Спортивная тренировка. Рубрика в журнале - Человек. Спорт. Медицина
Identifying objective differences between voluntary and involuntary motion in biomechanics
Статья научная
In 1947, N.A. Bernstein hypothesized “repetition without repetition”. Therefore, the problem of recording objective differences between voluntary and involuntary movements in biomechanics arises, which was the purpose of these studies. Materials and methods. A group of men (age = 27 ± 1.8 YO) was examined according to tremor (involuntary movements) and tapping parameters (voluntary movements). Results. Pairwise Comparison Matrices were created for each subject. It was found that for tremor, the number of k samples pairs (which statistically coincided) did not exceed kTR ≤ 5% in these matrices, and for tapping kTp ≤ 12%. Conclusion. All the matrices for all the subjects showed the lack of statistical stability of the samples (for both tremor and tapping). This is the proof of N.A. Bernstein hypothesis and the Eskov - Zinchenko effect. However, the kTp number is always 2-3 times greater than the kTR number, which is an objective assessment of the differences between voluntary (tapping) and involuntary movement (tremor).
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Methods of mental health maintenance in teachers experiencing emotional stress
Статья научная
Aim. The article deals with justifying theoretically and describing the authors’ methods of mental health maintenance in teachers experiencing emotional stress. Materials and methods. The proposed methods of mental health maintenance in teachers are based on the ideas of psychosomatics (S. Freud and I. Malkina-Pykh) and non-directive psychotherapy (C. Rogers). Three groups of methods have been described: self-analysis of a current life situation, energy recovery in teachers, and self-regulation of emotions in group interaction. Results. The authors studied neuro-psychological stress in teachers using Nemchin’s method. At the summative stage of the experiment, it was established that 56% of teachers experienced high neuro-psychological stress, and 26% - average. In 2018, the methods described were implemented at one of the comprehensive schools of the Russian Federation. The results of control diagnostics demonstrate a significant decrease in neuro-psychological stress in teachers who implemented these methods of mental health maintenance. This proves the effectiveness of the solutions proposed. Conclusion. This article contributes to the theoretical data on mental health maintenance in modern teachers. The scientific novelty and practical importance of this study are connected with the developed methods of mental health maintenance in teachers. The methods proposed can be used in practice for improving teachers’ expertise both in Russia and abroad.
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Статья научная
Aim. The study aims to determine the normative values of the physical and motor skills in children aged 4-7 living in Turkey (Sakarya) based on age and gender, and to compare these data with the WHO data and with the literature of selected other countries. Materials and methods. The sample consisted of 777 primary schoolchildren (383 girls and 394 boys) aged 4-7 years. They were students at the “Private Şahin Schools” in the Sakarya province of Turkey. The height, weight, Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage, Standing Broad Jump, Straight Arm Hang, Agility Shuttle Run 10×5 meters, Sit and Reach, Plate Tapping, Flamingo Balance Floor Test, Flamingo Balance, Coordination Test, Sit Up, 20 Meters Shuttle Run, and Maximum Oxygen Intake VO2max tests were included in this study. In computing the average, standard deviation, and percentile values of the physical and motor values of the study group, the SPSS 22 Program was employed (frequencies and percentiles). Results. The results of each test determined the averages and normative values according to age and gender, together with 20 % groups for the anthropometric and psychomotor parameters of 4-7-year-old girls and boys. Also, a comparison was made with WHO data and the literature data of other countries. Conclusion. The current research determined the norms in the main motor and anthropometric skills for ages 4 to 7 based on age and gender in children living in Turkey (Sakarya province). The main motor and anthropometric skills play an important and necessary role in the proper and comprehensive development of a child. In this study, it was observed that there was no significant difference between the genders in anthropometric, psychomotor and functional characteristics in children aged 4-7 years.
