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Role of exogenous application of salicylic acid on medicinal plants under drought stress: a review
Статья обзорная
Drastic and rapid climate changes causes water deficit condition (abiotic stress) in plants and alter growth and developmental processes. Salicylic acid (a plant growth regulator) a phenolic compound, is an essential signal molecule which is responsible for inducing tolerance for both biotic and abiotic stress. It accelerates restoration of growth and developmental process due to elicitor action of the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The aim of this review is to understand the efficacy of salicylic acid during drought stress at various morpho-physiological and biochemical processes on medicinal plants.
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Role of exogenous proline in ameliorating salt stress at early stage in two rice cultivars
Статья научная
The study evaluated the effect of proline on germination and seedling growth of two Malaysian rice cultivars (MR220 and MR232) under salt stress. The exposure of rice seeds to increasing concentration of NaCl (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM) had drastically affected germination (%), root and shoot length (mm), chlorophyll content and protein content. It is evident from the result of inhibition in germination rate, reduction in root and shoot length, chlorophyll content and protein content. However, several studies have shown that exogenous application of proline has ameliorated the negative effect of salt stress by regulating cellular osmotic balance. The present study has demonstrated that rice seeds pretreated with proline (1mM, 5mM and 10mM) and grown at different NaCl concentrations counteracted the adverse effect of salt. Pretreatment of proline at a concentration of 1mM was found to be effective and stimulated cellular activities, whereas 10mM proline was ineffective in improving plant growth under high level of salt (300 and 400mM NaCl).
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Статья научная
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effect of foliar application of glycine betaine (10mM), grain presoaking in salicylic acid (0.05 M) and their interaction on two droughted wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (sensitive, Sakha 94 and resistant, Sakha 93). In general, water stress caused noticeable increases in root length, number of adventitious roots, soluble sugars and nitrogen but a massive reduction in fresh and dry masses of root, growth vigor of shoot, leaf area, pigments content, polysaccharides, protein-N and total nitrogen in both wheat cultivars. Vice versa, exogenous application of GB, SA or their interaction could counteract the adverse effects of drought by improvement of growth vigor of root and shoot, leaf area, retention of pigments content, increasing the concentration of organic solutes (soluble sugars and soluble nitrogen) as osmoprotectants, keeping out the polysaccharides concentration and/or stabilization of essential proteins in both wheat cultivars. Finally, we can conclude that GB, SA or their interaction could improve the drought tolerance of both two wheat cultivars particularly the sensitive ones.
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Статья научная
Aim: Study of HSPs synthesis after heat and cold shock and explanation of thermotolerance by the transport of HSPs to the plasma membrane. Methods and Results: Physical (cold and heat shock) and chemical (lignocaine) damage to plasma membrane was achieved in thermotolerant and mesophilic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . In shocked yeasts K+ ion efflux, leakage of UV280 absorbing material, HSP expression profile and viability at 25 and 45°C were studied. Physical/chemical shock was given for 30 minutes and subsequently yeasts were incubated at 25°C to avoid further membrane damage by stress. In thermotolerant strain, membrane damage increased up to 70 minutes (30 min of shock and 40 min at 25°C) and reduced thereafter. De-novo HSPs in membrane were noted at 60 minutes and reached maximum at 80 minutes in thermotolerant strain. In mesophilic yeast, de-novo HSPs were not synthesized and leakage was continuous up to the studied period (100 minutes). Conclusion: These de-novo HSPs are transported to the membrane for restoring the membrane integrity and to prevent the leakage. The thermotolerant strain can grow at higher temperatures compared to mesophilic strain due to more production of HSPs and HSP associated membrane damage reversal. Significance and Impact of the Study: Several reports established the role of HSPs in thermotolerance but their mode of action is not well characterized. The current method explains the mechanism for acquiring thermotolerance in yeast.
