Статьи журнала - Журнал стресс-физиологии и биохимии
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Quantitative properties of chemical elements in the body of bivalves
Статья научная
Biogeochemical processes have a great influence on the presence and distribution of hydrobionts. Although the morphophysiological properties of hydrobionts, especially mollusks, in the region of the Middle Zarafshan are well studied, the amount of chemical elements in its composition has not yet been studied. The purpose of our study is to study the composition of chemical elements in the body of bivalves. The study of the composition of mollusks by biogeochemical parts is important in determining the need of organisms for chemical elements. Because the lack or excess of elements in the environment can lead not only to quantitative changes in the internal environment of organisms, but also to changes in the external environment. Therefore, various diseases arise due to a lack or excess of elements in the body. The study of the amount of elements in mollusks, which play an important role in the bioindication of water quality, is of great scientific and practical importance today.
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Статья обзорная
Recalcitrant seeds are susceptible to low temperatures and desiccation, which constitutes a significant problem for seed storage compared to orthodox seeds. In addition to carefully examining every aspect affecting the viability and longevity of recalcitrant seeds during storage, this review aims to explore management strategies to mitigate these challenges. The sensitivity of seeds to temperature changes, their moisture content, water activity or equilibrium relative humidity, pests, pathogens, drying rate, and oxidative damage are all significant factors that affect how quickly seeds deteriorate. The effectiveness of various management techniques, such as exercising precaution at the seed collection, choosing the ideal temperature and moisture-holding medium, promoting germination and seedling establishment, and cryopreservation, is assessed to increase the lifespan of seeds. The results highlight the necessity of an all-encompassing, diversified strategy to successfully handle recalcitrant seed storage and safeguard the preservation of plant species for upcoming generations.
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Redox enzymes of red beetroot vacuoles ( Beta vulgaris L.)
Статья научная
Years of research have shown that some of the redox elements (enzymes, coenzymes, and co-substrate) are isolated from each other kinetic and spatial manner (compartmentalization) in the eukaryotic cells. The redox elements forming the "highly" and "widely" specialized redox system are found in all cell structures: mitochondria, plastids, peroxisomes, apoplast, nucleus etc. In recent years the active involvement of the central vacuole in the maintenance of the plant cell redox homeostasis is discussed, actually the information about the vacuolar redox system is very small. The high-priority redox processes and "redox-specialization" of the vacuolar compartment are not known. We have begun a study of red beet-root vacuole redox systems ( Beta vulgaris L.) and have identified redox enzymes such as: phenol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7). This paper presents some of the characteristics of these enzymes and considers the probable ways of their functioning in vacuolar redox chains.
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Reduced antioxidant status for prolonged period due to repeated stress exposure in rat
Статья научная
The objective of the study was to find out whether or not exposure to a stressor after an initial stressful experience augments stress response. Antioxidant status was determined by measuring changes in the activities of the hepatic free radical scavenging enzymes viz, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and catalase (CAT) and levels of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) following exposure to 1 h restraint (RS) and after a gap of 4 h to forced swimming exercise (FS) in rats. The activities of hepatic CAT, SOD, G6PDH and GST were significantly reduced 2 h after RS compared to controls and 4 h after FS the activities of CAT and G6PDH remained at lower levels i.e. they were similar to those found after RS, whereas SOD and GST showed further significant decrease compared to those found after RS. On the other hand the MDA levels, indicative of lipid peroxidation were significantly increased after RS and showed further significant increase after FS. The results reveal that after initial stressful experience, the stress response is augmented due to exposure to another stressor whereas the system does not get habituated to stress exposure.