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Optimal combination of training influences on the preparation of elite judokas in the annual cycle
Статья научная
Aim. The paper is aimed at the elaboration and scientific argumentation of the optimum relationship between different components of elite judokas’ preparation during the annual training cycle. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in the national judo male team of the Republic of Moldova (n = 24, 18-25 years). The research was focused on the elaboration of experimental methods for judokas’ preparation during the annual training cycle by using physical, technical-tactical, competitive and recovery training. A pre-competitive training mezzo-cycle (MzC) was planned by distributing the effort parameters to 5 micro-cycles (MiC-s), calculating the mean, ±SD and the correlation between the indicators of training MiC-s by using the Spearman Rank Correlation nonparametric test. The detailed analysis of the annual training plan highlights its structure formed of three periods, 12 MzC-s, and the relationship between physical, technical - tactical and recovery training. Results. The results of the statistical calculations reveal (mean; ±SD) the number of days per MiC, namely 3.6 ± 0.89 days; total duration per MiC - 280.35 ± 35.1 min; total duration per training session - 80.77±17.3 min; total duration of general physical training (GPT) 24.51±10.1 min; and of special training (ST) - 45.3 ± 56.3 min. Effort ratio per MiC is 19.08 ± 2.5 %; GPT is 30.0 ± 9.9 %, ST -70.0 ± 9.9 % and the ST means - 129.34 ± 42.92 reps; RANDOURI and SHIAI - 10 ± 5.0 min. The characteristics of elite judokas’ pre-competitive training and the correlation of effort parameters in the pre-competitive period were also analyzed. Conclusion. The results reveal strong correlations between all the indicators of effort and training means in each MiC of elite judokas’ pre-competitive training, which confirms that the combination of different training components improves motor skills and technical-tactical mastery.
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Статья научная
Aim. To study the dynamics of the development of strength and speed-strength characteristics in men’s 800 m training during the winter macrocycle of running preparation. Material and methods. Four middle-distance athletes were included in the study. Seven indicators characterizing the strength- and speed-strength development were assessed during seven mesocycles of winter preparation. Results. The total strength reached its maximum volume in the first and second mesocycles. We tried to achieve a balance between the development of strength and endurance. Using special running exercises and short alternate leg bounds in the second and sixth mesocycles proved to have a forming input on special running preparation. The development of strength endurance takes place in the first three mesocycles. Conclusion. The strength and speed-strength training of 800 m runners has great importance for achieving high sports results. The effectiveness of the training process depends to a great extent on the structural distribution of strength preparation among the different mesocycles.
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Planning of effort parameters in the training of elite male judo athletes
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of effort parameters on the indicators of fitness tests according to the relation of the variables of training components in judo. Material and methods. Application of methods and basic directionality: repeated in series (adaptation), gradually repeated (optimum training state) and competitive (stereotypes). An experimental methodology of the specific training means was planned with 6 athletes monitored over 3 training mesocycles (MzC-s): basic, competitive 1 and competitive 2. The fitness tests checked the biological training (BT), physical training (PT), technical training (TT), technical and tactical training (T-TaT). The performances in two national competitions were also monitored. Parametric tests were conducted with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Results. The study results confirm the achievement of the training and performance objectives planned for each training MzC and the improvement of judokas’ BT, PT (16.67 % in basic and competitive MzC 1 and 12.63 % - competitive MzC 2), TT (41.66 % in basic MzC), tactical training (25 % in basic MzC) and T-TaT (66.66 % - competitive MzC 1 and 87.37 % - competitive MzC 2). The results of the correlative analysis between the 12 studied indicators reveal 24 significant correlations out of 91 correlations in the basic MzC (26.37 %), 26 correlations out of 91 in the competitive MzC 1 (28,57 %), and 24 correlations out of 78 in the competitive MzC 2 (30.77 %). Conclusion. These results show that the effort parameters influenced the judokas’ training improvement and the performance capacity increase.
