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Purification and Biochemical Properties of Carboxylesterase from Saga Seeds (Adenanthera pavonina)
Статья научная
Carboxyl esterase (E.C.No.3.1.1.1) was partially purified from Adenanthera pavonina (Saga) using ammonium sulfate fractionation (0-60%) and DEAE (diethyl aminoethyl) ion exchange chromatography, the purified enzyme was characterized. One major saga-esterase was identified with Fold purification of 29. Molecular weight of the Ap-esterase was determined using Sephadex G-25 gel filtration and SDS-PAGE (Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacryamide gel electrophoresis) which was found to be 26.0 k Da. Optimal activity of the saga-esterase occurred when the pH 7.0 at a temperature of 55°C. The activation energy for the hydrolysis of α-naphthyl acetate was determined to be 1.10 kcal/ mol. The Michaelis Menton constant (Km) and Vmax of the saga-esterase was 0.4µmoles and 105 IU respectively. In addition, the isoelectric point is at pH > 9 and immuno-blot using polyclonal antibodies showed that the saga-esterase was widely distributed in seeds but not in leaves. The saga-esterase inhibited by organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, which can be substituted for acetylcholinesterase.
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Статья научная
In order to identify the components of high temperature response in French bean, three heat shock proteins induced under high temperature were purified to homogeneity by Carboxy methyl cellulose and sephadex G-100 chromatography followed by preparative SDS-PAGE. Two of these, Hsp1 and Hsp3 were further characterized by immuno-detection with polyclonal antibodies. Hsp3 exhibited ATPase and chaperone activity with malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase. Partial cDNA for Hsp3 synthesized using the primer derived from amino-terminal sequence was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein possesses ATPase activity, and showed thermal protection at 50°C in Escherichia coli. The translated partial cDNA showed homology with stress induced proteins including ATPases from higher plants. These results supported the fact that French bean response to high temperature stress involves Hsps as one of the principal components.
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Qualitative Phytochemical Screening of Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by Paraja Tribe of Koraput, India
Статья научная
The present study reports the qualitative phytochemical screening of selected ethnomedicinal plants used by Paraja tribe of Koraput which are known to exhibit medicinal properties reported earlier in our laboratory. The plants were subjected for phytochemical screening to determine the presence of secondary metabolites, which showed therapeutic effects as claimed by the tribal people. Qualitative analysis of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, stereoid, terpenoid, glycosides, anthraquinons and phenol tests were carried out for these selected plants by using different extraction (methanol, acetone and water extraction). The phenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, tannin, and steroids are major pharmaceutical parameters that are responsible for ethnomedicinal values were present in varying proportions. Based on the results, these plant species also contain significant amounts of phytoconstituents that can be exploited as a potential source for herbal remedy for various diseases. Further studies are necessary to find its different bioactivity which can give fruitful results in phytopharmaceuticals.
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Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.)
Статья научная
Background: T. cordifolia contains a lot of secondary metabolites which are produced from various parts of the plant. They have their specificity in many diseases to cure. By considering the importance of T. cordifolia as medicinal plant to investigate the phytochemical properties. Results: The preliminary phytochemical study was carried out to identify the presence of different phytochemicals and the results revealed the presence of Carbohydrates, Glycosides, Proteins, amino acids, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Tannins, Saponins, steroids and triterpenoids. When we compare the presence of phytocompounds in different solvents, methanol and aqueous extracts revealed the presence of more phytoconstituents followed by petroleum ether and chloroform solvents. The quantitative analysis of phytochemicals such as Flavonoids, phenols, alkaloids, tannins and saponins were also estimated from methanol extract by various methods. Total phenolic content of methanolic extract of the T. cordifolia was found to be 6.53mg/g. Total flavonoid content was found to be 4.07mg/g, alkaloid content was 5.62mg/g and the tannin content was found to be 5.83 mg/g. Saponin content was 5.02mg/g. The results revealed that the phenol content was more in stem extract of T. cordifolia and it was followed by tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. FT-IR analysis was performed to identify the various functional groups of the biomolecules found in the methanolic stem extract of the plant. Conclusions: The results of present study revealed the presence of medicinally important constituents in Tinospora cordifolia . Traditional medicine practice is recommended strongly that further work should be carried out to isolate, purify and characterize the bioactive compounds responsible for the activity of these plants.
