Социальные и гуманитарные науки. Рубрика в журнале - Бюллетень науки и практики
International Standards for Data Protection and Cross-Border Flows
Статья научная
The rapid expansion of the digital economy and the exponential growth of data transmitted across national borders have made the harmonisation of personal data protection regimes a central issue in contemporary international law. Using comparative legal analysis, this article examines international, regional, and national legal instruments governing cross-border transfers of personal data. These include the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, the Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals with regard to Automatic Processing of Personal Data, as modernised, the European Union General Data Protection Regulation and its recent adequacy decision concerning the United States, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Global Cross-Border Privacy Rules systems, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Declaration on Government Access to Personal Data, United States national security regulations adopted under Executive Order No. 14117, China’s simplified 2024 rules on cross-border data transfers, Brazil’s 2024 regulation on international data transfers, and Russia’s 2025 amendments on data localisation. The article evaluates trust-building mechanisms, including standard contractual clauses, binding corporate rules, certification mechanisms, and privacy-enhancing technologies, and assesses the Group of Twenty initiative on Data Free Flow with Trust and related trade policy recommendations aimed at reducing regulatory fragmentation. The study concludes that, in the absence of a universal international treaty, mutual recognition of safeguards and the widespread use of privacy-by-design technologies are essential to balancing the protection of human rights with the promotion of innovation.
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Статья научная
In the process of studying the methodology of teaching foreign languages, professionals and translators encounter problems related to understanding the content of educational methodological terms and producing adequate translations of certain terms. One of the urgent tasks of this research is to systematize methodological terms encountered in teaching English as a foreign language and to create a bilingual educational methodological textological dictionary. The research analyzes the distinctive features of existing dictionaries in this field and explores the principles of systematizing educational methodological terms and dictionary compilation. This analysis is significant for the precise and consistent definition of terms used in the methodology of language teaching. As a result of the investigations and analyses, the importance of a dictionary of educational methodological terms has been highlighted, along with a proposal to develop principles for dictionary creation.
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Leadership Qualities in Young Leaders and their Influence on Management Styles
Статья научная
This article analyzes the leadership qualities of young leaders in the context of globalization and their influence on management styles. Within the framework of the study, methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction were used, and it was determined that the innovative thinking of young leaders, high emotional intelligence, striving for teamwork, and ambitions are the basis for the formation of modern management styles, such as transformational, democratic, and coaching.
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Статья научная
This paper explores the legal and ethical risks inherent in medical translation practices by comparing the English and Chinese healthcare contexts. It highlights how inaccurate or culturally insensitive translations can lead to medical errors, breaches of informed consent, patient mistrust, and even litigation. Drawing on case studies and regulatory frameworks, the study examines how both systems address translator qualifications, liability issues, and the protection of patient rights when language barriers exist. Particular attention is paid to informed consent documents, patient information leaflets, and discharge summaries as high-risk zones for mistranslation. The paper argues that while both legal traditions recognize the importance of accurate communication, practical implementation and enforcement mechanisms differ significantly. The findings underline the need for harmonized standards and stronger interdisciplinary cooperation among healthcare professionals, legal experts, and linguists to minimize translation-related risks and safeguard patient safety and dignity.
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Статья научная
The militarization of outer space poses not only geopolitical risks but also significant threats to the environmental sustainability of the near-Earth orbit. This article explores the international legal mechanisms aimed at preventing the deployment and use of weapons in space. It analyzes the foundational treaties, including the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, the Liability Convention of 1972, and other UN resolutions and soft law instruments. Particular attention is paid to the environmental implications of space militarization, such as the increase in space debris and the risks of contamination from nuclear-powered satellites and anti-satellite weapon tests. The paper argues for the strengthening of legal frameworks to ensure both the peaceful use of outer space and the protection of its fragile environment, proposing a harmonization of space law and environmental law principles.
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Lexical Borrowings and Semantic Shift in Digital Neologisms of Chinese-English Origin
Статья научная
This article explores the phenomenon of lexical borrowing and semantic shift within digital neologisms that have emerged at the intersection of Chinese and English languages. The rapid development of digital communication and social media platforms has facilitated a dynamic exchange of linguistic elements between cultures, giving rise to unique hybrid terms. The study analyzes the etymology, adaptation, and contextual meanings of selected Chinese-English neologisms used in online discourse. Special attention is given to how borrowed words undergo semantic transformation during cross-cultural integration, reflecting changing social values, technological innovation, and evolving communicative norms. Drawing on examples from platforms such as WeChat, TikTok (Douyin), and Xiaohongshu, this paper highlights how digital spaces function as laboratories for lexical experimentation and identity expression. The research contributes to the understanding of global linguistic convergence and the role of technology in shaping modern vocabulary.
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Статья научная
This article examines the linguistic features of parliamentary debates in the Jogorku Kenesh, focusing on the persuasive and conflict strategies employed by Kyrgyz parliamentarians. The study analyzes rhetorical techniques, argumentation patterns, and discursive practices used to influence legislative decision-making and public opinion. Particular attention is paid to how language is strategically utilized to assert dominance, build alliances, and navigate political conflicts within the parliament. The findings highlight the interplay between cultural, social, and political factors in shaping the linguistic dynamics of parliamentary discourse in Kyrgyzstan.
