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Статья научная
In earlier studies, high concentration of DPJ from various forages inhibited germination, induced mutations in some seedlings and caused phytotoxic phenotypical changes in plants during growth. The physiological changes were absence of leaves and presence of more stipules in few pea plants. DPJ obtained from Lucerne and Eicchornia crassipes found causing chromosomal aberrations at high concentrations i.e at 0.50%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% in onion and garlic root meristems during the process of mitosis. It showed normal growth of Celosia plants by the effect of Eicchornia DPJ, when the concentrations are increased from 0.1 to 1 % level. The objective of research is to determine DPJ as mutagenic agent for effecting the cell chromosomal changes for the purpose to optimize the crops physiologically and genetically by its stress application. During present investigation, the so called antipathogen water hyacinth DPJ potentiality changed the chromosomal response of Celosia at 1.5 %, and 2 % high concentrations. It was compared with the control. Celosia consists of the anomalous secondary growth in the root or stem. In mitotic study, mostly restitution prophases and unorientation of anaphases were found in the germinated seedling somatic cells because of the exogenous application of DPJ to the seeds.
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Crop plants growing under natural conditions are exposed to several environmental stresses, all affecting plant growth and development, which consequently hampers the productivity of crops plants. Drought is considered the single most devastating environmental stress, which decreases crop productivity more than any other environmental stress. Water stress was given in the potted Vigna radiate plants (for control 1st set - 4 pots were given regular water, for the 2nd set -3 days kept without water in the pot, for the 3rd set -5 days kept without water and for the 4th set -7days kept without water). The plants were then uprooted and collected for experimental work on the 3rd, 5th and 7th day for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd sets respectively for further studies with drought stress. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid decreased under drought stress while protein, amino acid and proline contents increased under stress. Scavenging enzymes catalase and peroxidase were assayed and while catalase activity increased under stress peroxidase activity was found to decrease under stress.
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Background. Millets are considered climate-resilient crops because they require minimal inputs, grow in poor soils, and tolerate abiotic stresses such as drought and high temperature. As global water availability becomes more unpredictable, drought is emerging as a major factor reducing agricultural productivity. Understanding how millet plants respond biochemically to drought conditions provides valuable insight for developing stress-resilient varieties. Drought affects plants at multiple levels physiological, biochemical, and molecular. Drought stress is a major abiotic factor limiting crop productivity worldwide. Finger millet (Eleusine coracana) is renowned for drought and salinity resilience. This study involves in -silico physiochemical characterization of drought-responsive proteins and their molecular phylogeny to understand evolutionary relationships with other cereal species. Results. Proteins associated with drought stress exhibited diverse molecular characteristics. Genotypes possessing proteins with: lower instability index (<40), higher aliphatic index, and negative GRAVY values were predicted to exhibit greater structural stability and hydrophilicity traits commonly associated with stress resilience. Some of the highly expressed proteins involved in stress tolerance in Eleusine coracana retrieved from UNIPROT (UniProt Consortium ,2025) in FASTA format are -ACL97372.1 truncated calmodulin, partial [Eleusine coracana], -ADB43602.1 prolamin, partial [Eleusine coracana], -ADC44447.1 monodehydroascorbate reductase, partial [Eleusine coracana],-AEF58885.1 NADH dehydrogenase subunit F, partial (chloroplast) [Eleusine coracana],-AEH04409.1 hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, partial [Eleusine coracana],etc. Their physicochemical properties like stability, charge, hydrophobicity, and solubility help to determine their function adaptive for survival under stress. These proteins represent key components of stress signaling, antioxidant defense, mitochondrial energy metabolism, and nutrient transport, which collectively contribute to drought resilience. These proteins subcellular organization and gene ontology justifies their role in stress tolerance. Molecular phylogeny reveals both conserved and uniquely expanded gene families, reflecting evolutionary adaptation. Conclusion. This in silico investigation identifies and characterizes a suite of highly expressed climate-resilience proteins in E. coracana. Molecular phylogeny reveals both conserved and uniquely expanded gene families, reflecting evolutionary adaptation. These results lay the groundwork for targeted functional genomics to harness stress tolerance for finger millet improvement and translational breeding. Our findings are vital for breeding and selecting drought tolerant varieties of finger millet. Further, genomic and molecular investigations need to be undertaken to gain a deeper insight into the detailed mechanisms of drought tolerance in finger millet.