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Quantitative Evaluation of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Under High Temperature Stress
Статья научная
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is world’s second highest produced grain crop after maize. It is India’s preeminent staple crop among other cereal crops. It is a major source of food after wheat. However, it is highly sensitive towards high temperature during flowering and early grain filling stages hence, threaten crop productivity. The various anthropogenic activities increase the global temperature at an alarming rate which causes negative impact on agriculture in terms of reduction in growth and yield. With increasing population and changes in global climate, the current rice production will be inadequate to meet the future demand very soon. Therefore, use of temperature resistant variety can be a better alternative. The experiment was carried out with thirty two genotypes of rice to evaluate genotype for growth and yield attributing traits under high temperature conditions. The genotypes under investigation were observed at flowering and maturity stage after the treatment of high temperature. Among all the genotypes, IET 23947, Luit and IR-82310-B-B67-2 were found most tolerant to high temperature as they showed significant enhancement in grain yield (70.95%), 1000 grain weight (36.72%) and harvest index (43.58%). Therefore, these three potential genotypes can be exploited for further studies with respect to high temperature stress (heat stress) to obtain the best heat resistant rice genotype with high production and improvement of rice genotype for heat resistance.
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Quantitative analysis of physicochemical and phytochemical constituents medicinal herbs
Статья научная
The present investigation has been carried out the Stastical Analysis of physicochemicaland phytochemical constituents medicinal herbs such as flower of Calendula officinalis Linn, leaves of Lantana camara Linn,aerial part of Oldenlantia herbacea L and root of Peristrophe paniculata Forssk.In physicochemical analysis, parameters such as foreign matter, loss drying,total ash,water and acid soluble ash, water and solvent extractive value of plant were determined.And also the quantitative estimation of phytochemical constituents like alkaloids, tannin, terpenoids, saponin, carbohydrates and protein contents of Calendula officinalis L., Lantana camara L., Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb., and Peristrophe paniculata Forssk. was undertaken as per standardized procedure.Result showed that Loss on drying turned out to be 1.70% in Calendula officinalis L.,1.61 % in Lantana camara L.,1.45% in Peristrophe paniculata Forssk. and 1.31% in Oldenlandia herbacea Roxb. Foreign matters were found to be 2.36% ( Calendula officinalis L.), 2.67% ( Lantana camara L.), 4.03% ( Peristrophe paniculata Forssk.) and 3.73% in Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb and the toal ash was found to be relatively 9.46% in Calendula officinalis L. followed by 10.62 % in Lantana camara L., 9.53% in Peristrophe paniculata Forssk. and 8.34% in Oldenlandia herbacea Roxb. The water solubility of all the selected plants 21.74% ( C. officinalis ), 22.43% ( L. camara ), 22.58% ( P. paniculata ) and 22.68% ( O. herbacea ) were found to be higher compared to ethanol and other solvents. The phenol content was higher in Lantana camara L. (15.95mg) followed by Calendula officinalis L. (12.57mg), Peristrophe paniculata Forssk. (10.63mg) and Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. (3.70mg). The high content of alkaloid was recorded in Calendula officinalis L.(12.57mg) and low content in the Peristrophe paniculata Forssk. (0.39mg). The total tannin content of Calendula officinalis L. ( 78.93µg) was found to be higher than that of other plants.The total flavonoid content of Calendula officinalis L. was 21.51mg followed by 16.44mg for Lantana camara L., 21.29 mg for Peristrophe paniculata Forssk. and 18.43 mg for Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. contains higher concentration of terpenoids (11.65mg/g) compared than that of other three plants. Among the four plants, the levels of carbohydrate and protein content were found to be higher in Calendula officinalis L.(61mg; 5.20mg) respectively. From th results it was concluded that this study will be helpful in standardization for quality, purity and sample identification.
