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Rhizosphere microbiome signalling and biotic stress tolerance in plants
Статья обзорная
In the age of ever-increasing population density, the escalating demand for food has to be met. Irrespective of whether individuals prefer animal-derived food or not, the pressure on agricultural systems continues to intensify as it provides the most sustainable means to feed the masses. The climatic variability of crops or dietary preferences is only a part of the problem. The major issue lies in the viability of plants and their resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Being a huge threat to agriculture, numerous efforts have been made to study and subdue the effects of biotic stress on plants. One such sustainable approach could be the utilisation of microbes inhabiting the rhizosphere. In this review, we thus shed some light on the practical data to discuss the rhizosphere microbiome and how it affects the plant, particularly in conferring resistance to biotic stresses via priming the host plant and promoting the induced systemic resistance (ISR), antagonistic or competitive interactions with pathogens, strengthening insect pest resistance and control and disease suppression. The prospects that this field holds when combined with superior techniques like genetic engineering are immense for the development of a viable and fully-fledged plan for attaining sustainable agriculture.
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Статья научная
Studied time dynamics (during 60 mines) a level oxide nitric (NO) in cross cuts of roots 2 - day etiolated seedlings of pea sowing ( Pisum sativum L.) by use of fluorescent probe DAF-2DA and a fluorescent microscope depending on action exogenous calcium (Ca 2+). During an exposition of seedlings on water, solution CaCl 2 are shown fluctuation in level NO in roots - his increase and decrease that testifies to the certain rhythm in generation NO. Exogenous factors (Ca 2+) change time dynamics of level NO in comparison with variant “water”. Ca 2+chelate EGTA removes action exogenous calcium on rhythmical change of a level NO in roots. Results are discussed in aspect of close interference of signaling systems and molecules (Ca 2+, NO, Н 2О 2).
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Статья научная
The production of food crops in sustainable agriculture demands the use of renewable resources, which include the potential role of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) for supplying nitrogen (N) for crops. Associative action of AMF in legumes has a great impact on root, shoot development and phosphorous uptake which results in the enhancement of nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Biological nitrogen fixing crops can contribute N to the neighbouring crops by N transfer. N compounds (NH4+, NO3-, amino acids, ureides, peptides and proteins) released from nodulated roots, decomposed legume debris, or root exudates to soil solution are absorbed by AM hyphae as the first direct pathway of N transfer. Absorbed N by AMF is translocated as NH4+, amino acids, and peptides from fungal cell to neighbouring plant cells. This transfer could involve NH4+ and NO3- transporters, amino acid permeases and peptide transporters. Plants could be interconnected by mycorrhizal mycelia to form common AM networks that provide the another direct pathways for N transfer from one plant to another. Although the relatively small role of common AM networks in N transfer, the overall AMF contributions to N transfer are considered to be of great importance for legume and non-legume intercropping systems in sustainable agriculture.
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Статья научная
Background: To protect them from water stress induced-ROS- mediated protein unfolding and aggregation, plants are equipped with a wide range of antioxidant redox molecular chaperonic proteins like Protein disulphide Isomerase (PDI) (E.C.5.3.4.1). These are a diverse group of proteins that in vivo bind to misfolded or unfolded proteins and play an important role to form specific three dimensional conformation of the functional proteins. In addition, stress conditions induce altered and intensified PDI expression in plant cell, thereby highlighting the role of these proteins under abiotic stress conditions. The context and purpose of the study; The main objective of the study was to determine drought stress- induced changes in the modulation of the boiling soluble protein disulphide isomerase (BsPDI) in response to drought at two different developmental stages {38 Days Post Anthesis (DPA) and 52 DPA} in Triticum aestivum. Results, the main findings; A temporal regulation of BsPDI accumulation in a cultivar dependent manner was observed under control and drought stress. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis revealed strong induction of BsPDI17 under drought conditions only in the tolerant cv. PBW 527 at 38 DPA. Contrary to this, unchanged BsPDI17 accumulation was detected in the sensitive cv. PBW 343 at 38 DPA under drought. However, at 52 DPA, there was a marked decline in BsPDI17 accumulation in the sensitive cv. PBW 621 under stress conditions. Conclusions, brief summary and potential implications: Based upon our results, significance of BsPDI in the wheat cultivars differing in drought resistance during stress conditions is discussed.