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Role of leptin in metabolic adaptation during cold acclimation
Статья научная
Chronic cold exposure stimulates thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, resulting in fat mobilization and compensatory hyperphagia. Mostly, these physiological events are accompanied by a remarkable reduction in serum leptin levels. However, the physiological roles of hypoleptinemia in cold adaptation are still not fully clear. We hypothesized that leptin is the keystone of the regulatory systems linking energy balance to cold adaptation. Leptin treatment (5μg/day) decreased food intake, body weight, serum ghrelin levels and hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) gene expression. Food restriction in the pair-fed group mimicked most of the effects induced by leptin treatment. Central coadministration of ghrelin (1.2 μg/day) partially reversed the effect of leptin on hypothalamic MCH mRNA, but it did not block the reducing effects of leptin on food intake, body weight and serum ghrelin levels. In addition, hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression increased significantly in response to the coadministration of leptin and ghrelin. Collectively, we conclude that the regulatory effects of leptin on energy balance in cold-acclimated rats are dependent on feeding, which may involve the reduction of hypothalamic MCH gene expression. We found no evidence for ghrelin involvement in the regulation of leptin on food intake and body weight during cold acclimation.
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Role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in growth and salt avoidance of pistachio plants
Статья научная
In a greenhouse experiment, plant growth and rates of uptake and root to shoot transport of chloride and sodium were investigated in seedlings of pistachio ( Pistacia vera cv. Badami-Riz-Zarand) inoculated with Glomus mosseae and exposed for 21 and 42 days with four salinity levels (0.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 dSm -1). Mycorrhizal (+M) plants maintained greater root and shoot biomass at all salinity levels compared to non-mycorrhizal (-M) plants. In -M plants, salt intensity had no significant effect on shoot dry weight (SDW) and leaf dry weight (LDW) on each of harvesting dates but root dry weight (RDW) showed a significant decrease at the highest salinity level 42 days after the start of salt treatment (DAT) in comparison with control (EC of 0.5 dSm -1). In +M plants, SDW was increased with an increase in salt intensity especially in the first harvesting date. The same increase was observed in RDW of +M plants while LDW was not affected by salt stress levels. Rates of uptake and root to shoot transport of Cl - and Na + were markedly lower in +M than in - M plants leading to decrease in accumulation of them. In conclusion, the study indicates that pistachio tolerance to salt stress is improved by mycorrhizal colonization, although the salinity levels used in this work could not induce biomass reduction in -M pistachio plants, higher levels of salinity should be investigated in order to optimize the effect of this symbiosis.
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Role of nanoparticles on the alleviation of abiotic stress tolerance: a review
Статья обзорная
Nanotechnology has become a dynamically demand driven developing industry with a multiple applications in material manufacturing, computer chips, medical diagnosis, energy and health care, cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, electronics, cosmetic industry, biosensors and crop improvement. It was estimated that by year 2014, more than 15% of all products in the global market will have some kind of nanotechnology incorporated into their manufacturing process. Nanoparticles penetrate into specific cellular locations because of their extreme small size and acquired some peculiar properties play significant role in the protection of plants against various abiotic stresses. The application of nanoparticles increased germination and seedling growth, physiological activities including photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism, leaf activities of CAT, POX and APX, chlorophyll contents, protein, carbohydrate contents and yield, and also positive changes in gene expression indicating their potential use in crop improvement. Nanoparticles enhances the water stress tolerance via enhancing root hydraulic conductance and water uptake in plants and showing differential abundance of proteins involved in oxidation-reduction, ROS detoxification, stress signalling, and hormonal pathways. Proteomic techniques have contributed substantially in understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant responses against various stresses by providing a link between gene expression and cell metabolism. As the coding regions of genome are responsible for plant adaptation to adverse conditions, protein signatures provide insights into the nanoparticles at proteome level. The recent contributions of plant proteomic research to elaborate the complex molecular pathways and the mobility of the nanoparticles is very high, which leads to rapid transport of the nutrient to all parts of the cultivated plants with the use of nano preparations in stressful conditions.
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Статья обзорная
The relationship between abiotic stress, nitric oxide (NO) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a challenging one. It is now clear that H2O2 and NO function as signaling molecules in plants. A wide range of abiotic stresses results in H2O2 generation, from a variety of sources and it has many essential roles in plant metabolism but at the same time, accumulation related to virtually any environmental stress is potentially damaging. NO is gaining increasing attention as a regulator of diverse pathophysiological processes in plant science, mainly due to its properties (free radicals, small size, no charge, short-lived, and highly diffusible across biological membranes) and multifunctional roles in plant growth, development and regulation of remarkably broad myriad of plant cellular mechanisms. Various abiotic stresses can induce NO synthesis, but its origin and mode of action in plants have not yet been completely resolved. Recent studies on NO production have tended to high light the questions that still remain unanswered rather than telling us more about NO metabolism. But regarding NO-H2O2 signaling and functions, new findings have given an impression of the intricacy of NO-H2O2 related signaling networks against abiotic stresses. Cellular responses to NO-H2O2 are complex, with considerable cross-talk between responses to several abiotic stresses. In last few years, the role of NO in H2O2 mediating tolerance in plants to abiotic stress has established much consideration.