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Biotic and abiotic stresses exert a considerable influence on the growth and reproduction of plants. Temperature, pH, light, water and various chemical pollutants are the important abiotic stresses which directly affect the survival, growth, reproduction and geographical distribution of all plants. The present study aims to determine the stress related changes of Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. under different habitats. A. lanata is an important herb which is widely used for different therapeutic practices. It comes under the family Amaranthaceae. The physiological and biochemical analysis were conducted on the samples from polluted (road side and sides of polluted water body) and non- polluted habitats. The analysis showed remarkable variation among the samples of polluted and non-polluted plants. The results showed that A. lanata of non-polluted habitats were unstressed which was confirmed by the least amount of proline, malondialdehyde (MDA) and high amount of photosynthetic pigments. Heavy metal quantification also showed low amount of heavy metals (Zinc, Lead, Cadmium and Nickel) in samples from non- polluted areas when compared to polluted area, where the quantity of heavy metals is high. The present study revealed remarkable biochemical changes in the plants which were grown under polluted and non-polluted habitats. Moreover, this study also indicated the accumulation of heavy metals in various parts of A. lanata collected from polluted habitats when compared to samples collected from non-polluted habitats. Thus while collecting A. lanata for medicinal purposes, the polluted habitats should be avoided. This study is also very important for researchers who investigate the changes of plants under different stress factors.
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The effects of potassium, zinc and gibberellic acid foliar spray on salt stress tolerance, free proline, total phenolics, carbohydrates and chlorophyll contents in sunflower varieties were evaluated. Eight varieties of sunflower were grown in glass house and NaCl (150 mM) was added to roots alone and in combinations with KNO3, ZnSO4 and GA3 foliar spray. Different varieties were evaluated for salt tolerance through leaf disc assay (LDA). Various test solutions of NaCl were used to induce salt stress. T1 treatment (150 mM NaCl only) significantly decreased the greenness % in all of eight varieties of sunflower as compared to control C. The T2 treatment (150 mM NaCl + Potassium) enhanced the greenness % and maximum greenness % was observed in the SMH-0917 (76.00 %) followed by Ausigold-7 (75.50 %). The treatment T3 (150 mM NaCl + Zinc) and T4 treatment (150 mM NaCl + 100 ppm of GA3) retained the greenness % in leaf discs compared to control. The free proline and total phenolic contents significantly increased in all of eight varieties of sunflower when treated with K, Zn, GA3 and NaCl. Positively significant correlation was found between greenness % with proline (R2 = 0.86) and total phenolics contents (R2 = 0.83). Conclusively; salt tolerance could be increased by the application of K, Zn and GA3.
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In order to clarify the manifestations of stress in the grey red-backed vole population under conditions of a relatively low number, the variability of several physiological and biochemical indicators was studied for 13 years. The study revealed that in most years of observation, with a low and average level of animal numbers, there were no signs of stress. The level of physiological parameters corresponding to the stress state of voles was detected only once, in the year of "peak," i.e. the maximum population size. The identified stress, apparently, was the main reason for the lowest subsequent survival of animals in this period for all years studied.
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The aim of the present work was to study the effect of different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50 and 100mM) in two cultivars of maize (Corralejo and Tlaltizapan), on their nutritional and photosynthetic comportment. The measures focused on the physiological parameters (growth weight, hydration and nutritional status of plants) and biochemical (chlorophyll, PEPC activity, activity of some anti-oxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation). Analysis of morphological parameters showed a yellowing of the extremity of leaves, at 100 mM of NaCl. These visual symptoms are associated with a decrease of chlorophyll. A decrease in potential growth was found in two cultivars, but less significant in Corralejo. The best salt tolerance of the latter was due to a better hydration of the leaves, to a lesser accumulation of Na + and Cl - in its leaves and a better selectivity K/Na. To identify the biochemical characteristics associated with the physiological behavior, we conducted measures activity of PEPC, the protein, catalase and peroxidase on the fourth leaf from the bottom. A negative correlation between the activity of PEPC and Na+ amount was found at 50 mM in the sensitive cultivar and at 100 mM of NaCl in tolerant cultivar Corralejo. Furthermore, the antioxidant response was marked by a greater accumulation of malondialdehyde, in Tlaltizapan at 100 mM of NaCl. At the same concentration, catalase peroxidase and SOD activities weren't decreased in this cultivar. This suggests that salt has created a stress oxidative state only in Tlaltizapan leaves. These results showed a better performance of Corralejo cultivar compared to Tlaltizapan cultivar, at 50 and 100 mM of NaCl.