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Статья научная
Macrozoobenthos of the littoral of Lake Onego is represented by 22 units of different taxonomic rank. The invasive species Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing 1899) (CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA) plays a dominant role by biomass in the littoral macrozoobenthos community during the subglacial period. The peculiarities of the size and sex composition of the G. fasciatus population are studied. It was shown for the first time that in the subglacial period on the littoral of Lake Onego the population of amphipods contains young individuals from 2.1 mm, in contrast to the size composition of this species in Lake Ladoga. Apparently, these are crustaceans that appeared in the summer of the previous year, as we did not discover any breeding females. The sexual structure of the G. fasciatus population in Lake Onego is stable, with the ratio of females to males being 1:1.
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Статья научная
Clinical research involves investigating proposed medical treatments, assessing the relative benefits of competing therapies, and establishing optimal treatment combinations. It is the most fruitful line of approach for methods of diagnosis and treatment as described in Ayurvedic literature. Anaemia is the most common indicator used to screen for iron deficiency, the terms anaemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anaemia are sometimes used interchangeably. Iron deficiency anaemia would be considered a public health problem only when the prevalence of haemoglobin concentration exceeds 5.0% of the population. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in a population is therefore a statistical rather than a physiological concept, although it reflects that proportion of the population that has iron-deficient erythropoiesis. As iron deficiency has been recognized as commonest nutritional deficiency disorder and a risk to the nation among top ten selected health risks, although this deficiency disorder has been described by the name Panduroga thousands of years ago in the Ayurvedic classics. Punarnava Mandura is an Ayurvedic iron preparation has been used for the management of this disease since that time. In the present study a clinical trial of Punarnava Mandura has been carried out for evaluating the better efficacy on Panduroga i.e., Iron deficiency anaemia. Study Drug Punarnava Mandura following the reference of Bhaishsjya Ratnavali was selected and its comparison was done with ferrous sulphate taken as a control.
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Role of ascorbic acid against pathogenesis in plants
Статья обзорная
Plants vary considerably in their physiological response to various kinds of environmental stress. To prevent damage caused by pathogenic attack and to acclimate to change in their environment, plants have evolved direct and indirect mechanism for sensing and responding to pathogenic stimuli. Ascorbic acid (AA) is found in all eukaryotes including animals and plants and lack completely in prokaryotes except cyanobactaria, have been reported to have a small amount. AA has now gained significant place in plant science, mainly due to its properties (antioxidant and cellular reductant etc.), and multifunctional roles in plant growth, development, and regulation of remarkable spectrum of plant cellular mechanisms against environmental stresses. As it is evident from the present review, recent progress on AA potentiality in tolerance of plants to pathogenic attack has been impressive to a greater extent. AA produced in plants as indirect response against pathogenic attack at different sites in plants and its intertwined network cause changes in nuclear gene expression via retrograde signaling pathways, or even into systemic responses, all of which are associated with pathogenic resistance. Indeed, AA plays an important role in resistance to pathogenesis.