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Roles of Medicinal Plants in Organic Live Stock Production
Статья научная
Eco-friendly management is important for farm animals healthy, so the use of naturally occurring compounds like herbs, herbal preparations and other botanicals are important for enhancement of overall animal health and satisfy consumer concerns. Key considerations in organic livestock production are the origins of livestock, livestock feed, living conditions, waste management, health care and record keeping. Some of the medicinal plants which are reported in livestock production are Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Peltophorum africanum, Drimia sanguine, Elephantorrhiza elephantine, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Myrsine Africana, Ficus thonningii Blume, Vitex thomasii De Wild, Boswellia frereana, Tillandsia recurvata, Solanum incanum L., Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv., Echinaceae purpurea, Moringa oleifera, Trichilia claussenii, Artemisia absinthium, Ecklonia cava, Carcia papaya, Acacia angustissima, Sesbania sesban, Cajanus cajan, Origanum vulgare, Annona senegalensis, Picrorhiza kurroa, Azadirachta indica, Morinda citrifolia, Rheum nobile, Carduus pycnocephalus, Herba agastaches, Cortez phellodendri, Gypsum fibrosum, Chenopodium album, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Zingiber officinale, Echinacea, and Devil ,s claw. Medicinal plants have been used effectively for health care treat-ment to make a significant increase in both health and animals productivity. The utilization of traditional medicinal plants are cheaper, easier and more sustainable compare to synthetic drugs and pharmaceuticals. The goal of this manuscript is review on functions of important medicinal plants in livestock production.
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Salicylic Acid and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants: A Review
Статья научная
Soil salinity has become a hot debate and has gained a great scientific interest towards global food security for an increasing population. Because salinity has numerous negative effects on crop physiology and results loss of productivity. Various attempts to overcome salinity have led to detrimental effects. However, scientists have been recruited to use certain eco-friendly techniques to increase stress tolerance in plants by rising the emission rate. One of them, which is naturally present in certain plant species, is Salicylic acid, a well-known growth regulator. Since plant hormones can monitor plant development and growth, they also serve as a strong protector against various abiotic stresses. But their concentration decreases beyond the level of protection when exposed to abiotic stressors such as NaCl stress. Thus, by increasing the amount of endogenous SA, externally supplied SA has found considerable beneficial effects on plant stress resistance. SA introduces many physiological, biochemical, and molecular modifications to plants under salt stress that include immunity. Evidence of external application of SA under salt stress tolerance in plants is discussed in this review. In addition, low SA concentrations have also been addressed and its cross-talk with other regulators.
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Статья научная
Osmotic stress associated with drought, and salinity is a serious problem that inhibits the growth of plants, mainly due to disturbance of the balance between production of ROS and antioxidant defense and causing oxidative stress. The results obtained in the last few years strongly prove that salicylic acid could be a very promising and protective compound for the reduction of biotic and abiotic stresses in sensitive of crops, because under certain conditions, it has been found to mitigate the damaging effects of various stress factors in plants. In this research, salicylic acid was used in control, and drought stressed plants, and the role of this compound in reduction of oxidative damages in Nigella plant was investigated. Data presented in this study indicated that SA application through the root medium brought on the increased levels of drought tolerance in black cumin seedlings. Plants pre-treated with SA exhibited slight injury symptoms whereas those that were not pre-treated with SA had moderate damage and lost considerable portions of their foliage. SA very profoundly inducing the activity of CAT, APX and GPX in plants, which led to reduction in H2O2 content, lipid peroxidation (MDA) and LOX activity so it seems that the application of SA greatly improves the dehydration tolerance through elevated activities of antioxidant systems or may be the expression of genes encoding some ROS-scavenging enzymes under drought stress, which would maintain the redox homeostasis and integrity of cellular components.