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Physiological and molecular response of Padina pavonica (phaeophyta) marine alga exposed to different cadmium (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L) concentrations after 4 days of exposure has been investigated. Physiological data revealed decrease in specific growth rate (SGR%), pigments (Chlorophyll a & b , total chlorophyll and total carotendois) content, osmotic potential with increased electric conductivity (EC) under Cd applied concentrations in the studied alga species. Whereas, carotendois pigments content increased in P. pavonica alga as Cd applied concentrations increased. As for molecular test, RAPD marker has been applied, a decrease in polymorphic bands (PB) from 95 to 87 has been recorded when applied Cd concentration increased from 2.5 to 10 mg/L. Whereas, genomic template stability (GTS%) as a qualitative measurement reflect DNA changes induced by Cd treatment was displayed by RAPD marker. Molecular study revealed increased GTS% value from 30.7 to 42.7% when applied Cd concentration increased from 2.5 to 10 mg/L. Based upon observed physiological (significant increase in carotendois content) and molecular data (decrease in the new induced bands number and increase in disappeared bands as Cd concentration increased from 2.5 to 10 mg/L) in P. pavonica alga, the current investigation could be assumed that P. pavonica alga adopted certain mechanism to minimize Cd stress damages.
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Gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence of four pot grown Galician grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albariño, Brancellao, Godello and Treixadura) were examined under different levels of water stress in greenhouse. After extreme stress, gas exchange recovery responses were evaluated. Average ΨPD for control and stressed plants were -0.4MPa and -1.45MPa respectively. All varieties showed gradual declining of all gas exchange parameters (gs, E and A) with increasing of stress periods. Under stressed conditions, Albariño and Godello showed higher CO2 assimilation rate. At the end of stress period leaf defoliation was found in Albariño and Brancellao. Gas exchange recovery was higher for both Godello and Treixadura. A better response of auxiliary bud recovery was present in Albariño than in Brancellao. Close correlations between water stress and gas exchange parameters were found and it varies on genotype. Albariño, Godello and Treixadura followed same diurnal patterns of gas exchange rate for control and stressed plant respectively. Diurnal pattern of CO2 assimilation rate of all tested varieties followed gs and E. Only Brancellao showed treatment effect on mid-day Fv/Fm. Among four varieties photoinhibition was only found in Brancellao. At stressed condition physiological responses of grapevines were genotype depended.
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The transgenic and non-transgenic tobacco cell cultures were analyzed for resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. The different physiological reaction of cell culture depending on T-DNA structure (or transgen structure) was observed. The cell culture transformed by disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciense A699 with pCNL 65 nptII demonstrated the same stress-resistance as non-transgenic control cell culture. The cell culture transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciense LBA 4400 pBiCaMV nptII + hsp101 showed a raised stress-resistance to high temperature, high KF concentration, and to the action of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp sepidonicus. Obviously, the expression of transferred arabodopsis gene hsp101 provides protection properties of transgenic cell culture under the influence of various stress factors. Moreover, that agrobacterial transformation as previous stress-factor is supposed to make a contribution to formation of transgenic cell culture cross-resistance.
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Night temperatures have shown an increase in rice-growing regions due to climate change in Colombia in recent years, causing a reduction in grain yield. The objective of this research was to study the effect of four different periods of exposure to two night temperatures (24°C vs. 30°C) on the physiological behavior of an Indica rice cultivar widely grown in Colombia. Fedearroz 60 (ʻF60ʼ) were grown under greenhouse conditions for forty-five days. After this period, 12 plants in each treatment was established in a growth chamber at 30°C from 18:00 to 24:00 to carry out the duration of the different periods of heat nighttime stress (4, 8, 12, and 16 days respectively). The control plants were kept in a greenhouse at 24°C. The results showed that leaf photosynthesis, carboxylation efficiency, and pigment content decreased in rice seedlings subjected to 30°C. Also, dark respiration and intercellular CO2 concentration increased. These reductions in the variables as mentioned above were more severe during the first four days of exposure to 30°C than 24°C. In conclusion, these results suggest that these physiological variables may be useful to assess the tolerance of rice plants to high nighttime temperatures in plant breeding programs.
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Physiological response of the green algae Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) to heavy metals stress
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To monitor physiological changes induced by heavy metals contamination on the marine algae Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta), laboratory experiments were performed. Physiological effects of four heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd ions) on U. lactuca were assessed 5 days after exposure under laboratory conditions. Fourier transform raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) technique was also applied as support for physiological study. Our data showed that the specific growth rate (SGR%), chlorophyll (Chl a & b ), total chlorophyll and carotenoids (Car) pigments decreased significantly in algal thalli under heavy metals stress. This phenomenon was more pronounced with Pb treatment compared to the other tested metals. In addition, morphological changes due to heavy metals treatment were recorded by observed cellular damages under the above mentioned metals. FT-Raman technique showed that the C-H, C=O, CH 2 and C-O-C groups were mainly involved in heavy metals absorption. Moreover, Pb ions showed the highest toxicity against U. lactuca studied by showing the highest decline in the above mentioned physiological parameters.