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Статья научная
Aim. This study aimed to investigate PlayerLoad and heart rate responses of handball-based small-sided games which specifically designed with additional field player rule. Materials and Methods. Thirteen well-trained female handball players (2 goalkeepers, 2 pivots, 4 wings, and 5 backs) participated in this study. A total of eight Small-sided games (SSGs) on two different training days with separated at least 48-hour were conducted. SSGs executed with the inclusion of two each 5 vs 6 and 7 vs 6 handball specific games that mimic the numerical inferior or superior situations in game-play. PlayerLoad, acceleration, deceleration and change of direction were established by a wearable IMUs and heart rate monitored with a chest band. Results. There was no significant difference between PlayerLoadtotal, PlayerLoadmin-1, HRmax, HRavr, and HIE parameters during the SSGs that separated by two testing days. No significant differences were found in PlayerLoadtotal, PlayerLoadmin-1, HRmax, and HRavr, parameters attained from the main and opponent team. Results showed no significant differences between all 5 vs 6 and 7 vs 6 SSGs. There was a significantly lower PlayerLoadtotal in the goalkeepers than backs, wings and pivots. The mean and maximum heart rate of back players was significantly lower than wings and pivots. Conclusion. Current study set out the examiner that if tactical innovations in playing situations numerical inferiority or superiority situations 7vs6 and 5vs6, will make the difference in players’ physical efforts. Because of the raised usage of this tactical variations, recent studies only focused to technical variables of playing with no goalkeeper and additional field player. Therefore, it is crucial to obtain clear knowledge how to affect the players as physically. Hence, a definite need for revision of the training demands of the goalkeepers in handball.
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Статья научная
Aim. Investigate the predictive relationship between 100 m front crawl swimming performance of youth swimmers and anthropometric characteristics. Materials and methods. Fifty-one active athletes (n = 30 male and n = 21 female) participated in the research and for the purposes of the analysis were divided into two categories (13-15 years n = 32, and 16-18 years old, n = 19). The following anthropometric data were used as set of predictive variables (7 longitudinal, 7 skinfolds, 3 circumference and 1 voluminosity variables). Results. One prediction model for each gender and age group emerged. The percentage of the explained variance of the dependent variable (100 m front crawl performance time) is 84.6 %, 54.4 %, 71.1 % and 72.7 % respectively for male, female, youth and cadet swimmers. The significant variables for each model were: arm span, biceps skinfold, biceps bracchi circumference in contraction for male swimmers, sitting height for female swimmers, biceps bracchi circumference in contraction and body weight for youth swimmers, triceps skinfold and biceps bracchi circumference in contraction for cadet swimmers. Conclusion. Youth swimmers’ performance can be predicted by important anthropometric parameters.
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Статья научная
Aim. Forearm extension and radio-ulnar pronation are two common components of the final movement during each badminton smash stroke. By coordinating the forearm to produce both extension and pronation at the same time, racket head velocity can be increased. Thus, this study examined maximal velocity and racket deflection during both movements in regard with skill level. Materials and methods. Twenty-two players (8 experts and 14 novices) participated in this study. Wrist, handle and racket head velocity were recorded using high speed cameras (Vicon V8i at a frequency of 250 Hz). Results. The racket head velocity with radio-ulnar pronation was 16 % higher than with forearm extension. This higher velocity resulted from an 8 % higher acceleration and a 70 % higher maximal angular velocity of the end points of the forearm segments during radio-ulnar pronation. In each movement, experts’ maximal velocity was higher than that of novices (p
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Speed and change of direction differences in pre- and adolescent youth soccer players
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Speed and change of direction (CoD) are important factors in the soccer, develop from childhood and determine the performance of soccer players. Aim. The purpose of this study was to examine the development of speed and CoD in pre- and adolescent soccer players and also to examine any differences on CoD performance associated with CoD right (CoDR) or left side (CoDL). Materials and Methods. The study involved 75 soccer players divided into 3 different age groups (U12, U14 and U16). The players performed a 20m sprint in straight line and CoD on both sides using the Arrowhead Agility Test (AAT). Results. Significant differences between ages were recorded in speed (F(2.72) = 118.9; p = 0.000)) and CoDR (F(2.72) = 8.668; p = 0.000), with U16 being superior to other ages, while significant difference in CoDL was observed between U14 and U16 with U12 (p = 0.007 and p = 0.000, respectively) but not between U14 and U16 (p = 0.159). Conclusion. Speed and CoD appear to develop with age, but CoDL, as measured by AAT, appears to be influenced by the use of dominant foot (DL).