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Salicylic acid-induced biochemical changes in Swarna (MTU 7029) variety of rice under drought stress
Статья научная
The major population of the world is dependent on rice for food. Global warming creates drought conditions mostly in north eastern countries. It is a very challenging task to cultivate drought-sensitive variety in drought-prone areas. To overcome this problem we induced changes in the drought-sensitive variety of rice (Swarna MTU 7029) for drought tolerance. Drought condition was exposed for 7 days and 14 days to SA treated and untreated 56 days old rice plants. Rice seeds were presoaked with 0.5mM SA. The experiment was designed in four groups control (untreated), drought -SA, drought +SA, and SA control. On the 7th and 14th of drought stress, SA improved drought tolerance indicator proline, carotenoid, and total soluble sugar. Starch and protein content were augmented in salicylic acid-treated plants compared to untreated rice plants under drought stress. Antioxidants such as SOD, CAT, and APX levels drastically increased in salicylic acid-treated plants during both 7th and 14th days of drought stress. Therefore, salicylic acid improved antioxidative enzymes content in MTU 7029 rice variety after 7 and 14 days of drought stress.
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Статья научная
Vitamins are the functional components of various enzyme-regulated biochemical reactions occurring to create energy. Vitamin contents of plants are known to show altered metabolism under the influence of salinity. Not much of work has been done on the influence of salinity on the vitamin content in higher plants. Present study was carried out to study the influence of NaCl salinity on vitamin content in the leaves of Spinacia oleracea. Spinacia oleracea plants were grown in earthen pots and were subjected to different concentrations of saline water (NaCl) treatment. Control plants were irrigated with tap water. Treatments started after the seedling emergence and continued till the plants were 45 day old. Mature leaves of these plants were harvested and used for studies. Thiamine and riboflavin content were found to increase with increase in NaCl concentration, however, β-carotene was found to decrease with increasing level of NaCl in the growth medium.
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Salinity stress adaptation in finger millet - a mini review
Статья обзорная
Abiotic stressors like salt and drought are two examples that may harm crop production. Therefore, increasing production and creating stress-tolerant cultivars requires crop innovation in response to these stresses. Whole genome sequence (WGS) data releases are used for crop trait development. Tolerance to abiotic stress cannot be induced through single-gene engineering transformation. Plants like finger millet can be mined for undiscovered genes because they already have the gene in their genomes, but it is dormant. Therefore, abiotic stress-tolerant genes can be expressed in the same plant by RNA sequencing and transcriptomics by creating abiotic stress for agricultural development. New genes can have their profiles refined with the aid of this transcriptome research.
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Salinity stress effects changed during Aloe vera L. vegetative growth
Статья научная
Salt stress is a limiting factor of plant growth and yield, and becoming a serious problem in the world so in reason to determine salinity effect on aloe growth experiment was conducted in a greenhouse as a bi-factorial in completely randomized experimental design with three replications. Aloe plants irrigated with nutrient solution containing different level of NaCl (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ms) on December and harvesting took place three time with one month interval on January, February and March. Results revealed that salinity affected number of leaf, plant height, number of sprout, root weight, plant weight, leaf weight, total gel weight, and root dry weight. Variance analysis also showed that sampling time relieves significant effect on number of leaf, plant height, and root length, number of sprout, root weight, plant weight, leaf weight and total gel weight. All measured characteristics were highest for control. Interaction between salinity and sampling time on plant height, plant weight, leaf weight and total gel weight showed that these traits decreased in all salinity levels when sampled 30 days after transplanting and the lowest value was related to highest salinity. This result was similar 60 and 90 days after transplanting. Interaction between salinity and sampling time on root length showed that the highest root length was obtained in 2 and 4 ms salinity level when sampled 30 days after transplanting. However all salinity levels also decreased root length 90 days after transplanting.
