Спортивная тренировка. Рубрика в журнале - Человек. Спорт. Медицина
Статья научная
Aim. Research aim was to reveal the subjective opinions of Physical Education teachers and students in higher grades on the realities of modern Physical Education classes. Material and Methods. The sample included Physical Education teachers (n = 33) and 10-11th grade students (n = 324) who were selected applying the convenience sampling strategy from Kaunas city schools. The research employed a questionnaire by Pate, Corbin & Pangrazi (1998), and some more questions of interest to the researchers were added. Results. According to the survey data, students' opinions on the given question mostly differed from teachers' notion. However, the statistical analysis of the obtained data suggested that there is a certain tendency which may be considered in Physical Education lesson planning. Conclusions. Physical Education teachers tend to subjectively better assess the modern realities of the Physical Education classes than students. In particular, it refers to the satisfaction of students, diversity of content, modern teacher personality traits and school disciplinary measures for students. However, an observed trend implies the improvement of evaluation criteria corresponding to modern lesson recommendations.
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A protocol for customization of protective mouth guards for athletes undergoing strenuous exercise
Статья научная
Aim: to develop a protocol for customization of protective mouth guards for athletes undergoing strenuous exercise and to provide substantiation for the protocol being developed. Materials and methods. We analyzed clinical data and findings obtained from a dynamic follow-up of 50 light heavyweight (74-87 kg) males (age range 25-44). The participants were divided into 2 groups based on the method used for fabricating protective mouth guards. In the first group, the protective mouth guard was fabricated using a vacuum-forming technique with the mandible being in the centric occlusion. In the second group, a custom vacuum formed protective mouth guard was used and the bioelectrical activity of the masticatory muscles and the position of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) were evaluated. Results. We evaluated the efficacy of protective mouth guards in athletes of the first group and found a reduction in the bioelectrical activity of masticatory muscles with insignificant variations. In the athletes of the second group, the function of the masticatory and temporal muscles was balanced, the muscle electrical activity was stabilized and muscular synchrony was achieved after mouth guard wear. Conclusion. A protocol for customization of protective mouth guards for athletes undergoing strenuous exercise was developed. Our findings show that wearing custom-made mouth guards during strenuous exercise plays a role in regulating bioelectrical activity and maintaining the synchrony of masticatory muscles which is confirmed by electromyography (EMG) of masticatory and temporal muscles and computed tomography of the TMJ.
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Adaptation of the healthism attitude scale to turkey: a validity and reliability study
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study is to adapt the Attitude Towards Healthism Scale developed by Alfrey et al. (2019) to Turkish culture. Materials and methods. In order to adapt the Attitude Towards Healthism Scale, 173 male and 124 female university students participated in the study. In the research, after the translation of the scale into Turkish, exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. Results. According to the results of the exploratory factor analysis, it was determined that the total explained variance was 40.462 % and factor loads varied between 0.38 and 0.69. It has been recorded χ2/sd (2.018), GFI (0.932), CFI (0.96), AGFI (0.906), NFI (0.897), IFI (0.941), RMSEA (0.059), according to the results of the confirmatory factor analysis. Conclusion. According to the results of this research, the Attitude Towards Healthism Scale is concluded to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish culture.
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Association of mental toughness with competitive success of young female basketball players
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between mental toughness and competitive performance of young female basketball players. Materials and methods. The sample of 38 female basketball players who were under 16 years old and played for the four best-ranked basketball clubs in the highest league of Serbia was recruited. Their mental toughness was evaluated via mental toughness questionnaire (MTQ48) and their performance index rating was evaluated by their season statistics obtained from the official web page of the Serbian Basketball Association. Results. Correlation analysis revealed a significant association of performance index rating with mental toughness and its constituents such as control and confidence. Conclusion. Regression analysis reinforced the notion of association of performance index rating and mental toughness, further reflecting in significant differences in mental toughness between those who performed low, medium and high in performance index rating.
