a survey of students of four universities in Chelyabinsk, aimed at identifying regional features and problems of the formation of digital competencies in the higher education system, are of interest. The findings of our research can become an important methodological tool in determining risk groups by the level of formation of digital competencies in students, developing methods for the safe use of digital content, preventing the spread of destructive online practices among young people and promoting their safe use of digital content.
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