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Sports talent search: genes versus motor tests
Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to explain the role of physical fitness testing and genetic analysis in identifying sports talents. Materials and Methods. The research sample included 169 pupils (97 male; mean age = 7.438 y. and 72 female; mean age = 7.227 y.) attending 3 elementary schools in the region of Nitra, Slovakia. All pupils underwent 9 physical tests to determine their general physical abilities. Each performance of pupils in tests was allotted points. Subsequently, 30 pupils with the highest points were selected to undergo 2ml saliva sampling (GeneFix Saliva Collectors) for genetic analysis. Samples were analyzed using the HiScan (Illumina inc, San Diego, USA) apparatus, which allowed for analyzing 400 000 polymorphisms in a human gene. The values of individual genetic score are compared with histogram of genetic score distribution in European population. Softwares Genomestudio (Illumina inc, San Diego, USA) and TANAGRA 1.4.50 were used for data analysis. Results. Based on the analysis we offered parents and coaches comprehensive information about children´s prerequisites for certain type of sports, particularly anaerobic capacity, motivation for sports, muscle pain sensitivity, and type of energy metabolism. Conclusion. Results of the genetic analysis and measurement of motor abilities of selected children aged 7-8 years suggest that genetic testing of young athletes offers a suitable method of identifying performance prerequisites just before their development. Genetic tests can inform trainers and athletes on the type of physical activity (endurance or speed) suitable for the given individual. The results of fitness tests can provide them only with partial information on the momentary state of fitness of children. Genetic analysis may be considered a suitable and practical alternative for fitness-oriented testing of population.
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Sports technique information entropy: ways to overcome and opportunities to use
Статья научная
Aim. This paper critically explores qualitative biomechanical analysis. The aim of the study was to investigate information entropy in the perception of sports technique. Material and methods. The research is based on expert assessments. The coaches recorded typical errors and provided their integral assessments of sports technique while watching the video of sprint running (250 fps). Results. The study showed the low correspondence between the results of qualitative biomechanical analysis provided in the form of expert assessments. The reasons for this were the subjective perception of sports technique and the uncertainty of the technique itself. The study showed that the Shannon entropy could be a suitable indicator of athletic performance. Besides that, entropy allows estimating the accuracy of formulations that describe technique errors. Conclusion. The results obtained can be used to improve qualitative biomechanical analysis by reducing information entropy in the perception of sports technique.
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Статья научная
Background. The process of developing motor skills in secondary education has, over time, experienced constant improvement concerns from the part of specialists who plan and manage the physical education activities for this age group. Optimizing physical training during puberty is a much more difficult endeavour than during adulthood. Acquiring new motor skills, their correct management and guidance, as well as their application in motor mastery stages, are dependent on the development degree of conditional skills such as speed, strength, resistance, on their forms of manifestation and on their combination. Aim. The aim of our research was to develop motor skills in 6th grade girls by means of applicative courses and to compare the effectiveness of experimental and classical curricula. Methods. During school year 2016-2017, we applied an experimental curriculum on the experimental group, which focused on a number of 32 applicative courses, divided on the learning units. Out of these learning units, 8 courses are dedicated to the motor skill speed, 10 courses to the development of different types of strength, 6 to the motor skill resistance and 8 concentrate on the combinations speed-coordination or strengthresistance. Results. The interpretation of the difference of signification between the averages of the two groups - for the final tests - indicates a slight progress of girls form the experimental group, in all the trials used. Nevertheless, there were statistically significant differences only for3 of the 13 trials. Conclusions. The insignificant differences between the two independent groups obtained at most final tests indicate the fact that the use of applicative courses is not better than the classical methodology used to develop conditional motor skills. It is indicated to continue the study on larger secondary school groups, both in the rural and in the urban environment, so that the results obtained could be representative at a national level and the conclusions drawn could be pertinent.
