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Статья научная
Salt tolerance in Moroccan ecotypes of Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot. and Lotus ornithopodioides L. were evaluated in greenhouse and compared with Australian cultivar : Trifolium michelianum Savi. Paradana. Plants were submitted to three irrigation treatments using concentrations 0 mM, 80 mM and 200 mM of NaCl, during 3 months. The effects of salinity on growth, dry matter production, shoot and root ion relations, leaf water relation and gas exchange were determined. Under stressed conditions, T. isthmocarpum was more salt tolerant (p - exclusion mechanism. However, the Cl - exclusion was more important in T. isthmocarpum than T. michelianum. On the other hand, T. isthmocarpum accumulated more K + in shoots than other species, when exposed to moderate and high levels of salinity. At 200 mM of NaCl, the stress promoted a substantial degree of stomatal regulation; but, in spite of this, L. ornithopodioides showed signs of leaf tissue dehydration, decreases in relative water content and osmotic potential values.
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Статья научная
Traditional means of capturing fish dwells on active components in plant which elicit harmful effects. Erythrophleum suaveolens is a typical example of such plant, which the study investigated for its stem-back (ASE) and leaf (ALE) aqueous extracts sub-lethal effects on Clarias gariepinus . Qualitative phytochemical screening of both extracts was carried out using 300 C. gariepinus sub-adults maintained in 10-fish sample per 1000 L circular fibre tanks during the research; the extracts were applied on every other day at 0.23 mg/ L ASE and 0.26 mg/ L ALE, which elicited LC50 effects from the range finding tests, for 96 h compared with control set-up. Haematological (during the experiment) and histopathological (at the terminal of the experiment) parameters of the fish were analysed. Results showed significant variations in the treated fish haematological responses compared with the control. More impact was observed in ALE treated fish and linked to three active components (phenols, saponins and steroids) higher than in ASE, with no negative observations on the fish under the control treatments...
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Phytochemical Screening and Functional Groups Identification of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Leaves
Статья научная
Background: The phytochemical components are extremely important to facilitate the search for the particular effectiveness of the plant in medicine. Identification of the chemical nature of phytochemical compounds present in medicinal plants will provide information about the various functional groups responsible for its medicinal properties. Thus, the need to investigate the phytochemicals from various plants has been exponentially increasing. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. is one of the most important medicinal plants belonging to the Sapindaceae family. This investigation was administered to study phytochemical and FT-IR analysis of a various solvent extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. leaves. Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. leaves extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterol, fixed oils, saponins, proteins, and amino acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins. As a result, the phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts revealed the presence of more phyto components followed by petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of various chemical components such as alcohol, alkanes, aromatic compound, carboxylic acid, aldehydes, alkenes, amides, nitro compounds and alkyl halides in the leaves extract of C. halicacabum L. The functional groups observed in the various extracts probably indicate the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, amino acids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The results obtained from FTIR analysis are significant with the preliminary qualitative analysis. Conclusions: Extractions of any crude drug with a certain solvent result in a solution that contains various phyto-components. The composition of these phyto-components in the respective solvent provides initial information about the quality of a drug sample. The presence or absence of a certain component plays an important role in the decision about the medicinal properties of the plant. As a result, the phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts revealed the presence of more phyto-components followed by petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts which can be beneficial in a therapeutic approach.
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Phytochemical analysis of Artemisia herba alba asso (Asteraceae) species
Статья научная
Phytochemical analysis of Artemisia herba-alba Asso (Asteraceae) species has been carried out using fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) technique and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. FT-IR spectra of the aerial parts (buds AB, leaves AL and flowers AF) of A. herba-alba powder revealed the presence of 12 peaks, of which 11 common peaks characteristics of the three A. herba-alba studied aerial parts. Whereas, the peak of 1632 cm-1 [(assigned to Alkenyl C=C stretch-Olefinic (alkene) group)] was observed in AB and AF aerial parts and not in AL. As for GC-MS analysis, data revealed 12 & 10 chemical compounds classes in A. herba-alba buds extracts of which, Bicyclic monoterpenoids (37.026 & 49.022%) was presented as a major compound in methanolic and ethanolic buds extracts, respectively. Whereas, 17 & 14 chemical compounds classes were detected in A. herba-alba leaves extracts, of which, Fatty acid amides (28.687 & 25.687%) was presented as a major compound in methanolic and ethanolic leaves extracts, respectively. While, 16 & 11 chemical compounds classes were detected in A. herba-alba flowers extracts, of which Fatty acid amides (25.623 & 23.295%) was presented as a major compound in methanolic and ethanolic flowers extracts, respectively. These bioactive materials make this species as a good candidates for different pharmaceutical and medicine academic researches and applications.