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Linguistic and culturological analysis of the Kyrgyz speech etiquette of greeting
Статья научная
The article studies various formulae of the Kyrgyz speech etiquette of greeting. Within the scope of this work the lexical and semantic classification of greetings is provided and lingua-culturological comments are given. Greeting speech formulae constitute meaningful components of the speech act, since its fundamental function lies in its phatic function, and initiation of the polite and benevolent behaviour during communication, as well. Speech etiquette may depend on situation and context of the act of communication, such as: participants of communication act (status, gender, age), type of communication (formal/ informal), place and time (highly honored guests; time of a day etc.), theme and goal of communication (friendly relations, happy and unhappy events, etc.). In the Kyrgyz lingua-culture greeting formulas are used in compliance with the norms of etiquette behavior. Moreover, great variety of examples of the Kyrgyz speech etiquette of greetings is studied, which is used depending on situation and other parameters of act of communication. Specific attention is given to description of greetings in the Kyrgyz language that convey national and cultural shade explicitly, which is signified by ways of establishing contact. Lingua culturological analysis of the Kyrgyz speech etiquette of greeting is evidenced by illustrative material taken from classical literary works.
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Linguocultural analysis of the eye as a symbol in English and Kyrgyz songs
Статья научная
This article presents a linguistic and cultural analysis of the symbolic meaning of the concept "eye" in English and Kyrgyz songs. The study examines cultural features in the perception and use of the eye image in the song discourse of two nations. Particular attention is given to how the eye acts as a symbol of emotions, wisdom, intuition, and social interaction. The research identifies both commonalities and unique elements in the perception of the eye, shaped by the cultural and mental characteristics of English- and Kyrgyz-speaking audiences. This work provides a deeper understanding of cultural values and symbols through a linguistic and cultural analysis of song lyrics.
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Статья научная
The article investigates the multifaceted concept of earth (zher) within the Kyrgyz linguistic worldview. The study analyzes the internal structure of this concept, its verbal realization, and the system of metaphorical features that associate the earth with the living world. Special attention is paid to the animated and anthropomorphic interpretation of earth, which reflects culturally grounded emotional, cognitive, and axiological perceptions. Based on the analysis of folklore, literary texts, and paremiological sources, 49 figurative animated features of the concept were identified, and grouped according to their semantic nature. These metaphorical representations reveal the significant role of the earth in shaping collective consciousness and preserving Kyrgyz cultural values. The study addresses the question of how the concept of earth has been actualized in language and what place it occupies in the historical development of the Kyrgyz linguistic worldview.
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Methods of Teaching English to Teenagers: How to Keep their Attention
Статья научная
This paper explores the challenges of maintaining teenagers’ attention in English language classrooms. Drawing on psychological theories and contemporary language teaching methodologies, it examines why adolescents often lose focus and proposes effective strategies to engage them. By integrating communicative, task-based, and project-based approaches with multimedia tools and gamification, teachers can create dynamic, relevant, and motivating learning environments. The study underscores that sustaining attention is essential not only for immediate engagement but also for fostering long-term language competence and learner autonomy.
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Статья научная
Present article examines the linguo-stylistic expression of the protagonist Tanabai’s personal identity in Chingiz Aitmatov’s *Farewell, Gul’sary!* based on its English translation by John French. The object of the study is the literary text of the translation, and the subject is the linguistic representation of Tanabai’s personal identity through the parallelism of his fate with that of his horse, Gul’sary. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze the lexical and figurative-metaphorical means by which the protagonist’s personal identity is expressed indirectly through the image of the horse. The methodological basis of the study is a linguistic and stylistic analysis, mainly at the lexical and stylistic levels, incorporating elements of interpretive and contextual analysis. Particular attention is paid to such techniques as symbolic metaphorization. The study found that the image of Gul’sary functions as a linguistically shaped alter ego of Tanabai: changes in the description of the horse’s movement, strength, submission, and aging simultaneously reflect the transformation of the hero’s personal identity. Gul’sary’s death is interpreted as a symbolic death of Tanabai’s true identity. The obtained results confirm that linguo-stylistic analysis of literary translation allows us to identify the underlying mechanisms of identity representation.
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Motivating Features of the Concept of Life in the Turkish Linguistic Picture of the World
Статья научная
The study examines motivating features and underlines the conceptualization of the concept of life in the Turkish linguistic picture of the world. Delving into cognitive linguistics and etymological dictionaries from different periods, it explores how the origins, from the point of view of different scholars, shape the semantic field of the concept of life in the Turkish language. The main point of this research is the essential role it plays in shaping the inner understanding of the concept of life among Turkish society, transferring its meaning and importance throughout time from the past to today. By exploring the etymological dictionaries, the study explores how the concept stayed at its origin and gained other meanings throughout time. Through this examination, the authors seek to clarify how the concept of life was formed, represented, and appreciated throughout the history of the Turkish linguistic view of the world.