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Changes in exercise regime affected by teaching the module healthy lifestyle
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of the study was to extend the knowledge about the impact of applied selected components of “Healthy Lifestyle” teaching module, during the Physical and sport education lessons, to the changes in the exercise regime of high school pupils. Materials and Methods. Experimental selection (ES) consisted of pupils of comprehensive studies (eight-year grammar school) (n = 23 pupils), control selection (CS) of pupils of comprehensive studies (four years grammar school (n = 26 pupils). Participants were pupils (age = 15.5 ± 0.5 years old), multiplicity of each sex was following ES = 17 boys, 6 girls; CS = 16 boys, 33 girls. Pedagogical experiment was realized at High school in city Nováky and lasted from 28.4.2017 to 27.6.2017. To obtain the necessary data we used non-standardised anonymous questionnaire, which consisted of accompanying text, information about the intention, personal data (body height, body weight, sex, age, and health problems), questions about healthy life style and volume of physical activity in pupils regime. Questionnaire was distributed and filled out in the whole research group (ES, CS) before and after the experiment. Obtained data were assessed by Chi-Square test of good correlation at 1 % and 5 % level of statistical significance. Results. Application of an experimental agent in the form of a specific educational program, compiled of selected components showed that a short period of theoretical impetus has proven to be satisfactory, by increasing number of high school pupils with the dominating frequency of physical activity and changes in the amount of movement in their exercise regime. Both in boys and girls, we found statistically significant difference between knowledge about importance of physical activity and its realisation in daily regime (girls input/output; Chi = 20.96/16.96 p ≤ 0.01; boys input/output Chi = 7.88 p ≤ 0.05/12.71 p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion. The study has presented findings from the field of applied selected components in content standard of teaching module “Healthy Lifestyle” during the Physical and Sports education lessons to the changes in exercise regime of high school pupils.
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Статья научная
Aim. The paper aims to increase physical working capacity through intensive muscle training in normobaric hypoxia. Materials and methods. The training programs included 15 cycles of a 3-hour stay of volunteers in a normobaric hypoxic chamber, where they performed physical activity on an exercise bike and a treadmill. The power was set at 70-100 W with a duration of 120-140 min with several breaks. Participants of the main group (14 males aged 19-23 years) were subjected to training under low (up to 16-17 %) oxygen concentration conditions in the gas environment. In the control group (10 people of the same age), hypoxic conditions were simulated. Physical working capacity was controlled by the Ruffier test and bicycle ergometer test to anaerobic threshold, as well as the breath-holding test. Results. Essential increase of physical working capacity was established only in the main group, and positive tendencies in all functional tests remained in remote supervision. Conclusion. Consequently, the method based on a rational combination of physical and normobaric hypoxic training can be considered as an effective and safe means of increasing the physical working capacity of a person engaged in intensive muscle training.
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Comparison, statistics and analysis of the techniques used in table tennis
Статья научная
In our research, we chose 28 matches of two top table tennis players from China and analyzed the methods they used in each match.
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this research is to develop objective quantitative criteria to characterize and assess the leading components of a low start in athletic sprint. Materials and Methods. The experiment involved 14 athletes of different qualification, age, height and weight. We registered 42 starts at 30 m. maximum sprint.Using original computer-based testing methodology with a three-dimensional force platform and specialized software, we distinguished 11 strength and time partials, 8 integral strength impulses and 7 complex indicators, characterizing the third step. Results. It was found that among the achievements of a 30 m. and 5 m. max sprint from a low start there is r = 0.96. The Parameter “Effort Time to Maximum Power Value” has a value of r = 0.83. The integral “Impulse of the force in front support” is equal r = -0.40 and the complex “Time criteria - K6” equals 0.81. Conclusions. It is found that a significant criterion for the evaluation of sport technique is the “Time for the whole process of force impact during the third step of the start” while the “average strength during the entire supporting phase of the third step after the start” is notinformative for a micro modeling. For the level of sports performance, the shortest moment of ejection is positive compared to a depreciation phase. Conclusions set out top-level benchmarks criteria and models and outline an objective basis for optimizing performance in athletic sprint.
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Creativity - modern requirement for football training
Статья научная
Aim. The article deals with justifying creative trainings for football players. Materials and methods. The article is based on the study and logical analysis of psychological, pedagogical and methodical literature; synthesis of the advanced experience in the theory and practice of team sports training; synthesis of concepts and theoretical points. Results. The peculiarity of competitions in sports games is that the player should know what exactly is to be done in a given situation and be able to perform necessary actions in compliance with the targets. The efficiency of actions during the game is determined by the level of mental preparedness and special knowledge. Motor coordination only implements the action plan. This indicates the need to enhance the role of creative training in the structure of sports preparation. The intellectual component of training activities consists of the interaction between motor and mental abilities, the development of decision-making skills based on a systematic analysis of game situations, information processing, motor planning. Creative training is aimed at the development of mental abilities (perception, analysis, synthesis, decision-making). This implies such a pedagogical activity, which improves player’s mental abilities and provides the player with knowledge about actions in a given situation. Conclusion. Modern methods of football training should be developed with the focus on its intellectual component. Creativity is aimed at preparing an athlete to achieve an advantage in a game situation based on the most effective application of physical abilities and theoretical provisions.
