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Response of two Potato Cultivars Grown in Pots to Different Levels of Salinity
Статья научная
This pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of potato plants to different levels of salinity in terms of plant dry mass (PDM), root dry mass (RDM), plant height, number of stems and some mineral elements analysis from aerial parts of potato plants. Two potato cultivars namely, Madrid and Alver stone russet were exposed to three levels of salinity (0, 50 and 100 mM). Pots test plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Salt stress left significant effects on all characters, i.e., biomass and height of potato plants were decreased, but Na content was increased significantly with salt stress. As well, our results revealed positive correlation among K content and RDM in the treatment 50 mM and P content and PDM in the treatment 100 mM of salinity. On the other hand, the results revealed that increasing concentrations of salinity have negative effects on biomass and plant growth in all tested potato cultivars.
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Response of two tomato cultivars to field-applied proline and salt stress
Статья научная
An experiment was carried out using saline water (6.57 dS.m -1) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) on two tomato cultivars ( Solanum lycopersicum, cv. Rio Grande and Heinz-2274) in a silty clay soil. The former is a salinity tolerant and the latter a sensitive cultivar. Exogenous application of proline was done by foliar spray at two concentrations: 10 and 20 mg.L -1, with a control (saline water without proline), during the flowering stage. As a result of the proline applied, significant effects were observed on both cultivars of tomato, particularly with low concentration of proline (10 mg.L -1). It led to increase of leaf area, growth length and fruit yield. Regarding mineral nutrition, Ca 2+ was higher in different organs while low accumulation of Na + occurred. However, Cl - was very low significantly in all tissues of plants of Rio Grande at the higher concentration of proline applied.
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Статья научная
In our study, the auxin effect on rooting and sprouting behavior of stem cuttings of Excoecaria agallocha L. has been studied. Initially stem cuttings were pretreated to remove the phenol content of cutting and then the stem cuttings that were devoid from phenols were subjected to hormonal treatment with auxins including indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) 2000ppm, indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) 2000ppm, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) 2000 ppm and IBA+NAA combination 2000 ppm. The root length, root number, rooting and sprouting percentage, number of leaves per cutting, leaf area and photosynthetic pigments were analyzed on 40, 50 and 60 days after planting. Besides this, peroxidase isoenzyme pattern of root and leaf was also analyzed. All the growth attributes have shown an increasing trend at all stages of growth with auxin treatments. Among the auxin treatments, IBA 2000ppm vastly enhances rooting and sprouting behaviour of blinding eye mangrove. The isoenzyme analysis for peroxidase clearly showed that peroxidase (POX) highly supported root initiation and root elongation processes in Excoecaria agallocha.
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Responses of Zea mays L. cultivars to peg induced drought stress
Статья научная
Water deficit stress is one major environmental constraint having a devastating impact on crop productivity. Improving plant tolerance to drought is imperative to ensure food security. Drought stress during maize seedling establishment stage lowers the seedling survival rate and increases post pollination embryo abortion rate. Thus, an experiment was carried out as factorial in randomized complete design with three replicates to evaluate the tolerance mechanism of five local maize cultivars at Department of Life Sciences (Botany), Manipur University, Manipur during February to April, 2022. The maize seeds were allowed to germinate under control environment conditions: 14h light/10h dark, 25±2oC temperature and 60% relative humidity using a growth chamber (Tanco PLT-149 Plant Growth Chamber). At seven days after emergence, different concentrations of PEG-6000 were used to impose water deficit stress to maize seedlings. It was observed that drought stress substantially inhibited growth and development across all cultivars. Relative water content (RWC) as well as chlorophyll pigment concentration showed gradual decline under different drought stress levels with cultivar M002 being the least affected. Drought stress also triggered significant augmentation of osmolytes and antioxidant activity with maximum accumulation in cultivar M002. Overall findings from this study indicate that cultivar M002 possess promising drought tolerance characteristics and can perform successfully in water scarce regions.
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Статья научная
We investigated the contributions of low light intensity (LLI) and development stage on growth status, nutrient uptake, pigment contents, bioactive molecule contents and biological activities on carthamus tinctorius plants at two growth periods: vegetative and flowering periods in order to optimize natural culture conditions required to improve leaf antioxidant accumulation; while maintaining acceptable biomass production under LL conditions. For this purpose, an open field culture experiment was conducted on safflower leaves subjected to optimal light (250 µmol m-2 s-1) or LLI condition (125 µmol m-2 s-1). Shade constraint affected extensively the growth in terms of dry weight, RGR and water content particularly at vegetative stage. MDA and EL levels had a noteworthy increase particularly at flowering stage S reaching +34%in comparison to sun-exposed leaves. In addition TPC, TFC and TCT were mostly enhanced at full flowering stage than vegetative one. In the same line, the antioxidant activities were found to be enhanced at the FS stage as compared to the vegetative one. These results strongly indicate that LL induces the accumulation of secondary metabolites in C. tinctorius leaves by altering the phenolic synthesis pools, as well as for the up-regulation of antioxidant molecules defense
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Responses of medicinal plants to drought: implications for secondary metabolite production
Статья обзорная
Drought places immense stress on the environment, threatening biodiversity, plant growth and productivity worldwide. This burden falls especially hard on medicinal plants grown in arid regions and semi-arid regions. When water is scarce, these plants undergo significant changes in their biochemical and physiological processes. They close their stomata, reduce photosynthesis, and alter their water management processes. These shifts are often accompanied by biochemical adjustments, such as changes in osmotic balance, antioxidant enzyme activity, accumulation of compatible solutes, and modifications in phytohormone levels. Additionally, drought stress can influence the production of secondary metabolites, which are critical for the therapeutic properties of medicinal plants. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of medicinal plants to drought stress, with a focus on how these responses affect the synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for improving the cultivation, conservation, and therapeutic quality of medicinal plants under changing environmental conditions.