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Статья научная
Calanthe masuca (D.Don) Lindl plant leaves have medicinal properties. It is an endangered and terrestrial orchid. They are distributed in evergreen forest; plant collection is very difficult for researches. That’s why very rare because of group of plants not widely represent in the forest. The present study has aimed to evaluate the phytochemical analysis using three different solvents Methanol, Aqueous and Petroleum Ether. The secondary metabolites have estimated into phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids and terpenoids. The result showed that the methanol leaf extract shows as a high concentration. Aqueous extract showed moderate concentration and Petroleum ether extract showed low concentration. Methanol extract contained secondary metabolites such as the total phenol (31.50±0.22 mg/g) and tannins (24.60±0.02 mg/g) as mg, alkaloids (54.40±0.33 mg/g) as mg, flavonoids (73.20±0.62 mg/g) as mg, saponins (35.00±0.05 mg/g), Steroid (60.95±0.57 mg/g) and Terpenoids (14.00±0.26 mg/g). The Calanthe masuca is a medicinal plant based on the secondary metabolites presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, steroids and terpenoids. They are used as a source of potentials therapeutic medicinal values and curing various infectious diseases.
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Quantitative properties of chemical elements in the body of bivalves
Статья научная
Biogeochemical processes have a great influence on the presence and distribution of hydrobionts. Although the morphophysiological properties of hydrobionts, especially mollusks, in the region of the Middle Zarafshan are well studied, the amount of chemical elements in its composition has not yet been studied. The purpose of our study is to study the composition of chemical elements in the body of bivalves. The study of the composition of mollusks by biogeochemical parts is important in determining the need of organisms for chemical elements. Because the lack or excess of elements in the environment can lead not only to quantitative changes in the internal environment of organisms, but also to changes in the external environment. Therefore, various diseases arise due to a lack or excess of elements in the body. The study of the amount of elements in mollusks, which play an important role in the bioindication of water quality, is of great scientific and practical importance today.
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Redox enzymes of red beetroot vacuoles ( Beta vulgaris L.)
Статья научная
Years of research have shown that some of the redox elements (enzymes, coenzymes, and co-substrate) are isolated from each other kinetic and spatial manner (compartmentalization) in the eukaryotic cells. The redox elements forming the "highly" and "widely" specialized redox system are found in all cell structures: mitochondria, plastids, peroxisomes, apoplast, nucleus etc. In recent years the active involvement of the central vacuole in the maintenance of the plant cell redox homeostasis is discussed, actually the information about the vacuolar redox system is very small. The high-priority redox processes and "redox-specialization" of the vacuolar compartment are not known. We have begun a study of red beet-root vacuole redox systems ( Beta vulgaris L.) and have identified redox enzymes such as: phenol peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7). This paper presents some of the characteristics of these enzymes and considers the probable ways of their functioning in vacuolar redox chains.
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Reduced antioxidant status for prolonged period due to repeated stress exposure in rat
Статья научная
The objective of the study was to find out whether or not exposure to a stressor after an initial stressful experience augments stress response. Antioxidant status was determined by measuring changes in the activities of the hepatic free radical scavenging enzymes viz, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and catalase (CAT) and levels of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) following exposure to 1 h restraint (RS) and after a gap of 4 h to forced swimming exercise (FS) in rats. The activities of hepatic CAT, SOD, G6PDH and GST were significantly reduced 2 h after RS compared to controls and 4 h after FS the activities of CAT and G6PDH remained at lower levels i.e. they were similar to those found after RS, whereas SOD and GST showed further significant decrease compared to those found after RS. On the other hand the MDA levels, indicative of lipid peroxidation were significantly increased after RS and showed further significant increase after FS. The results reveal that after initial stressful experience, the stress response is augmented due to exposure to another stressor whereas the system does not get habituated to stress exposure.
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Regulation of NPR1 Under Salinity and Osmotic Stress in Soybean (Glycine max L.) Leaves
Статья научная
Aim of study: Non expressor of pathogenesis related gene (NPR1) is a key regulator of the SA dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in plants. Although NPR1 is a well known important regulator of salicylic acid to biotic stress, researching on abiotic stress have not yet been well founded. Materials and methods: With this aim, soybean (Glycine max L.) SA88 plants were grown with Hoagland solution for two weeks. Seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl, 10 % PEG 6000 and 200 mM NaCl + 10 % PEG 6000 and harvested at 2h, 4h, 6h (short term) and 7 day and 14 day (long term) of treatment. Main results: The results showed that plants treated with NaCl showed a better defense response in physiological parameters than PEG. Additionally, PEG stress lead to more oxidative damage at long term, while combined stress at short term in soybean leaves. Otherwise, the highest accumulation of ABA, SA and proline level was with PEG treatment at both short term and long term of treatment. However, GmNPR1 gene expressions were upregulated with PEG stress significantly at 7 day and combined stress at 14 day. Discussion: Considering the short term effects on GmNPR1 transcript levels, combined stress were more pronounced compared to NaCl and PEG stress alone. Research highligts: Consequently, this work firstly determined that osmotic stress may role as a potential signal but not salt stress for the regulation of NPR1 in soybean leaves.