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Статья научная
Soil salinity and alkalinity seriously threaten rice production in south Asia. Improving screening methodologies to identify sources of tolerance for improved breeding for salt tolerant rice is of continuing importance. Rice genotypes of varying salt tolerance, such as tolerant (T), semi-tolerant (ST), and sensitive (S), were grown in field lysimeters in saline soil of EC e 4 and 8 mS cm -1 and alkali soil of pH 2 9.5 and 9.8 in North India and analyzed for chlorophyll (Chl), sugar, starch and proline in leaves. Chlorophyll a and b decreased due to salinity in all the tolerance groups. However, Chl a was not much affected but chl b increased with alkalinity. Under high stress both at EC e 8 and pH 2 9.8 Chl a and b were more in tolerant than in sensitive genotypes. The ratio of Chl a/b was similar in T, ST and S genotypes under salinity stress. Sugar accumulation was higher in T compared to S under normal conditions but under salinity or alkalinity stress the differences were not significant. Leaf starch was highest in T, intermediate in ST and lowest in S genotypes in normal as well as under salinity and alkalinity stress. There was decrease in starch with salinity and alkalinity stress only in T group but not in ST and S group. Proline increased significantly in all the tolerance groups even at low salinity of EC e 4 mS cm -1 or pH 2 9.5. The salt tolerant genotypes of rice maintained higher levels of Chl a and b, starch and proline under high salinity and alkalinity stress are thus robust criteria for tolerating high salinity and alkalinity.
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Salvinia natans L. a water fern is displayed with some of its physiological attributes in response to aluminium (Al) stress in aqua culture as well as its interaction with externally applied putrescine (put). At the tissue level the Al deposition is prominent and mostly distributed in the intracellular spaces as well as cellular interfaces. The accumulation of Al and its induced oxidative damages are also revealed through Evan’s blue staining. In both the cases dose dependent responses of Al induced oxidative damages and its mitigation with Put was the resultant. Under non enzymatic antioxidation pathways, anthocyanin and flavonoids were the two phenolics over expressed as a function of Al and ameliorated with Put application. The property of root membranes was changed with an up regulation of H +/ATPase activity which was moderated by Put.The peroxidase activity particularly those were restricted to the wall bound also showed variability according to Al doses as revealed through in gel staining. From these studies of Al accumulation and its concomitant changes in physiological attributes in Salvinia plants, the species could be selected as a potential hyper accumulator of Al. The role of Put in Al accumulation as well as its moderation has been discussed with reference to physiological activities.
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The sponge species Sigmadocia carnosa (Dendy, 1889) and Mycale mytilorum (Annandale, 1911) belong to the class demospongiae were collected from the Vizhinjam port of South India and examined for ouabain sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase specific activity in tissue homogenates. The total protein contents including stress proteins in the tissues were measured with the help of a modified Biuret assay. A species specific activity of Na+, K+-ATPase was found in the tested marine sponges. A time dependent significant increase in Na+, K+-ATPase activity was found in Sigmadocia carnosa at diluted sea water. The Na+, K+-ATPase activity in Mycale mytilorum also showed significant rise particularly during 1 and 4 hour at diluted sea water exposure. The total protein contents in both species showed no significant change during exposure to dilute sea water.
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Physiological responses of safflower to exogenous putrescine under water deficit
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Background: Drought stress is the most common abiotic stress factor which reduces the plant growth and development more than other factors. For this reason, identification of effective factors to increase drought tolerance of plants is necessary requirement. Many reports have been focused on the involvement of polyamines in plant response to abiotic stresses such as drought. Polyamines as growth regulators play important roles in keeping cell membrane stability and reducing ROS generation under water deficit. Carthamus tinctorius is an industrial, medicinal and oil crop from Asteraceae family. Many studies in other plants showed that polyamines increase tolerance to environmental stresses, but physiological responses of water-stressed safflower plants to putrescine is not clear. Thus, this research was carried out to investigate the physiological changes in safflower under different levels of water supply (100% and 40% field capacity) treated by putrescine (0, 40 and 60 µM)...