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Phytochemical analysis of two Achillea (Asteraceae) species using GC/MS technique
Статья научная
Wild Achillea aleppica DC and Achillea arabica Kotschy flowering, aromatic and perennial herbs, grown in the Middle-Southern regions of Syria were assessed for their ethanolic and acetonic aerial parts extracts phytochemical analysis based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Overall, GC/MS chromatogram revealed that the 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (41.656% and 61.097%) and Hexadecanamide (36.542% and 20.238%) were the most abundant compounds for ethanolic and acetonic A. aleppica aerial parts extracts, respectively. Whereas, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (41.280% and 53.990%) and Hexadecanamide (30.828% and 14.445%) were the most abundant compounds for ethanolic and acetonic A. Arabica aerial parts extracts, respectively. This study could consider as the first report highlights A. aleppica and A. arabica extracts phytochemical analysis.
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Статья научная
Background: Justicia adhatoda is a potential source of natural medicine . In Ayurveda this plant is known as the ‘Vasaka’ that is well known medicinal plant which is used in treatment of various disorders. Given the well-established reputation of Justicia adhatoda as a medicinal plant, a phytochemical screening was performed to further investigate its composition and potential applications.
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Phytohormones and morphogenesis of root nodules and lateral roots of a legume plant
Статья обзорная
Data on the physiological role of phytohormones (mainly cytokinin and auxin) in the initiation of cortical cell division of the root, in the formation of nodule primordium and in its further organogenesis are summarized. The necessity of high level of cytokinin and low level of auxin for this process is proved. The mechanism leading to an increase in the cytokinin / auxin ratio is associated with the inhibition of auxin transport from the aerial organs to the root with the involvement of cytokinin signaling. Reducing cytokinin / auxin ratio against the background of inhibition of cytokinin signaling initiates the formation of lateral roots. The role of other phytohormones as well as flavonoids which have a positive (gibberellins, brassinosteroids) or negative influence (ethylene, abscisic, jasmonic and salicylic acids) on the formation of the root nodule is discussed. The key role of the rhizobial Nod factor signaling in the organogenesis of the nodule is emphasized. The schemes of reactions and signaling processes involved in the initiation of nodule primordium and lateral roots formation are given.
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Phytomelatonin: an emerging regulator of oxidative imbalance due to abiotic stress
Статья обзорная
Drought, heat, cold, flood, salt, light, air pollution, and pesticide-induced oxidative damage have a detrimental impact on plant growth, reproduction, and survival. Thus, our research seeks to establish through a tryptophan-derivative plant molecule known as phytomelatonin, which may play a significant function in plant responses to various environmental stresses. Through the pieces of literature analysis, we reviewed the exogenous melatonin application and its influence on oxidative stress such as ROS and RNS generated in plant tissues under different abiotic stimuli. Our investigations also concern how phytomelatonin impacts the level of antioxidative proteins such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) under these stimuli. After our deep investigation through the literature survey, we found that phytomelatonin acts as a powerful scavenging agent to detoxify ROS and RNS under abiotic threats. Additionally, it also significantly enhanced the level of oxidant proteins to minimize the negative impact of reactive species under these threats. In this way, phytomelatonin exhibits multiple crucial capabilities including root growth, leaf senescence, photosynthetic rate, and increased biomass. Moreover, we discussed in brief how phytomelatonin acts as an emerging regulator of oxidative imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidative proteins induced by abiotic stresses, generated primarily in cell organelles, nuclei, plasma membrane, cytosol, and apoplast. Thus, it may be concluded that the phytomelatonin molecule might be improving the balance of these stressful conditions in plants for its better-surviving capacities under different threatful situations.
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Phytoremediation of lead and cadmium contaminated soils using sunflower plant
Статья научная
Phytremediation has emerged as a practical approach to clean up metal-polluted soils. In this study the role of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) plants as a potential phytoremediator to soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) was investigated. Our results showed that the effect of Cd was stronger on the growth of the roots, while the effect of Pb was stronger on the shoots of sunflower seedlings. At the physiological level, Cd treatment was found to induce low levels of lipid peroxidation and membrane leakage with less affected photosynthesis in the leaves of the treated sunflower seedlings compared to the effects of Pb. The results presented here showed that a high amount of the total absorbed Cd (88.84%) was accumulated in roots, while a high amount of the total absorbed Pb (71.39) was tranlocated to shoots of sunflower seedlings. Similar trends of Cd and Pb allocation between roots and shoots at the yield stage were recorded. We suggest here that sunflower plants may remediate Cd contaminated soils through phytostabilization, while may remediate Pb contaminated soils through phytoextraction. Finaly, the trace amounts of Cd and Pb that were accumulated in seeds recommends sunflower plants to be used safely and economically for cleaning up soils contaminated with Cd and/or Pb.