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Статья научная
The protective role of exogenous supplied polyamines such as spermine in detoxifying the cadmium induced toxicity was studied in the tomato plants Solanum lycopersicum , we applied a dose of (1 mM) spermine with cadmium (0, 20 and 100 µM) for 7 days. The results of the application of exogenous spermine with cadmium showed a significant attenuation of the toxic effects of metal for different growth parameters (fresh matter, dry matter, root length and aerial parts) and chlorophyll pigments, mainly after 3 days for leaves and roots. Moderation of spermine is more marked with 20 µM dose of cadmium. The stimulatory effect of cadmium on catalase activity (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxidedismutase (SOD) is partially lifted by presence of spermine in tomato. The accumulation of cadmium, proline and soluble sugars in cultivated plants with cadmium showed a reduction by presence of spermine. Moderation of cadmium toxicity by application of spermine in tomato could be explained by its antioxidants properties.
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Repeated acute stress induced alterations in carbohydrate metabolism in rat
Статья научная
Acute stress induced alterations in the activity levels of rate limiting enzymes and concentration of intermediates of different pathways of carbohydrate metabolism have been studied. Adult male Wistar rats were restrained (RS) for 1 h and after an interval of 4 h they were subjected to forced swimming (FS) exercise and appropriate controls were maintained. Five rats were killed before the commencement of the experiment (initial controls), 5 control and equal number of stressed rats were killed 2 h after RS and remaining 5 rats in each group were killed 4 h after FS. There was a significant increase in the adrenal 3в- hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity following RS, which showed further increase after FS compared to controls and thereby indicated stress response of rats. There was a significant increase in the blood glucose levels following RS which showed further increase and reached hyperglycemic condition after FS. The hyperglycemic condition due to stress was accompanied by significant increases in the activities of glutamate- pyruvate transaminase, glutamate- oxaloacetate transaminase, glucose -6- phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase and significant decrease in the glucose -6- phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase activities, whereas pyruvate kinase activity did not show any alteration compared to controls. Further, the glycogen and total protein contents of the liver were decreased whereas those of pyruvate and lactate showed significant increase compared to controls after RS as well as FS. The results put together indicate that acute stress induced hyperglycemia results due to increased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis without alteration in glycolysis. The study first time reveals that after first acute stress exposure, the subsequent stressful experience augments metabolic stress response leading to hyperglycemia. The results have relevance to human health as human beings are exposed to several stressors in a day and such an experience might lead to insulin resistance because prolonged hyperglycemic condition is known to cause insulin resistance.
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Response and bioaccumulation potential of Boerhavia diffusa L. towards different heavy metals
Статья научная
Effect of different concentrations of heavy metals such as Cadmium, Chromium, Mercury and Lead was studied by cultivating rooted propagules of Boerhavia diffusa for a period of twenty days in Hoagland nutrient medium artificially contaminated with known concentration of those heavy metal ions. Concentrations of the metals selected to impart visible symptoms of growth retardation and to permit survival for prolonged period are 30 µM cadmium chloride (CdCl 2), 400 µM potassium dichromate (K 2Cr 2O 7), 10 µM mercuric chloride (HgCl 2), and 600 µM lead acetate (CH 3-COO) 2 Pb. More or less uniform growth performance was shown by the plants irrespective of the differences of concentration of the heavy metals. However, parameters such as root - and stem length, stomatal - and tolerance index varied among the treatments. Significant differences were observed in the heavy metal accumulation potential among metals and between plant parts such as root, stem and leaf and the pattern was dependent on growth period.