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Regulation of NPR1 Under Salinity and Osmotic Stress in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Leaves
Статья научная
Aim of study: Non expressor of pathogenesis related gene (NPR1) is a key regulator of the SA dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. Although NPR1 is a well known important regulator of salicylic acid to biotic stress, researching on abiotic stress have not yet been well founded. Materials and methods: With this aim, soybean (Glycine max L.) SA88 plants were grown with Hoagland solution for two weeks. Seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl, 10 % PEG 6000 and 200 mM NaCl + 10 % PEG 6000 and harvested at 2h, 4h, 6h (short term) and 7 day and 14 day (long term) of treatment. Main results: The results showed that plants treated with NaCl showed a better defense response in physiological parameters than PEG. Additionally, PEG stress lead to more oxidative damage at long term, while combined stress at short term in soybean leaves. Otherwise, the highest accumulation of ABA, SA and proline level was with PEG treatment at both short term and long term of treatment. However, GmNPR1 gene expressions were upregulated with PEG stress significantly at 7 day and combined stress at 14 day. Discussion: Considering the short term effects on GmNPR1 transcript levels, combined stress were more pronounced compared to NaCl and PEG stress alone. Research highligts: Consequently, this work firstly determined that osmotic stress may role as a potential signal but not salt stress for the regulation of NPR1 in soybean leaves.
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Статья научная
The protective role of exogenous supplied polyamines such as spermine in detoxifying the cadmium induced toxicity was studied in the tomato plants Solanum lycopersicum , we applied a dose of (1 mM) spermine with cadmium (0, 20 and 100 µM) for 7 days. The results of the application of exogenous spermine with cadmium showed a significant attenuation of the toxic effects of metal for different growth parameters (fresh matter, dry matter, root length and aerial parts) and chlorophyll pigments, mainly after 3 days for leaves and roots. Moderation of spermine is more marked with 20 µM dose of cadmium. The stimulatory effect of cadmium on catalase activity (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxidedismutase (SOD) is partially lifted by presence of spermine in tomato. The accumulation of cadmium, proline and soluble sugars in cultivated plants with cadmium showed a reduction by presence of spermine. Moderation of cadmium toxicity by application of spermine in tomato could be explained by its antioxidants properties.
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Repeated acute stress induced alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in rat
Статья научная
Acute stress induced alterations in the activity levels of rate limiting enzymes and concentration of intermediates of different pathways of carbohydrate metabolism have been studied. Adult male Wistar rats were restrained (RS) for 1 h and after an interval of 4 h they were subjected to forced swimming (FS) exercise and appropriate controls were maintained. Five rats were killed before the commencement of the experiment (initial controls), 5 control and equal number of stressed rats were killed 2 h after RS and remaining 5 rats in each group were killed 4 h after FS. There was a significant increase in the adrenal 3в- hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity following RS, which showed further increase after FS compared to controls and thereby indicated stress response of rats. There was a significant increase in the blood glucose levels following RS which showed further increase and reached hyperglycemic condition after FS. The hyperglycemic condition due to stress was accompanied by significant increases in the activities of glutamate- pyruvate transaminase, glutamate- oxaloacetate transaminase, glucose -6- phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and significant decrease in the glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities, whereas pyruvate kinase activity did not show any alteration compared to controls. Further, the glycogen and total protein contents of the liver were decreased whereas those of pyruvate and lactate showed significant increase compared to controls after RS as well as FS. The results put together indicate that acute stress induced hyperglycemia results due to increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis without alteration in glycolysis. The study first time reveals that after first acute stress exposure, the subsequent stressful experience augments metabolic stress response leading to hyperglycemia. The results have relevance to human health as human beings are exposed to several stressors in a day and such an experience might lead to insulin resistance because prolonged hyperglycemic condition is known to cause insulin resistance.