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Статья научная
Aim. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Crossfit training in order to minimize performance loss of elite wrestlers during 30-day rest period. Materials and Methods. Total 23 elite male wrestlers who competed at the last national championship participated in this study. The participants were divided into two groups as Crossfit and control group. The Crossfit group performed 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups and 15 squat exercises consecutively (Crossfit-Cindy) for total 20-min, during the 30-day period, 6 days per week. The Control group did not perform any exercise programs during this period. Before and after the 30-day period, athletes were applied anthropometric measurements as well as VO2max (aerobic capacity), bench press and squat (maximal dynamic strength), leg and handgrip strength (isometric strength), pull-up and push-up (strength endurance) tests. Results. After the 30-day period in the control group, body weight and body fat percentage (BF %) increased significantly, whereas all performance variables decreased significantly. Maximal dynamic strength and aerobic capacity values decreased significantly in the Crossfit group, while body weight, body fat percentage, isometric strength and strength endurance values were maintained. Moreover, the decrease in VO2max and bench press tests was higher in the control group than in the Crossfit group. Conclusion: Consequently, the present study showed that 20-min Crossfit training was highly effective in maintaining the form of elite wrestlers during a 30-day rest period.
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Daily physical activity and sedentary (inactive) behaviour of adults from Surgut
Статья научная
International Physical Activity Questionnaire is commonly applied today to obtain internationally comparable data on health-related physical activity (PA). Aim. The purpose of the article is to determine the level and structure of daily physical activity in a sample of permanent residents of Surgut using the international IPAQ questionnaire. Methods. In this study, the author have made the first attempt for the last 20 years to apply a Russian version of the IPAQ to obtain data on the habitual physical activity and sedentary behavior of the Surgut city population on a sample of 1552 people (717 men and 835 women aged 34.4 ± 12.6 years) dominated by intellectual workers. Results. On the whole, the PA reported by the subjects was classified as of low (40.7 %), moderate (36.3 %) and vigorous (23.0 %) intensity. Physical activity was reported to average 25 min/day at work (23; 26 Confidence Interval [CI]); 17 min/day for transport (16; 19 CI); 18 min/day at home (17, 19 CI); and 12 min/ day at discretional (leisure) time (11, 13 CI). Dispersion analysis showed the work time PA reported notably higher for men (F (1, 1550) = = 26.676, p = 0.0000) and the transport time PA higher for women (F (1, 1550) = 21.801, p = 0.0000). The leisure-time PA was found gender-unspecific: F (1, 1550) = 0.00191, p = 0.9652). The sampled women reported more time spent for the housework: F (1, 1550) = 39.338, p = 0.0000. The sedentary behavior was found to average 405 ± 125 min/day (6.75 hours per day that is the lower limit of the health risk zone) irrespective of the gender: F (1, 1550) = 1.3332, p = 0.2484. The study identified a few groups of people reporting variable combinations of sedentary behavior with moderate to vigorous physical activity per week. Conclusion. The study found that special PA optimization programs are critically needed to effectively scale down the share of inactive and increase the share of reasonably active population, advance the leisure-time PA and minimize the sedentary habits.
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Development of speed manifestation forms during physical education classes at university
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of our research was to elaborate and assess the method for the development of speed as a motor skill applied in the experimental study with the mention that all the methods can be reunited in the form of the repetition method with four related procedures. Materials and methods. The experimental study took place during the academic year 2016/2017 and was carried out in groups of students-volunteers from faculties within Lower Danube University of Galaţi. The study implied 56 hours for the development and assessment of speed as a motor skill. Results. The tests used allowed us to assess all the important forms of speed manifestation and their combinations with other motor skills. The obtained results and statistical calculations demonstrated viability and effectiveness of our experimental curriculum. The correlative analysis highlighted the connections that exist between the different forms of speed manifestation, but also the differences that occur depending on sex and other characteristics of each analyzed group. Conclusion. The results obtained allow us to assess objectively the level of speed manifestation in students, but they are also a wake-up call regarding students’ deficiency in physical training and anaerobic effort capacity, specific to the intense actions that characterize the development and manifestation of this skill, which is extremely difficult to improve.