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Статья научная
Seed germination is one of the essential factors in the cultivation of medicinal trees. The laboratory experiment was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand during 2015. Hydro priming with 24 h & 48 h, and water stress (polyethylene glycol (6000) with potential 10%, 15% and 20%) & salinity stress (seeds were soaked in solution with concentration of 5% 10% and 15% NaCl for 3 hours) on seed germination and seedling quality character of bael ( Aegle marmelos ). The results showed that the effect of hydro priming was significant on seed germination percentage; seedling length, seedling vigour and dry matter production than control and stress condition (salinity & drought) significantly decrease germination percentage, Mean daily germination, seedling length, seedling weights & vigour indexes. Mean comparison showed that control and Hydro priming and stress conditions treatments those after 25 days and the maximum germination (91.56%), Mean daily germination (3.66), seedling length (15.84cm), vigour index 1 (1450.41), were achieved by hydro priming of bael seeds for 48 h, Fresh weight of seedling (1.62g), dry matter production (0.33g), and vigour index 2 (27.79). were achieved by hydro priming of bael seeds for 24 h, but in stress, conditions failed to improve germination. Hence bael seeds can be hydro primed for 48 h and 24 h to improve the germination and vigour.
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Response of Brassica napus L grains to the interactive effect of salinity and salicylic acid
Статья научная
Soil salinity is a serious environmental problem that has negative effect on plant growth, production and photosynthesis. Fresh and dry plant weights decreases with salinity treatments. The very important role of salicylic acid (SA) in response to different stress and modification and decline damages due to stresses has established in different studies. In this research, effect of grain soaking presowing in (0, 1, 1.5, 2 and 5 mM) of salicylic acid (SA) and NaCl (0, 4, 8 and 12 dsm-1) on canola (Brassica napus L) was studied. Increasing of NaCl level reduced the germination percentage(GP), Average velocity of germination (AVG) and growth parameters of 15-day old seedlings in compared to control plants. pretreated of SA in content 1mM significantly increased the germination percentage, and in contents more than of 1mM reduced the germination percentage in seeds under salinity stress. SA in content 1mM increased RWC, root and shoot of fresh weight in the stressed seedlings. Increasing of NaCl level increased Electrolyte leakage and MDA content in the stress seedling. electrolyte leakage and MDA content were markedly reduced under salt stress with SA 1mM than without. It was concluded that SA could be used as a potential growth regulator to improve salt tolerance in canola. Our observations indicate that, although SA is not essential for germination under normal growth conditions, it plays a promotive role in seed germination under high salinity by reducing oxidative damage.
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Response of Oryza sativa L. to the Interactive Effect of Drought and Salicylic Acid
Статья научная
Plant growth and rice productivity are negatively affected by the alarming rise of abiotic and biotic stress factors. Drought stress is a significant factor that directly affects numerous physiological, biochemical and molecular responses in plants. The exogenous application of plant growth regulators such as salicylic acid is a crucial route to alleviate the detrimental effects of water scarcity and plant efficacy. The research was conducted to evaluate the impact of foliar-applied salicylic acid of 0.25 mM concentration on morphological, physiological and biochemical alterations in rice plants under two levels of polyethylene glycol 6000 induced drought stress (8%, 16%). Drought stress increased lipid peroxidation, ion leakage, proline accumulation but decreased the leaf relative water content, root and shoot biomass. In contrast, foliar application of 0.25 mM SA mitigated PEG-induced drought stress by enhancing the LRWC, proline accumulation, decreasing the lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage. It was observed that SA treatment led to substantial improvement in plant biomass at both the drought stress levels, thereby increasing the plant acclimation under water deficit conditions.
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Response of crop plants under sulphur stress tolerance: a holistic approach
Статья научная
Sulphur (S) is a part of every living cell and is a constituent of two of the 20 amino acids which form proteins. Of all the macronutrient, S is perhaps the nutrient which has attracted the most attention in soil science and plant nutrition due to its potential defensive characteristics to pests, good nutritive potentiality to crops and its relative immobility in the soil- plant system. The benefits from S fertilisation of crops can be traced to its role in protein development, to improvement of nitrogen use, etc. However, the availability of S needed for profitable crop production continues to decline. This review highlights the prominent effects of S in plants (i.e. growth retardation, alternations of photosynthesis, stomatal movement, enzymatic activities, protein synthesis, interferences with various stress conditions, membrane functioning etc.) but also includes the mechanism of uptake and translocation. Moreover, it also throws new insights, have led us to revisit the hypothesis of S chelation.
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