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The effect of COVID-19 pandemic on Turkish well trained cyclist's pre-competition anxiety level
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Aim. The aim of this study is to examine national team level Turkish cyclist’s pre competition anxiety level before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. Study held on the Turkish cyclists who is racing in international level. A total of 31 riders with mean age 18.25 ± 1.87; length 169.45 ± 7.73 cm and weight 61.18 ± 6.59 kg. In the study, the Turkish version of the “Sport Competition Anxiety Test-SCAT” developed by Rainer Martens in 1977 was used. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the difference between the socio-demographic characteristics and SCAT scores of cyclist. Statistical significance was accepted as p Aim. The aim of this study is to examine national team level Turkish cyclist’s pre competition anxiety level before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods. Study held on the Turkish cyclists who is racing in international level. A total of 31 riders with mean age 18.25 ± 1.87; length 169.45 ± 7.73 cm and weight 61.18 ± 6.59 kg. In the study, the Turkish version of the “Sport Competition Anxiety Test-SCAT” developed by Rainer Martens in 1977 was used. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the difference between the socio-demographic characteristics and SCAT scores of cyclist. Statistical significance was accepted as p function show_abstract() { $('#abstract1').hide(); $('#abstract2').show(); $('#abstract_expand').hide(); } ▼Показать полностью
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Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of balance exercises using active video games on static and dynamic balance of sedentary female students. Materials and Methods. In this semi-experimental study with a pre-test--post-test design, 24 sedentary female students in Izeh city, aged 18-29, were purposefully selected. After performing the pre-test, they were randomly divided into two equal groups of balance exercises based on active video games (Xbox) and the group of traditional balance exercises (TE). The duration of the training was four weeks, two sessions per week of twenty minutes (totally eight sessions). The intervention of the Xbox group was performed by the Kinect 360 device, and the TE group performed traditional balance training. Data analysis was performed at the level of p ≤ 0.05. Results. The within-group results showed both of Xbox group and TE improved static and dynamic balance. The between-group results showed that there was no significant difference in static balance between the two groups, but there was a significant difference in dynamic balance between the two groups and this significance was in favor of the Xbox group. Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, it seems that virtual reality exercises can be used as a new and attractive training method as an effective intervention in improving balance, especially dynamic balance.
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Статья научная
Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the selected body composition variables and frequency and volume of LTPA (Leisure time physical activity - F-LTPA and V-LTPA) in employed females; and which indicator of LTPA relates better to body composition. Moreover, it aimed to determine the differences between employed females who report different levels of LTPA. Materials and Methods. The sample of 535 employed females (19.8-45.3 years) were collected. Body height, body mass, body mass index, body fat mass, percent body fat, and body fat index were assessed via bioelectric impedance analyzer. International physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was used to assess F-LTPA and V-LTPA. Sample was divided in four groups relative to F-LTPA and V-LTPA: sedentary, seldom active, moderately active, and very active. Correlation analysis and analysis of variance were used to analyze the associations and differences between LTPA groups. Results. Small to moderate correlation occurred between body fatness measures and both LTPA modalities, with higher correlations being with V-LTPA. Females who reported higher F-LTPA and V-LTPA had lower amounts of BM, BFM, PBF, and BFMI than those who reported to lower values of LTPA. The biggest differences occurred in BFMI and PBF. Conclusion. Frequency of four to five LTPA sessions or 150-300 minutes per week may be needed for acceptable level of body fatness, while to attain fitness level of body fatness that is higher than just acceptable, females may need to be active even more frequently or more than 300 minutes per week.
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The effects of the zinc supplementation and weight trainings on the testosterone levels
Статья научная
Aim. The purpose of this study, it has been aimed to examine the effects of zinc supplementation applied with weight trainings on the testosterone levels in sedentary individuals and athletes. Materials and Methods. As methods of work it was selected 40 male, 20 sedentary male and 20 male who do physical exercises regularly, participated in the study. The participants are divided equally into 4 groups. The groups are constituted in that way: 1st Group: Control Group (S),2nd Group: Sedentary Group which is supplied with Zinc (Z), 3rd Group: Training Group which is supplied with Zinc (ZT) and 4th Group: Athletes’ Group who performs the weight training (T).The total testosterone and free testosterone values of the participants were measured from the blood samples which were drawn from the participants at the beginning and at the end of the 6-week training period. Results. Like results, has been asserted that the total and free testosterone values of the groups which are supplied with Zinc and perform weight training have increased depending on training and supplementation. Conclusion. In conclusion consequently it has been determined that 6-week zinc supplementation and weight training increase the testosterone levels. Accordingly, it may be said that this implementation contributes to the performance.