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Development of strength in the classes of physical education from students in prison
Статья научная
Aim. Muscle strength development is a priority of physical education and sports activities for all training cycles, due to the importance that the motor skills, strength - with its forms of manifestation and combinations with other skills - has in the manifestation of students’ motor potential. The aim of our research was to study strength - with its forms of manifestation and combinations with other skills in special education in prison regime, which imposes distinct measures of approaching to educational process. Materials and methods. The study took place at Tichilesti Special Secondary School (Braila County) with prison regime for minors and youth, during the school year 2016-2017, for both semesters. The study was divided into two distinct stages, differentiated in two main learning units, i.e. in the first semester - 18 lessons and in the second semester - 8 lessons. Results. The statistical processing of the results - obtained by the students from the experimental group - highlights a strong and significant progress for all used tests, which confirms the statistic hypothesis and strengthens the privileged position that the work in circuit method holds in school physical education, in order to optimize the muscle strength. Conclusion. The results obtained through the implementation of the experimental curriculum confirm its importance and viability but the fact that the control group achieves significant and similar performance leaps to the experimental group, demonstrates that the other traditional methods of muscle strength education are useful and that they cannot be removed from the training process.
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Статья научная
Aim. Optimal balance between training intensity and recovery is of particular importance for elite swimmers in order to improve their results. The aim of this study was to record the dynamics of training distress, performance, and excretion of cortisol and cortisone in urine during six weeks of training in elite swimmers. Materials and Methods. Twenty-four participants (10 women and 14 men) from the national swimming team of Bulgaria took part in this study, with an average age of 18.7 ± 3.78 years. Training distress (TDS) and urine concentration of cortisol and cortisone were evaluated every two weeks. In total, the measurements were taken on the 1-st (T1), 14-th (T2), 28-th (T3) and 42-nd days (T4). Anthropometric measurements were also taken at T1 and T4, and body fat percentage and muscle mass percentage were calculated by skinfold methods. Results. The TDS score at T4 (6.92 ±7.15) was significantly lower than this at T1 (14.96 ± 10.63) and T2 (15.21 ± 12.44). The concentrations of cortisol at T3 (35.9 ± 47.7) and T4 (35.0 ± 24.2) were also significantly lower than that registered at T1 (82.7 ± 62.8). The concentration of cortisone did not show any significant differences across T1 to T4, but the sum of cortisol and cortisone urine concentration was significantly lower in T3 and T4 vs T1. Conclusion. The significantly reduced cortisol concentration in urine in T4, as well as the sum of the concentrations of cortisol and cortisone, were in line with the reduction of the TDS score in T4.
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Статья научная
Aim. Present study aimed to identify the effect of an inspiratory muscle strength training program versus sham inspiratory muscle strength training program on the dyspnoea arising from unsupported arm elevation in COPD patients. Materials and Methods. Forty four COPD patients (U-40 to U-50) and with severe COPD (FEV1 = 50-70 % of predicted) were recruited and assigned to an experimental (EXP) or control group (CON). The training program consisted of 5 sessions/wk, (6 × 3 minute bouts of loaded breathing with 2 minutes rest periods between bouts) during 10 wk. Results. The outcome measured included airway obstruction (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC, and PEFR), inspiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure (PI, max)), and exercise capacity (six minute walk distance test (6MWDT)). Our inspiratory muscle strength training program improves of all parameters of the EXP, but no significant improve is at the level of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC, PEFR, 6MWDT, SpO2 before and after 6MWDT, PI, max, and dyspnoea (VAS) after sham inspiratory muscle strength training program for CON. FEV1 before training for EXP was (54,81 ± 3,53) and after training improved into (70,87 ± 1,54) while for CON was (77,81 ± 6,00) before training and (77,93 ± 5,8) after training. Conclusion. Our study found that SIMT by using threshold loading device resulted in improve pulmonary function indices and then alleviate symptoms and improve UAE performance, in addition to develop dyspnoea. Therefore, S-SIMT didn’t lead to develop breathing symptoms, pulmonary function, and accessory muscles strength then effected on arm elevation.
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Effect of assisted training on the special running preparation of junior sprinters for 100 and 200 m
Статья научная
Aim. To test the effect of the assisted training tools on the most important indicators affecting speed development and the results in 100 and 200 min junior sprinters. Particular tasks were chosen to test the effect of assisted training on the development of speed, maximum speed, and speed endurance. Materials and methods. The study included a group of 8 junior athletes and lasted seven weeks (the pre-competition mesocycle - 4 weeks; competition mesocycle - 3 weeks). The study focused on the assisted training tools having crucial importance for the results in 100 and 200 m. The effect of these tools on the development of speed, sprint, and speed endurance was tested by establishing the correlations between them. Results. The study revealed that using the 30 m series with assisted training promotedthe maximum speed and start acceleration. There was also a strong correlation between 30 m assisted speed and the result in 100 m, which indicated that this training tool improved both the starting acceleration and maximum speed development. Also, it was found out that the 200 m result depended on 30 m AST run and the 100 m time. Conclusion. The results showed that using assisted training tools promoted speed development by the improvement of the nervous and muscular capacity in young sprinters.