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Статья научная
Salinity is one of the environmental challenges in the world affecting on several physiological processes and the most limiting factor of plant productivity and quality. Two pot experiments were conducted at the wire house of National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt during two successive seasons of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to assess the efficiency of two antioxidant vitamins (ascorbic acid at 1.13 and 2.27 mM or α tocopherol at 0.46 and 0.93 mM) and/or salinity stress at (0.0, 3.08, 6.16, 9.23 ds/m) on photosynthetic pigments, protein, carbohydrate, minerals, oil contents and yield as well as fatty acids composition of the yielded oils of three flax cultivars (Sakha 3, Giza 8 and Ariane). The data revealed that salinity stress caused significant and gradual decreases in total photosynthetic pigments, polysaccharides, total carbohydrates, total proteins and the uptake of Mg, K, Ca and P in the leaves of three flax cultivars with increasing salinity levels (3.08, 6.16, 9.23 ds/m). Otherwise, significant and gradual increase appeared in both Na and Cl. Ascorbic acid and α tocopherol at different concentrations caused significant increases in photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates and protein contents in the leaves of flax plants irrigated either with tap water or saline solution as compared with their corresponding controls. Exogenous application of ascorbic and α tocopherol at different concentrations exhibited decreases in Na and Cl whereas increases appeared in Mg, K, Ca and P relative to their corresponding control. Ascorbic acid (1.13 and 2.27 mM) and α tocopherol (0.46 and 0.93 mM) caused marked increases in yield and yield attributes of three flax cultivars either in plants irrigated with tap water or saline solution as compared to corresponding control. Ascorbic acid effects were more pronounced than α tocopherol effects. In addition, the higher level of two vitamins was more pronounced than the lower level. Regarding plants irrigated with tap water, it was noted that ascorbic acid at 2.27 mM caused significant increase in oil content by 19.75 % in Giza 8 whereas α tocopherpl at 0.93 mM caused significant increase by 14.83% in Sakha 3 and 13.70% in Ariane. Regarding plants irrigated with saline solution (9.23 ds/m), it was found that α tocopherol at 0.93 mM caused significant increase in oil % by 30.84 %, 9.66 % and 35.62 % in Sakha 3, Giza 8 and Ariane cv. respectively. Responses of three flax cultivars to salt stress were more or less similar; since salinity stress caused marked increases in total saturated fatty acids accompanied by decreases in total unsaturated fatty acids as salinity levels increased. Myristic acid (C14:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) were the most affected saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in response to different salinity levels. The effect of ascorbic acid at 2.27 mM and tocopherol at 0.93 mM were found to be contrary to that of salinity as marked increases appeared in unsaturated fatty acids as compared with control plants. It could be concluded that foliar application of ascorbic acid and α tocopherol could play an enhancement role and alleviate the harmful effect of salinity stress on many metabolic and physiological processes of three flax cultivars that reflected in increasing seed yield quality and quantity.
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Статья научная
The present work aimed to investigate changes in growth and some metabolic activities in NaCl-stressed bean seedlings, and assessing the role of ascorbic acid to alleviate these changes. The germination was carried out to study the response of presoaked faba bean seeds ( Vicia faba cv. Misr 2) in freshly prepared ascorbic acid (50 ppm ≈ 0.3 mM; as recommended dose as described by El-Tayeb, 1995) or distilled water (control) for 4 hrs at natural environmental conditions, to salinity stress during germination period. The radicle and plumule lengths were inhibited at high dose of NaCl but, ascorbic acid application to salt-treated seeds seemed to increase radicle and plumule elongation. The radicle and plumule fresh and dry weights were gradually decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations but, a noticeable increase of radicle and plumule fresh and dry weights were reached in seedlings treated with ascorbic acid. The pigment biosynthesis was substantially affected by salt treatment. Addition of ascorbic acid to stressed seedlings more or less furthered the inhibitory effects of salinity. Salinity enhanced the accumulation of reducing sugars in both radicle and plumule of Vicia faba seedlings as compared with control. Ascorbic acid treatment furthered the stimulatory effects of NaCl. Salinity gradually lowered the protein content of plumules. Ascorbic acid treatments raised the accumulation of protein contents in radicle to a great extent compared to those subjected only to NaCl. Plumule alkaloid content was lowered by low and moderate levels of NaCl. Coupling ascorbic acid to salt treated seeds induced a highly significant increase in alkaloid content of plumules compared to its corresponding controls. Sodium chloride treatments to Vicia faba seeds for two days caused a drastic suppression of α- and β-amylase activities. Ascorbic acid application to non-salinized seeds seemed without effects whereas, the salt-treated seeds showed more or less furthered the same effect of salinity. From the previous results we can observed that ascorbic acid achieved a better results during germination indexes.