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Response and bioaccumulation potential of Boerhavia diffusa L. towards different heavy metals
Статья научная
Effect of different concentrations of heavy metals such as Cadmium, Chromium, Mercury and Lead was studied by cultivating rooted propagules of Boerhavia diffusa for a period of twenty days in Hoagland nutrient medium artificially contaminated with known concentration of those heavy metal ions. Concentrations of the metals selected to impart visible symptoms of growth retardation and to permit survival for prolonged period are 30 µM cadmium chloride (CdCl 2), 400 µM potassium dichromate (K 2Cr 2O 7), 10 µM mercuric chloride (HgCl 2), and 600 µM lead acetate (CH 3-COO) 2 Pb. More or less uniform growth performance was shown by the plants irrespective of the differences of concentration of the heavy metals. However, parameters such as root - and stem length, stomatal - and tolerance index varied among the treatments. Significant differences were observed in the heavy metal accumulation potential among metals and between plant parts such as root, stem and leaf and the pattern was dependent on growth period.
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Статья научная
Seed germination is one of the essential factors in the cultivation of medicinal trees. The laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand during 2015. Hydro priming with 24 h & 48 h, and water stress (polyethylene glycol (6000) with potential 10%, 15% and 20%) & salinity stress (seeds were soaked in solution with concentration of 5% 10% and 15% NaCl for 3 hours) on seed germination and seedling quality character of bael ( Aegle marmelos ). The results showed that the effect of hydro priming was significant on seed germination percentage; seedling length, seedling vigour and dry matter production than control and stress condition (salinity & drought) significantly decrease germination percentage, Mean daily germination, seedling length, seedling weights & vigour indexes. Mean comparison showed that control and Hydro priming and stress conditions treatments those after 25 days and the maximum germination (91.56%), Mean daily germination (3.66), seedling length (15.84cm), vigour index 1 (1450.41), were achieved by hydro priming of bael seeds for 48 h, Fresh weight of seedling (1.62g), dry matter production (0.33g), and vigour index 2 (27.79). were achieved by hydro priming of bael seeds for 24 h, but in stress, conditions failed to improve germination. Hence bael seeds can be hydro primed for 48 h and 24 h to improve the germination and vigour.
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Response of Brassica napus L grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid
Статья научная
Soil salinity is a serious environmental problem that has negative effect on plant growth, production and photosynthesis. Fresh and dry plant weights decreases with salinity treatments. The very important role of salicylic acid (SA) in response to different stress and modification and decline damages due to stresses has established in different studies. In this research, effect of grain soaking presowing in (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 5 mM) of salicylic acid (SA) and NaCl (0, 4, 8 and 12 dsm-1) on canola (Brassica napus L) was studied. Increasing of NaCl level reduced the germination percentage(GP), Average velocity of germination (AVG) and growth parameters of 15-day old seedlings in compared to control plants. pretreated of SA in content 1mM significantly increased the germination percentage, and in contents more than of 1mM reduced the germination percentage in seeds under salinity stress. SA in content 1mM increased RWC, root and shoot of fresh weight in the stressed seedlings. Increasing of NaCl level increased Electrolyte leakage and MDA content in the stress seedling. electrolyte leakage and MDA content were markedly reduced under salt stress with SA 1mM than without. It was concluded that SA could be used as a potential growth regulator to improve salt tolerance in canola. Our observations indicate that, although SA is not essential for germination under normal growth conditions, it plays a promotive role in seed germination under high salinity by reducing oxidative damage.
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Response of Oryza sativa L. to the Interactive Effect of Drought and Salicylic Acid
Статья научная
Plant growth and rice productivity are negatively affected by the alarming rise of abiotic and biotic stress factors. Drought stress is a significant factor that directly affects numerous physiological, biochemical and molecular responses in plants. The exogenous application of plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid is a crucial route to alleviate the detrimental effects of water scarcity and plant efficacy. The research was conducted to evaluate the impact of foliar-applied salicylic acid of 0.25 mM concentration on morphological, physiological and biochemical alterations in rice plants under two levels of polyethylene glycol 6000 induced drought stress (8%, 16%). Drought stress increased lipid peroxidation, ion leakage, proline accumulation but decreased the leaf relative water content, root and shoot biomass. In contrast, foliar application of 0.25 mM SA mitigated PEG-induced drought stress by enhancing the LRWC, proline accumulation, decreasing the lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. It was observed that SA treatment led to substantial improvement in plant biomass at both the drought stress levels, thereby increasing the plant acclimation under water deficit conditions.