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Motivating Features of the Concept ‘Sky’ in the Kyrgyz Linguistic Picture of the World
Статья научная
This paper explores the concept of sky in the Kyrgyz linguistic picture of the world. It is widely known that a concept is a multifaceted mental construct formed by a multi-layered structure. The study analyzes data from etymological dictionaries for the purpose of identifying the fundamental ideas or perceptions of the Kyrgyz mentality underlying the concept of "sky". The revealed motivating features allow us to define its initial linguistic image. Moreover, to determine the relevance of the identified motivating features, examples of their verbalization are examined, confirming their functioning in real life.
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Motivating Features of the Concepts Zhurok and Heart
Статья научная
The concept is widely known to have a multi-level structure. Emerging as a subjective pictorial image, it then acquires new conceptual layers at different historical periods. The center of the image, its inner form is actualized by motivating features of the concept. The article analyses the cognitive features of the concept Zhurok/Heart in the Kyrgyz and English pictures of the world. The aim of the article is to identify the motivating features of the concept Zhurok/Heart relying on the data of lexicographic sources (etymological dictionaries) and trace the development of the conceptual characteristics. The paper has three main tasks: 1) to analyse etymological dictionaries; 2) to determine the spectrum of motivating features of the concept under study; 3) to compare the findings in the light of the theory of mentality. The main methods in the work are historical and etymological analysis of the representation of the concept under study, and descriptive and interpretative methods. The research methodology encompasses cognitive linguistic approaches to conceptual analysis, comparative linguistics, and cultural-semantic investigation of language units across different linguistic systems. In the course of the study, five main groups of motivating features of the concept Zhurok/Heart were identified: "inside, inner", "center", "soul", "courage, bravery" and "movement". The comparative analysis reveals both universal and culturespecific characteristics of heart conceptualization in Kyrgyz and English mentalities. The findings demonstrate how etymological motivating features influence contemporary semantic structures and metaphorical expressions in both languages, contributing to cross-cultural understanding of fundamental human concepts.
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Статья научная
This article explores the use of mountains and climate as metaphors in the linguistic and cultural descriptions of the mother-in-law figure across various societies. By examining how harsh and unpredictable mountain climates are used to symbolize the perceived complexities and challenges of the mother-in-law relationship, the study highlights the role of environmental metaphors in shaping cultural attitudes and familial dynamics. The analysis draws from a range of linguistic expressions, proverbs, and cultural narratives that associate the traits of mountains and climate, such as resilience, severity, and endurance, with the character and societal role of the mother-in-law. This research underscores the interplay between language, environment, and social structures, revealing how natural landscapes and climates can influence and reflect cultural perceptions of familial relationships.
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National Image Building in the Context of Kyrgyzstan’s Soft Power Strategies
Статья научная
In today’s international relations, the influence of states is not limited to their military and economic capacities. Cultural appeal, political values and a positive image on a global scale also become determining factors in foreign policy success. In this context, the concept of “soft power” developed by Joseph Nye is increasingly gaining strategic importance, especially for developing countries. For developing countries such as Kyrgyzstan, soft power stands out as an effective tool for supporting foreign policy goals without resorting to pressure or coercion. Kyrgyzstan has a remarkable soft power potential with its rich cultural heritage and increasing international visibility. In order to activate this potential, projects focused on culture and education, diaspora activities, promotion of tourism and promotion of art and traditions play an important role. In addition, diplomatic missions not only conduct official relations; they also assume a central function in terms of public diplomacy, cultural interaction and information sharing. This study examines the social media activities of Kyrgyzstan’s embassies in strategically important countries (USA, China, Russia, Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) in line with Kyrgyzstan’s foreign policy priorities and regional sensitivities using descriptive content analysis. In this context, it is evaluated how digital diplomacy tools contribute to the process of building national image and supporting foreign policy goals.
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National characteristics of the Kyrgyz Republic regarding the priority of human rights and freedoms
Статья научная
This article discusses the national characteristics of the priority of political rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens in the Kyrgyz Republic. The authors examine the development of normative legislation in the Kyrgyz Republic. At the current stage, an important part of the human rights institution and its further phased development since independence are highlighted. The necessity of maintaining a balance between the priority of human rights and freedoms and national security is noted.
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Navigating anxiety through defense mechanisms: a truth perspective on human ignorance and awareness
Статья научная
In a world where the pursuit of truth is paramount, this article explores the intricate relationship between human ignorance, anxiety, and the defense mechanisms employed to cope with these existential challenges.
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Objectivity in Historiography: A Comparative Analysis of Marxist and Postmodern Approaches
Статья научная
This article analyzes the problem of objectivity in historiography in a comparative way, within the context of Marxist and postmodern approaches. The aim of the study is to determine the place, possibilities, and limitations of objectivity in the approaches of both theoretical directions to the science of history. While Marxist historiography explains objectivity through the principles of class analysis and historical materialism, the postmodern approach emphasizes the relative and constructive nature of historical knowledge. The article presents the theoretical foundations of both directions, methodological differences, and critical views on the claims of objectivity. Also, the application of these approaches is compared using a specific historical event as an example. As a result, it is determined that the concept of objectivity in historiography is controversial and variable, and Marxist and postmodern theories approach this concept from different directions.
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