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Role of copper in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a mini-review
Статья обзорная
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) presents a significant global health challenge, with escalating prevalence rates and associated morbidity and mortality. Despite medical advancements, the mortality rates continue to rise, necessitating a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. Copper, a vital trace element, plays an important role in various metabolic processes and homeostatic functions within the human body. Dysregulation of copper metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of DM, contributing to oxidative stress, insulin resistance, altered glycemic control, and metabolic abnormalities. The present review provides an illustrative overview of the role of copper in DM, elucidating its impact on oxidative stress, insulin resistance, glycemic control, and metabolic disturbances.
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Role of exogenous application of salicylic acid on medicinal plants under drought stress: a review
Статья обзорная
Drastic and rapid climate changes causes water deficit condition (abiotic stress) in plants and alter growth and developmental processes. Salicylic acid (a plant growth regulator) a phenolic compound, is an essential signal molecule which is responsible for inducing tolerance for both biotic and abiotic stress. It accelerates restoration of growth and developmental process due to elicitor action of the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The aim of this review is to understand the efficacy of salicylic acid during drought stress at various morpho-physiological and biochemical processes on medicinal plants.
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Role of exogenous proline in ameliorating salt stress at early stage in two rice cultivars
Статья научная
The study evaluated the effect of proline on germination and seedling growth of two Malaysian rice cultivars (MR220 and MR232) under salt stress. The exposure of rice seeds to increasing concentration of NaCl (0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM) had drastically affected germination (%), root and shoot length (mm), chlorophyll content and protein content. It is evident from the result of inhibition in germination rate, reduction in root and shoot length, chlorophyll content and protein content. However, several studies have shown that exogenous application of proline has ameliorated the negative effect of salt stress by regulating cellular osmotic balance. The present study has demonstrated that rice seeds pretreated with proline (1mM, 5mM and 10mM) and grown at different NaCl concentrations counteracted the adverse effect of salt. Pretreatment of proline at a concentration of 1mM was found to be effective and stimulated cellular activities, whereas 10mM proline was ineffective in improving plant growth under high level of salt (300 and 400mM NaCl).
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Статья научная
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the beneficial effect of foliar application of glycine betaine (10mM), grain presoaking in salicylic acid (0.05 M) and their interaction on two droughted wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars (sensitive, Sakha 94 and resistant, Sakha 93). In general, water stress caused noticeable increases in root length, number of adventitious roots, soluble sugars and nitrogen but a massive reduction in fresh and dry masses of root, growth vigor of shoot, leaf area, pigments content, polysaccharides, protein-N and total nitrogen in both wheat cultivars. Vice versa, exogenous application of GB, SA or their interaction could counteract the adverse effects of drought by improvement of growth vigor of root and shoot, leaf area, retention of pigments content, increasing the concentration of organic solutes (soluble sugars and soluble nitrogen) as osmoprotectants, keeping out the polysaccharides concentration and/or stabilization of essential proteins in both wheat cultivars. Finally, we can conclude that GB, SA or their interaction could improve the drought tolerance of both two wheat cultivars particularly the sensitive ones.
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Статья научная
Aim: Study of HSPs synthesis after heat and cold shock and explanation of thermotolerance by the transport of HSPs to the plasma membrane. Methods and Results: Physical (cold and heat shock) and chemical (lignocaine) damage to plasma membrane was achieved in thermotolerant and mesophilic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae . In shocked yeasts K+ ion efflux, leakage of UV280 absorbing material, HSP expression profile and viability at 25 and 45°C were studied. Physical/chemical shock was given for 30 minutes and subsequently yeasts were incubated at 25°C to avoid further membrane damage by stress. In thermotolerant strain, membrane damage increased up to 70 minutes (30 min of shock and 40 min at 25°C) and reduced thereafter. De-novo HSPs in membrane were noted at 60 minutes and reached maximum at 80 minutes in thermotolerant strain. In mesophilic yeast, de-novo HSPs were not synthesized and leakage was continuous up to the studied period (100 minutes). Conclusion: These de-novo HSPs are transported to the membrane for restoring the membrane integrity and to prevent the leakage. The thermotolerant strain can grow at higher temperatures compared to mesophilic strain due to more production of HSPs and HSP associated membrane damage reversal. Significance and Impact of the Study: Several reports established the role of HSPs in thermotolerance but their mode of action is not well characterized. The current method explains the mechanism for acquiring thermotolerance in yeast.