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Response of crop plants under sulphur stress tolerance: a holistic approach
Статья научная
Sulphur (S) is a part of every living cell and is a constituent of two of the 20 amino acids which form proteins. Of all the macronutrient, S is perhaps the nutrient which has attracted the most attention in soil science and plant nutrition due to its potential defensive characteristics to pests, good nutritive potentiality to crops and its relative immobility in the soil- plant system. The benefits from S fertilisation of crops can be traced to its role in protein development, to improvement of nitrogen use, etc. However, the availability of S needed for profitable crop production continues to decline. This review highlights the prominent effects of S in plants (i.e. growth retardation, alternations of photosynthesis, stomatal movement, enzymatic activities, protein synthesis, interferences with various stress conditions, membrane functioning etc.) but also includes the mechanism of uptake and translocation. Moreover, it also throws new insights, have led us to revisit the hypothesis of S chelation.
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Статья научная
During past few years, it has been globally experienced that uncontrolled urbanization and industrialization have contributed the accumulation of heavy metals in water and soil which causes physiological stress to the growing plants that finally leads to negative effects. Present study was undertaken to analyze the response of heavy metals (0.01%, 0.1%, and 1.0%) of HgCl2 and equivalent concentrations of CoCl2, NiCl2,CdCl2, ZnSO4, and CuSO4 (5mg/L, 10mg/L, 25mg/L, 50mg/L, and 100mg/L) during seed germination and early seedling growth in oil crop black sesame ( Sesamum indicum L., cv. TMV3). Responses in terms of germination (partial and full) percentage mean were recorded after 3-days and 7-days of treatments respectively. Results reveal that even very low concentration (0.01%) of HgCl2 treatment was seen to be significantly inhibitory leading to full seed germination (60±1.0%) after 7-days of treatments in comparison to control experiment (100±0.5%). Moreover, further higher concentration (0.1%) of HgCl2 was proved to be completely lethal. Among solutions of chloride metals (Co, Ni, and Cd), NiCl2 (25mg/L) was found to be the most toxic heavy metal and the rate of germination was recorded as (10±1.0%) followed by CdCl2 (40±1.0%) and CoCl2 (50±1.0%) after 7-days of treatments. Further, among sulfate solutions of Zn and Cu- heavy metals, CuSO4 (100mg/L) proves to be strongly inhibitory (0±0.0%) for sesame seed germination in comparison to ZnSO4 (30±0.5%). Significantly, very low concentration (0.01%) of HgCl2 was also emerged as significantly toxic for seedling growth, hence, root-shoot length ratio (0.38±0.14cm/0.44±0.16cm) of seedlings were recorded after 10-days of treatments in comparison to control seedling (2.11±1.04cm/3.77±0.19cm). However, among chloride solutions of cobalt, nickel, and cadmium, NiCl2 solution even with (10mg/L) was proved to be strongly inhibitory during early seedling growth and thus, root-shoot length ratio (0.03±0.02cm/0.33±0.22cm) was recorded. Moreover, further higher concentrations (25mg/L and above) of NiCl2 treatments were proved to be strongly lethal and suppressed significantly both seed germination and seedling growth. Additionally, CoCl2 and CdCl2 treatments were also exhibited similar inhibitory responses in terms of inhibitions in root formation at high concentration (25mg/L). Furthermore, during sulfate solutions of Zn and Cu-treatments, CuSO4 solution (100mg/L) was found to be strongly inhibitory even for seed germination while in contrast ZnSO4 (100mg/L) solution was failed to suppress seed germination completely and seedling length (0.1±0.11cm/0.11±0.6cm) was recorded. Hence, present study reveals that among various heavy metals employed, Hg was found to be the strongest inhibitor for sesame seed germination and during early seedling growth followed by Ni, Cd, and Co while Zn was proved as very weak inhibitor in comparison to Cu heavy metal.