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Phytoremediation potential of aromatic and medicinal plants: a way forward for green economy
Статья обзорная
Currently, interests in the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants gained a rapid momentum worldwide. These find great application in various industries such as; cosmetic, pharmaceutical, perfumery and other industrial sectors. Therefore, product safety issues are of paramount importance for the betterment of the consumer. Presently, heavy metal (HMs) pollution is one of the serious issues for the environment and agriculture as it has a direct impact on the production yield. This situation has worsened in the present era due to the population pressure, industrialization and various anthropogenic activities which in turn lead to oxidative stress in plants and thus disturbs the redox homeostasis and ultimate affects the quality and production yield. However, plants possess a different regulatory system that work in a synergetic manner to combat stress and thus adapts themselves in such contaminated soils. These act as sinks to neutralize the toxic effects of these heavy metals either by chelation, sequestration, intensification of enzyme system. Here we discuss the impact of heavy metals on aromatic and medicinal plants and how they play an essential role as a sustainable phytoremediation crops.
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Phytostabilization potential of yard long bean in removing cadmium from soil
Статья научная
The effect of cadmium (Cd) on growth, physiology, distribution and tolerance was examined in root, shoot and leaves of yard-long bean ( Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.). The seeds were grown in pot culture under laboratory conditions for 60 days in Ferriera and Davis nutrient solution with three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) of cadmium. Cd toxicity was evident from chlorosis in young leaves and increased concentrations of Cd brought significant negative effects on plant growth, photosynthetic rate and protein biosynthesis. Translocation of Cd was found to be more in roots than the above ground parts and the accumulation was in the order of root > shoot > leaf. Low root to shoot translocation of Cd makes the crop ideal for phytostabilization. Relatively high metal tolerance index obtained in the study indicated that the crop has greater tolerance to increase Cd exposure, though accumulation of Cd had altered thickness of root and root biomass. Owing to the crop’s adaptability to high temperature, drought conditions and ability to retain Cd in roots makes it a promising candidate for phytostabilization of soil contaminated by Cd.
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Phytotoxic effects of cinnamic acid on cabbage ( Brassica oleracea Var. capitata)
Статья научная
The present study deals with the effects of exogenous application of cinnamic acid (CA) on growth and metabolism in growing seedlings of Brassica oleracea Var. capitata (cabbage) in hydroponic culture. CA was added at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM concentrations. CA has shown inhibitory effects on shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings. CA significantly decreased the photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase activity and protein content. Graded concentrations of CA increased lipid peroxidation and sugar content. The increasing concentrations of CA significantly increased the antioxidative enzymes activity viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase against the oxidative stress caused by CA.
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Phytotoxicity of chromium (VI) on germination, growth attributes and pigmentation in cluster bean
Статья научная
An investigation was carried out to study the phytotoxic effect of chromium (VI) on seed germination, plant growth parameters and biosynthesis of pigments in cluster bean ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ). Four concentrations (1, 2, 4 and 8 µg ml-1) of Cr (VI) as potassium dichromate were applied to cluster bean seeds in solution culture. The rate of seed germination was observed every hour. Growth parameters were measured at the early seedling stage. The concentrations of chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin in leaves were estimated. All the studied concentrations of Cr (VI) were found to be toxic to cluster bean. The speed of seed germination slowed down under Cr (VI) stress. The root-shoot length, root-shoot fresh weight and root-shoot dry weight decreased with increasing concentrations of Cr (VI). The most deleterious effect was observed at 8 µg ml-1. Anthocyanin contents in cluster bean showed a significant ( P -1 and 2 µg ml-1 were moderately toxic while 4 µg ml-1 and 8 µg ml-1 were highly toxic to cluster bean.
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Статья научная
Species of medicinal plants are grouped into sets, each of which was used in folk or scientific medicine for a specific infectious disease. A total of 59 infections and species sets were taken into account. Increases in the occurrence, in such sets, of species belonging to certain families and species containing chemical compounds of certain groups (flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, lactones, coumarins, iridoids, xanthones) were studied. The mathematical-statistical Student's t-test was used. As a rule, in the set of species used for infectious diseases, the occurrence of some (from 1 to 12) families is significantly increased. 67 families are characterized by a significantly increased occurrence in at least one such set. Significant differences were noted between families in the number of infections with which they are associated through their affinity for the sets of plants used. It was also revealed that, as a rule, in the set of species used for infectious diseases, the occurrence of certain (from 1 to 8) groups of compounds was significantly increased. Significant differences were noted between infections in combinations of groups of compounds that were reliably related to the plant species used. Information about the considered patterns can be used to assess the prospects of plant species, families, and chemical compounds in the study of their antimicrobial and antiviral activity.