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Статья научная
Background : Salinity stress usually imposes adverse effects on plant systems, but the severity depends upon plant species, growth status and genotype, nutritional and environmental conditions etc. Present study analyses salinity effects on growth and in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) in Phaseolus vulgaris seedlings to work out the mechanism. Results : Supply of 10-200 mM NaCl with 10 mM KNO 3 for 24 h in continuous light reduced the overall growth of the bean seedlings, with perfect -ve correlation for seedling weight, root length and shoot length. Salinity effect with 10 mM NH 4Cl was lesser and with 10 mM NH 4NO 3 was intermediary. NaCl treatment with 10 mM KNO 3 reduced the fresh wt of the root as well as shoot tissue but increased in vivo NRA exerting strong correlation and more prominent effect in the root tissue. Very high NaCl concentration prominently increased NRA at 1, 10 and 50 mM KNO 3 showing inverse gradation in effect. Salt treatment with NH 4NO 3, reduced the in vivo NRA of the root tissue, but the stress parameters, like proline and peroxidase were increased. Conclusions : The salinity stress effects on NRA are less severe with NH 4+, more prominent for root and more effective at low NO 3- concentration. Inverse correlation between decrease in fresh mass and increase in NRA with salinity suggests the involvement of NR in the synthesis of nitric oxide and the observed effect of stress is the balance of two factors reduced assimilatory effect and increased nitric oxide stress.
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Salt Stress Induced Plant Physio-biochemical and Molecular Responses: A Review
Статья научная
Salt stress-induced limitation in crop growth and produce is a critical problem worldwide. The prerequisite to developing salt-tolerant plants of commercial importance is understanding the plant responses to salinity exposure at physiological, biochemical, and molecular levels, integrating various approaches to understanding underlying salt tolerance mechanisms, and utilizing naturally occurring genetic resources available for salt tolerance. In this review, plant responses and associated salt tolerance, at physiological and biochemical levels through ion homeostasis, osmolyte accumulation, hormonal regulation, antioxidant responses, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade signaling and molecular responses through transcription factors, different gene expressions, non-coding RNA production, and epigenetic modifications are presented.
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Salt stress responses on protein profile in Vigna unguiculata L
Статья научная
The present study was aimed to elucidate the salt tolerant, salt inducible and salt sensitive protein of the Vigna unguiculataby Sodium Deodyl Sulphate - Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. of Vigna unguiculataexposed to different environmental conditions exhibited a plethora of physio-chemical responses. The seedlings treated with various concentrations of Naat third day showed maximum of 85 bands, with nine active regions and their MW-Rf values ranged from 0.012 to 0.891. The seedlings treated with same experimental set up at fifth day showed maximum number of 63 bands with eight active regions and their MW-Rf values ranged from 0.108 to 0.891. On 5thday seedlings showed the isoperoxidase expression with various sizes of bands. The soluble protein showed a gradual increase during the initial stage and after fifth day there was gradual decrease in their content.
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Salt tolerance evaluation in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) using RAPD marker
Статья научная
The aim of this study was to evaluate four upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) [Niab78 (N78), Deir-Ezzor22 (DE22), Deltapine50 (DP50) and Aleppo118 (A118)] varieties towards salt stress (0 and 200 mM NaCl) for 7 weeks based on RAPD marker. Our data showed that the highest total polymorphic bands identified by the 26 RAPD tested primers were 150 bands generated by N78 variety, while the lowest ones were recorded for DP50 (29 bands). Otherwise, unique (negative and positive) markers characterized the two tolerant varieties (N78 and DE22) were 22 and 29 markers, respectively. Our data indicated that the highest polymorphism level was detected in N78 variety (68.5%) followed by DE22 (60.9%), whereas, the lowest one was recorded for DP50 (21.3%). Our data obtained herein indicates that RAPD marker provided molecular markers for salinity tolerance screening in early stage in genetic improvement programs.
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Статья обзорная
Several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Drought, salinity, nutrient imbalances (including mineral toxicities and deficiencies) and extremes of temperature are among the major environmental constraints to crop productivity worldwide. Development of crop plants with stress tolerance, however, requires, among others, knowledge of the physiological mechanisms and genetic controls of the contributing traits at different plant developmental stages. In the past 2 decades, biotechnology research has provided considerable insights into the mechanism of biotic stress tolerance in plants at the molecular level. Furthermore, different abiotic stress factors may provoke osmotic stress, oxidative stress and protein denaturation in plants, which lead to similar cellular adaptive responses such as accumulation of compatible solutes, induction of stress proteins, and acceleration of reactive oxygen species scavenging systems. Recently, the authores try to improve plant tolerance to salinity injury through either chemical treatments (plant hormones, minerals, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, polyamines and vitamins) or biofertilizers treatments (Asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria and mycorrhiza) or enhanced a process used naturally by plants to minimise the movement of Na+ to the shoot, using genetic modification to amplify the process, helping plants to do what they already do - but to do it much better."
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