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The effects of wearable resistance loading on kinematic of front kick among elite taekwondo athletes
Статья научная
Aim. This study aimed to determine the acute effects of WR on Taekwondo front kick kinematics. Methodology. 24 elite taekwondo athletes were recruited and were required to perform front kick in four conditions; 1) WR with 3% of body mass (3WR), 2) WR with 5% of body mass (5WR), 3) WR with 8% of body mass (8WR) and 4) without WR (0WR). Movement kinematics (foot velocity, knee velocity and peak height) were analyzed during the movement in both dominant and non-dominant leg. Cameras attached to motion analysis systems were used to record participant’s kicking kinematics. The kinematics data obtained were compared between each conditions. Results. Results showed that only wearing WR of 3% body mass did not changed the knee velocity and kicking peak height as without WR. The foot velocities were found to be significantly different between each loadings with velocities become lower as loading increased. Conclusion. Wearing WR of 3% body mass were found to be suitable for athletes during training session as they can maintain their technical effectiveness while also increase stimulus for body to adapt in long term. Chronic studies need to be conducted to determine the long term effects of WR loadings on the kicking techniques.
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Статья научная
Aim. In the present paper we aim at highlighting the influence of motion games in improving the components of psychomotricity in the physical education lesson in primary school education (the preparatory school year) and in shaping, among pupils, the belief that the physical education activity is a personal necessity. Methods. During the 2018-2019 school year, within the physical education classes we implemented a program of 20 motion games, for the first semester, and 17, for the second semester, meant to improve the psychomotor components. The research was carried out within the secondary school no. 1 Matca, Galati County, on a group of 50 preparatory school year pupils - the control group (24 subjects - 10 girls and 14 boys) and the experiment group (26 subjects - 13 girls and 13 boys), aged 6-7 years. For the evaluation of psychomotricity, we used the Bruininks-Oseretsky battery of tests, for segmental coordination and upper limb coordination, and the Motorin Test for general coordination. Results. In the final test, due to the implementation of motion games specific to the components of psychomotor activity, we noticed an ease of execution in the experiment group as compared to the control group, which still showed awkwardness and uncertainty in executing certain components of psychomotor activity by repeating the errors made in the initial test. Conclusions. After the creation and application of the training program in the school teaching activity, we reached the conclusion that it led to the acquisition of a high-level psychomotor components, and that it was qualitatively more valuable than the simple use of methods based on simple strength, sprint or endurance running, or dexterity exercises.
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Visualized analysis of hotspot issues of table tennis based on the prospective of VOSviewer
Статья научная
Aim. This paper deals with the most important issues of table tennis to analyze the distribution of the main fields, authors, and institutions related to table tennis in China and optimize its study. Materials and methods. Data source. The data is downloaded from the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and 16 types of sports core journals (released in 2021) are selected from CNKI. It is retrieved with the keyword “table tennis”. The papers on table tennis searched from CNKI are from January 2001 to December 2020, with a time span of 20 years. There is a screening of the literature to retrieve 677 of them published in the domestic sports core journals. Study process. The data obtained was processed with the statistical tool Excel and the visual analysis tool VOSviewer. Results. Reliable data were obtained from the rating of sports journals in terms of the volume of publications, current research topics, authors, and the issues under study in general. Conclusion. The colleges and universities are the most important battlefield for the analysis and study of table tennis sport, and the core institutions are Beijing Sport University, Shanghai University of Sport and so on. The study outcomes are featured with a significant regional difference. There are abundant outcomes in Beijing and Shanghai, but it is almost a blank in the central and western regions.
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