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Статья научная
Leaf photosynthesis, a major determinant for yield sustainability in rice, is greatly conditioned by high temperature stress during growth. The effect of short-term high temperatures on leaf photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, Fv/Fm, SPAD readings and yield characteristics was studied in two Colombian rice cultivars. Two genotypes, cv. Fedearroz 50 (F50) and cv. Fedearroz 733 (F733) were used in pot experiments with heat stress treatment (Plants were exposed to 40°C for two and half hours for five consecutive days) and natural temperature (control) treatment. Heat treatments were carried out at the initiation of panicle primordial (IP) or grain-filling (GF) phases. The results showed that short-term high temperature stress produced a reduction on the photosynthesis rate in both cultivars either IP or GF phases. Similar trends were found on stomatal conductance in all cases due to high temperatures. Although Fv/Fm and SPAD readings were not affected by high temperatures, these variables diminished significantly among phenological phases. 'F733' rice plants showed higher number spikelet sterility due to heat stress treatments. These results seem to indicate that heat-tolerant cultivars of rice is associated with high levels of photosynthesis rate in leaves.
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Response of secondary metabolites in Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. under water stress regimes
Статья научная
Effect of water stress on leaf water relations and some secondary metabolites in root stem and leaf of Aristolochia bracteolata Lam. has been studied. Mature potted plants were imposed to short term water stress. Moisture content, succulence index, mesophyll succulence index showed a very meager decline under water scarcity thereby showing its ability to maintain water status even under water deficiency. Significant rise in proline content in leaf followed by stem and root observed under water stress. Polyphenol and tannin content has increased considerably in all parts but more pronounced effect is seen in root. Maintenance of high succulence even under water stress and concurrent accumulation of secondary metabolites helps in membrane protection and osmoregulation influences for induction of facultative CAM.
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Response of some Malus mill. species representatives to extreme low temperatures in Baikal Siberia
Статья научная
The paper presents the results of study of maximal frost resistance of apple-tree varieties of Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Buryat, Canadian selection by the method of artificial freezing. The research found virtually all apple-tree varieties to withstand the temperature as low as -45оС without serious damage to bark, cambium and wood; with only Melba variety exhibiting significant bark damage. Apple-tree varieties of Buryat ACRI selection, regardless of cultivation location, demonstrated high tissue resistance to critical low negative temperatures. The investigated forms of Malus baccata L. Borkh, are characterized by high frost resistance in the middle of winter regardless of their location. Critical temperatures of -50о and -55оС proved lethal for Lada, Krasnaya Grozd’ varieties, as well as for Melba variety of Canadian selection.
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Response of the coelomocyte of metaphire posthuma to chlorpyrifos toxicity
Статья научная
Background: Chlorpyrifos, a widely used organophosphorus pesticide, poses significant environmental risks due to its persistence in soil and adverse effects on non-target organisms such as earthworms. This study investigates the toxicological impact of chlorpyrifos on the earthworm species Metaphire posthuma under controlled laboratory conditions. We assessed acute toxicity, growth rate, and immune responses, including coelomocyte viability. Earthworms were collected, maintained in a controlled environment, and exposed to varying concentrations of chlorpyrifos.
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Response of two Potato Cultivars Grown in Pots to Different Levels of Salinity
Статья научная
This pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of potato plants to different levels of salinity in terms of plant dry mass (PDM), root dry mass (RDM), plant height, number of stems and some mineral elements analysis from aerial parts of potato plants. Two potato cultivars namely, Madrid and Alver stone russet were exposed to three levels of salinity (0, 50 and 100 mM). Pots test plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Salt stress left significant effects on all characters, i.e., biomass and height of potato plants were decreased, but Na content was increased significantly with salt stress. As well, our results revealed positive correlation among K content and RDM in the treatment 50 mM and P content and PDM in the treatment 100 mM of salinity. On the other hand, the results revealed that increasing concentrations of salinity have negative effects on biomass and plant growth in all tested potato cultivars.
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