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Role of leptin in metabolic adaptation during cold acclimation
Статья научная
Chronic cold exposure stimulates thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue, resulting in fat mobilization and compensatory hyperphagia. Mostly, these physiological events are accompanied by a remarkable reduction in serum leptin levels. However, the physiological roles of hypoleptinemia in cold adaptation are still not fully clear. We hypothesized that leptin is the keystone of the regulatory systems linking energy balance to cold adaptation. Leptin treatment (5μg/day) decreased food intake, body weight, serum ghrelin levels and hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) gene expression. Food restriction in the pair-fed group mimicked most of the effects induced by leptin treatment. Central coadministration of ghrelin (1.2 μg/day) partially reversed the effect of leptin on hypothalamic MCH mRNA, but it did not block the reducing effects of leptin on food intake, body weight and serum ghrelin levels. In addition, hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression increased significantly in response to the coadministration of leptin and ghrelin. Collectively, we conclude that the regulatory effects of leptin on energy balance in cold-acclimated rats are dependent on feeding, which may involve the reduction of hypothalamic MCH gene expression. We found no evidence for ghrelin involvement in the regulation of leptin on food intake and body weight during cold acclimation.
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Role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in growth and salt avoidance of pistachio plants
Статья научная
In a greenhouse experiment, plant growth and rates of uptake and root to shoot transport of chloride and sodium were investigated in seedlings of pistachio ( Pistacia vera cv. Badami-Riz-Zarand) inoculated with Glomus mosseae and exposed for 21 and 42 days with four salinity levels (0.5, 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0 dSm -1). Mycorrhizal (+M) plants maintained greater root and shoot biomass at all salinity levels compared to non-mycorrhizal (-M) plants. In -M plants, salt intensity had no significant effect on shoot dry weight (SDW) and leaf dry weight (LDW) on each of harvesting dates but root dry weight (RDW) showed a significant decrease at the highest salinity level 42 days after the start of salt treatment (DAT) in comparison with control (EC of 0.5 dSm -1). In +M plants, SDW was increased with an increase in salt intensity especially in the first harvesting date. The same increase was observed in RDW of +M plants while LDW was not affected by salt stress levels. Rates of uptake and root to shoot transport of Cl - and Na + were markedly lower in +M than in - M plants leading to decrease in accumulation of them. In conclusion, the study indicates that pistachio tolerance to salt stress is improved by mycorrhizal colonization, although the salinity levels used in this work could not induce biomass reduction in -M pistachio plants, higher levels of salinity should be investigated in order to optimize the effect of this symbiosis.
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Role of nanoparticles on the alleviation of abiotic stress tolerance: a review
Статья обзорная
Nanotechnology has become a dynamically demand driven developing industry with a multiple applications in material manufacturing, computer chips, medical diagnosis, energy and health care, cancer therapy, targeted drug delivery, electronics, cosmetic industry, biosensors and crop improvement. It was estimated that by year 2014, more than 15% of all products in the global market will have some kind of nanotechnology incorporated into their manufacturing process. Nanoparticles penetrate into specific cellular locations because of their extreme small size and acquired some peculiar properties play significant role in the protection of plants against various abiotic stresses. The application of nanoparticles increased germination and seedling growth, physiological activities including photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism, leaf activities of CAT, POX and APX, chlorophyll contents, protein, carbohydrate contents and yield, and also positive changes in gene expression indicating their potential use in crop improvement. Nanoparticles enhances the water stress tolerance via enhancing root hydraulic conductance and water uptake in plants and showing differential abundance of proteins involved in oxidation-reduction, ROS detoxification, stress signalling, and hormonal pathways. Proteomic techniques have contributed substantially in understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant responses against various stresses by providing a link between gene expression and cell metabolism. As the coding regions of genome are responsible for plant adaptation to adverse conditions, protein signatures provide insights into the nanoparticles at proteome level. The recent contributions of plant proteomic research to elaborate the complex molecular pathways and the mobility of the nanoparticles is very high, which leads to rapid transport of the nutrient to all parts of the cultivated plants with the use of nano preparations in stressful conditions.