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Potential role of nutrients in immune boosting and aiding against COVID- 19 pathogenesis
Статья обзорная
COVID-19 or the novel Corona Virus is highly contagious and acute disease and is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 or SARS-CoV-2. The pathogenesis of Corona Virus is very complex and involves the suppression of host innate and antiviral immune response, cytokine storm is described as induction of oxidative stress followed by hyper inflammation which causes tissue fibrosis, pneumonia and lung injury. Several neutraceuticals have proven their abilities against viral pathogenesis and boosting immunity. These neutraceuticals involves Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, Selenium, and Copper. To boost immunity, combination of some of the phytonutrients may be used as food supplements. It may also help provide therapeutic assistance against COVID-19, preventing spread of virus and suppression of hyper inflammation. This review speculates the significance of nutrition as a mitigation strategy to support immune function amid the COVID-19 pandemic, identifying food groups and key nutrients of importance that may affect the outcomes of respiratory infections. To survive in the current conditions of COVID-19 it is necessary to build up the immunity. An appropriate diet can make sure that a body is capable against the viral pathogenesis.
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Pre-exposure to gamma rays alleviates the harmful effect of salinity on cowpea plants
Статья научная
Soil salinity is one of the most severe factors limiting growth and physiological response in cowpea plants. In this study, the low concentrations of NaCl (25mM) increased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments content, total soluble protein content, nucleic acids contents (DNA and RNA), lipid peroxidation, non enzymatic antioxidants (anthocyanin, ascorbic acids and α-tocopherol), number of legumes per plant, number of seeds per legume, number of seeds per plants, legume length, fresh and dry weight of legumes and weight of 1000 seeds and total soluble proteins and carbohydrate contents in harvested seeds as compared to control. On the other hand, the high concentrations of NaCl (50, 100 and 200 mM) caused reduction in plant growth, photosynthetic pigments content, total soluble protein content, nucleic acids contents (DNA and RNA), all yield attributes and harvested seeds components but increased lipid peroxidation and non enzymatic antioxidants (anthocyanin, ascorbic acids and α-tocopherol). Electrophoretic studies of proteins showed three types of modifications are observed in the protein patterns of cowpea seeds, some protein bands were disappeared, other proteins were selectively increased and synthesis of new set of protein was induced. Some of these responses were observed under gamma rays and salinity treatments, while others were induced by either gamma rays or salinity. Seeds irradiation with gamma rays alleviates the adverse effect of salt stress compared to non irradiated seeds.
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Prediction of Future World on The Basis of High Heat conditions on Plant Metabolism
Статья научная
Global warming creates temperature elevation with the help of green house gases and anthropogenic activities. Elevated temperatures have been selected as key factors that influence on plant growth and development. CO2 is essential for plant photosynthesis and growth. But CO2 is a green house gas and responsible for temperature elevation. Up to certain level heat is helpful for plant growth, survival and physio – biochemical processes. Above the certain range, heat causes disruption in plant metabolic processes. This is also important for the development of new strategies and biotechnological tools for enhancing plant growth in the future world facing from high heat stress situations. In this review, we have focused on role of high temperature effects on plant metabolisms to illustrate the possible future world.
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Prediction of disadaptation disorders in terms of the immune status
Статья научная
The aim of the study is to enable rapid development of forecasting human disadaptation disorders caused by stress factors change living conditions. The developed method allows for the values of salivary immunoglobulin A, ceruloplasmin and proportion of lymphocytes in the blood leukocyte formula to recognize nosological class of diseases which are based on the failure of adaptation processes. Application of the method allows early adaptation period to identify individuals with poor adaptive skills and to predict the likely nosological form disadaptation disorders, which are essential for effective preventive measures.
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Статья научная
Medicinal plants have bioactive compounds which are used to cure various diseases.In the present investigation involves the preliminary phytochemical analysis to find out the various chemical constituents from the plant sample of Sida sivarajani . Four different solvents viz. Acetone, water, n-hexane and methanolwere used to obtain extracts from plantleaves. The extracts were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening using standard procedure. The phytochemical screening reveals the presences of carbohydrates, cardic glycosides; phenol & terpenoids are present in all four solvents. Among all the four extracts, maximum phytochemicals were found dissolved in water, n-hexane and methanol.
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