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The study was carried out to study the cumulative effect of thermal stress and feed restriction in kids. Twelve kids of Alpine x Beetle cross were divided into two groups. Group 1 served as control and group 2 was put on restricted feeding and exposed at 40, 42 and 44 oC. Body weights of both groups were similar before thermal exposure and feed restriction. Body weight of group 1 increased significantly and were higher than group 2 throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency were comparable in both groups after removal of thermal stress and switching over to ad libitum feeding (42-63 days). Body weights of group 2 remained lower than group 1, the losses in body weights of group 2 could not be compensated and there was approximately 25% loss in body weight at the end of experiment. Physiological responses of group 2 were significantly lower before exposure to high temperature but increased significantly after exposure at temperature 40, 42 and 44 oC and the increase was in commensurate with the increase in exposure temperature. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and serum enzymes decreased significantly on exposure at higher temperature and differences were higher in feed restricted group. T 3, T 4 and cortisol concentration were similar in both groups before feed restriction and thermal stress. T 3, T 4 concentration decreased while cortisol concentration increased significantly after exposure to high temperature. Variations in plasma enzymes, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT and SGPT were not significant before feed restriction and thermal stress. The activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase decreased whereas that of SGOT and SGPT increased significantly on exposure at temperature 40 oC and subsequent changes at temperature 42 and 44 oC were not significant. The study indicated that animals of group 2 experienced more stress as observed by significant alteration in body weights, physiological responses, serum enzymes, electrolytes, plasma hormones and blood metabolites and the losses occurred in body weights of group 2 could not be compensated after removal of thermal stress and switching over to ad libitum feeding.
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Salt tolerance in Moroccan ecotypes of Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot. and Lotus ornithopodioides L. were evaluated in greenhouse and compared with Australian cultivar : Trifolium michelianum Savi. Paradana. Plants were submitted to three irrigation treatments using concentrations 0 mM, 80 mM and 200 mM of NaCl, during 3 months. The effects of salinity on growth, dry matter production, shoot and root ion relations, leaf water relation and gas exchange were determined. Under stressed conditions, T. isthmocarpum was more salt tolerant (p - exclusion mechanism. However, the Cl - exclusion was more important in T. isthmocarpum than T. michelianum. On the other hand, T. isthmocarpum accumulated more K + in shoots than other species, when exposed to moderate and high levels of salinity. At 200 mM of NaCl, the stress promoted a substantial degree of stomatal regulation; but, in spite of this, L. ornithopodioides showed signs of leaf tissue dehydration, decreases in relative water content and osmotic potential values.
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Traditional means of capturing fish dwells on active components in plant which elicit harmful effects. Erythrophleum suaveolens is a typical example of such plant, which the study investigated for its stem-back (ASE) and leaf (ALE) aqueous extracts sub-lethal effects on Clarias gariepinus . Qualitative phytochemical screening of both extracts was carried out using 300 C. gariepinus sub-adults maintained in 10-fish sample per 1000 L circular fibre tanks during the research; the extracts were applied on every other day at 0.23 mg/ L ASE and 0.26 mg/ L ALE, which elicited LC50 effects from the range finding tests, for 96 h compared with control set-up. Haematological (during the experiment) and histopathological (at the terminal of the experiment) parameters of the fish were analysed. Results showed significant variations in the treated fish haematological responses compared with the control. More impact was observed in ALE treated fish and linked to three active components (phenols, saponins and steroids) higher than in ASE, with no negative observations on the fish under the control treatments...
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Phytochemical Screening and Functional Groups Identification of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Leaves
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Background: The phytochemical components are extremely important to facilitate the search for the particular effectiveness of the plant in medicine. Identification of the chemical nature of phytochemical compounds present in medicinal plants will provide information about the various functional groups responsible for its medicinal properties. Thus, the need to investigate the phytochemicals from various plants has been exponentially increasing. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. is one of the most important medicinal plants belonging to the Sapindaceae family. This investigation was administered to study phytochemical and FT-IR analysis of a various solvent extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. leaves. Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. leaves extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterol, fixed oils, saponins, proteins, and amino acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins. As a result, the phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts revealed the presence of more phyto components followed by petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of various chemical components such as alcohol, alkanes, aromatic compound, carboxylic acid, aldehydes, alkenes, amides, nitro compounds and alkyl halides in the leaves extract of C. halicacabum L. The functional groups observed in the various extracts probably indicate the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, amino acids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The results obtained from FTIR analysis are significant with the preliminary qualitative analysis. Conclusions: Extractions of any crude drug with a certain solvent result in a solution that contains various phyto-components. The composition of these phyto-components in the respective solvent provides initial information about the quality of a drug sample. The presence or absence of a certain component plays an important role in the decision about the medicinal properties of the plant. As a result, the phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts revealed the presence of more phyto-components followed by petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts which can be beneficial in a therapeutic approach.
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