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Статья обзорная
The relationship between abiotic stress, nitric oxide (NO) and Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a challenging one. It is now clear that H2O2 and NO function as signaling molecules in plants. A wide range of abiotic stresses results in H2O2 generation, from a variety of sources and it has many essential roles in plant metabolism but at the same time, accumulation related to virtually any environmental stress is potentially damaging. NO is gaining increasing attention as a regulator of diverse pathophysiological processes in plant science, mainly due to its properties (free radicals, small size, no charge, short-lived, and highly diffusible across biological membranes) and multifunctional roles in plant growth, development and regulation of remarkably broad myriad of plant cellular mechanisms. Various abiotic stresses can induce NO synthesis, but its origin and mode of action in plants have not yet been completely resolved. Recent studies on NO production have tended to high light the questions that still remain unanswered rather than telling us more about NO metabolism. But regarding NO-H2O2 signaling and functions, new findings have given an impression of the intricacy of NO-H2O2 related signaling networks against abiotic stresses. Cellular responses to NO-H2O2 are complex, with considerable cross-talk between responses to several abiotic stresses. In last few years, the role of NO in H2O2 mediating tolerance in plants to abiotic stress has established much consideration.
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Roles of Medicinal Plants in Organic Live Stock Production
Статья научная
Eco-friendly management is important for farm animals healthy, so the use of naturally occurring compounds like herbs, herbal preparations and other botanicals are important for enhancement of overall animal health and satisfy consumer concerns. Key considerations in organic livestock production are the origins of livestock, livestock feed, living conditions, waste management, health care and record keeping. Some of the medicinal plants which are reported in livestock production are Hypoxis hemerocallidea, Peltophorum africanum, Drimia sanguine, Elephantorrhiza elephantine, Curcuma longa, Azadirachta indica, Myrsine Africana, Ficus thonningii Blume, Vitex thomasii De Wild, Boswellia frereana, Tillandsia recurvata, Solanum incanum L., Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv., Echinaceae purpurea, Moringa oleifera, Trichilia claussenii, Artemisia absinthium, Ecklonia cava, Carcia papaya, Acacia angustissima, Sesbania sesban, Cajanus cajan, Origanum vulgare, Annona senegalensis, Picrorhiza kurroa, Azadirachta indica, Morinda citrifolia, Rheum nobile, Carduus pycnocephalus, Herba agastaches, Cortez phellodendri, Gypsum fibrosum, Chenopodium album, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Zingiber officinale, Echinacea, and Devil ,s claw. Medicinal plants have been used effectively for health care treat-ment to make a significant increase in both health and animals productivity. The utilization of traditional medicinal plants are cheaper, easier and more sustainable compare to synthetic drugs and pharmaceuticals. The goal of this manuscript is review on functions of important medicinal plants in livestock production.
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Salicylic Acid and Salt Stress Tolerance in Plants: A Review
Статья научная
Soil salinity has become a hot debate and has gained a great scientific interest towards global food security for an increasing population. Because salinity has numerous negative effects on crop physiology and results loss of productivity. Various attempts to overcome salinity have led to detrimental effects. However, scientists have been recruited to use certain eco-friendly techniques to increase stress tolerance in plants by rising the emission rate. One of them, which is naturally present in certain plant species, is Salicylic acid, a well-known growth regulator. Since plant hormones can monitor plant development and growth, they also serve as a strong protector against various abiotic stresses. But their concentration decreases beyond the level of protection when exposed to abiotic stressors such as NaCl stress. Thus, by increasing the amount of endogenous SA, externally supplied SA has found considerable beneficial effects on plant stress resistance. SA introduces many physiological, biochemical, and molecular modifications to plants under salt stress that include immunity. Evidence of external application of SA under salt stress tolerance in plants is discussed in this review. In addition, low SA concentrations have also been addressed and its cross-talk with other regulators.
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