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Effect of eight weeks of exercise training on lung function in patients with pulmonary fibrosis
Статья научная
Aim. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of eight weeks of exercise training on lung function in PF patients. Material and Methods. Forty eight patients diagnosed with PF were participated in our training program which mainly consisted of a 8-week exercise training program. Pulmonary function tests, 6MWD, dyspnoea were evaluated at baseline and after the program. Our exercise training program involved thoracic expansion exercises, pursed-lips breathing, upper and lower extremity exercises combined with breathing control; exercises also included arm raising and knee extensions, diaphragmatic breathing exercises, and a walking program (15-30 min/day). Results. Our study showed that the 8-week-long exercise training program performed in PF patients significantly improved pulmonary function tests, 6MWD, and reduced dyspnea severity during daily life activities. Significant increase was showed in the exercise capacity of our patients after the exercise training program. Conclusions. The exercise training program may be beneficial to improve functional capacity of patients with PF by decreasing dyspnea and increasing exercise capacity. Thus, we recommend that exercise training programs, which are tailored to the individual needs of patients with PF, should be included in the treatment plan. Nevertheless, further studies, featuring larger patient and control groups, are needed to confirm the effectiveness of exercise training in PF patients.
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate if the SPE classes were sufficient to improve the police students’ aerobic endurance over the period of 12 weeks; and to investigate if two additional aerobic trainings per week may have an effect on the students’ aerobic endurance. Materials and Methods. An initial and final estimated maximal oxygen consumption of 233 (♀87 and ♂146) police students were assessed at the begging and after 12 weeks of training. All participants were performing SPE classes as part of the curriculum, while experimental groups (♀39 and ♂81) conducted two additional trainings for aerobic endurance. A repeated-measure analysis of variance was used to analyze the effects of the treatments and the differences between the treatments. Results. The SPE with two additional aerobic endurance trainings significantly improved students’ aerobic endurance in both sexes (14 %, p
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Evaluation of agonistic tennis in Greece: tennis players' beliefs and position
Статья научная
Aim. Tennis popularity in Greece has been gaining ground in the last decade. The study examines the views of Greek tennis players about the sport. Materials and methods. The survey was conducted during the Hellenic Juniors' Tennis Tournament that took place in Athens, March 2019. Data were collected from a sample of 45 teenagers, participating at the Tournament. Survey participants completed a self-completion questionnaire. Data were analyzed with SPSS. Questions regarded the demographics and the teenagers' beliefs about the level of tennis in Greece, their preferences regarding tennis coaches, whether there are opportunities for tennis athletes to be promoted in Greece, the preferred characteristics of trainings and their view about organization of tennis in Greece. Results. The level of tennis in Greece is considered moderate to high. The quality of coaching is considered to be medium to high and coaches are expected to display many qualities and give at least once a month their feedback to the athletes. Tennis is an expensive sport that needs to be advertised by the media. The introduction of tennis in schools would augment the popularity of tennis in Greece. Conclusion. In order to have a broader view of tennis in Greece, it is important to take into consideration the beliefs of young tennis players, as well as the beliefs of tennis coaches and tennis agents.
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Статья научная
Introduction. This study investigated the impact of specific training on the explosive force and agility of players during the preparatory phase of basketball, handball and volleyball. Aim. The purpose of this study was to notice the differences between sports and improvements during the preparatory phase and in the future to serve the coaches in preparing better sport specific programs. Materials and Methods. The research sample was chosen among students of the University of Prishtina Faculty of PES. The sample was split in three groups. The first group was composed of 15 students who were active basketball players in different Super league teams. The second group was composed of 15 students who were active handball players while the third group was composed of 15 students who were active volleyball players. Seven different motor tests were used to determine the explosive force and agility: Leonardo Jumping Test, the Long Jump, the Seated Medicine Ball Throw, the 20-Meter Speed Test, the Agility T-Test, the Illinois Agility Test and the Hexagon Agility Test. LEJUTE were applied using Leonardo Mechanography GRFP STD. Results. The variable analysis showed that the training programs for basketball, volleyball, and handball increased the explosive force and agility of the players. The process of increasing agility occurs when explosive force and speed are developed as a precondition for improving balance and coordination. Conclusions. We can conclude that due to the higher priority and importance given in the preparatory phase from basketball clubs to agility and explosive force training, the students engaged in professional basketball clubs have shown better results overall.
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