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Responses to ZnO nanoparticles during water stress in Oryza sativa L
Статья научная
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NP) are being used in different fields of research. The use of NP in agriculture is a recent practice to understand the impact of ZnO NP on growth and functions in plants. This study is an attempt to evaluate the effect of ZnO NP on growth and physiological changes of Oryza sativa in ameliorating PEG induced water stress in rice. ZnO nanoparticles are prepared by chemical method and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray diffraction. Water stress induced growth reduction in rice seedlings by modulating ROS and antioxidant responses, but the effect of ZnO nanoparticles, which may be involved in alleviating the adverse effect of water stress on rice seedlings include the regulation of growth, ROS and antioxidant responses. It can be suggested that the water stress may be counteracted by ZnO nanoparticles at lower concentrations. Further detail understanding of the regulation of zinc transporter in response to ZnO nanoparticles is required. The present study give an insight on the possible role of ZnO NP during water stress acclimatization process in rice. Further studies are required to understand the role of Zn transporter in regulating zinc homeostasis under ZnO NP treatment which in turn will open new ideas on plant-nanoparticles interaction in future.
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Статья обзорная
Pulses are a unique type of crop due to their high content of vegetable protein, an important part of the human diet, and their major contribution to the cropping system through nitrogen fixation. A wide range of physiological deterioration that results in qualitative, quantitative, and economic losses occurs during the post-harvest storage of pulse crops. For pulse crop germination, growth, seedling establishment, and yield, the appropriate abiotic and biotic conditions are required. The article covers the seed priming approach, which can coordinate seed germination and increase vigor for better seedling establishment and productivity. Seed priming turns on metabolic pathways that break dormancy, prevent seeds from degrading, and boost overall resilience to biotic and abiotic stressors. The overall review provided in this paper describes how seed priming enhances pulse crop germination, seedling establishment, growth, and yield.
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Статья обзорная
Improved crop varieties are the result of important plant breeding techniques, have several benefits, such as higher yields, resistance to pests and diseases, and endurance under adverse conditions like salinity and drought. These varieties are losing their uniqueness and health if they are not properly maintained. This is mostly caused by contaminating and degrading factors, such as genetic drift, outcrossing, volunteer plants, mutation, environmental stressors, and diseases spread by seeds. Proper seed management during seed multiplication can prevent this degeneration. This review study aimed to keep better varieties in seed multiplication systems. It looks at the significance of genetic purity and the variables that influence it. A thorough discussion of the techniques for preserving genetic integrity, including roguing, isolation, and seed certification. It is also stressed that policy support is needed for farmer education, seed certification, and research to preserve the benefits of these varieties. This evaluation offers valuable insights into the optimal management procedures during seed multiplication to guarantee that enhanced crop varieties continue to be useful instruments for boosting agricultural productivity and food security. It accomplishes this by undertaking a detailed examination of current practices and advances.
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Статья научная
Background and objectives: Understanding oscillations of cardiovascular parameters (BP, HR, blood flow, heart contractility, etc.) has been a puzzling issue. This paper intends to assess the effects of various physiological and pathological factors like gender, age, BMI, handedness acute perceived stress and chronic perceived stress on individual components of blood pressure, and to evaluate and gauge the physiological and pathophysiological reflex mechanisms for the same. Methods: 120 normotensive, healthy adults were included with equal gender ratio. After obtaining consent, age, BMI, Handedness and STAI for perceived acute and chronic stress were recorded. BP components i.e. SBP, DBP, PP, MAP and RPP were recorded and calculated. Physical, psychological, physiological and pathological factors affecting cardiac and vascular systems were deliberated. Mean, SD, T-test and Pearson’s correlation were used for analysis. Results: Gender difference in BP showed cardiac and vascular protective role of oestrogen in females through eNOS. Age had significant negative correlation with RPP suggesting early changes in cardiac mass reducing oxygen extraction by the myocardium, while based on various neuroendocrinal, hormonal and renal mechanisms, BMI showed strong positive correlation with SBP, DBP and MAP, proposing changes within circulating blood volume, cardiac output and large vessels. Unlike previous studies, there was no correlation between handedness and BP components on subjects at rest, suggesting cerebral dominance on autonomic influences might be active only in BP stimulating situations. Acute perceived stress showed negative correlation with all BP components recommending extended biopsychosocial model and active baroreceptor reflex unlike acute physical stress, which shows elevated BP, which can only be obtained by resetting threshold response of baroreceptor to higher level. Chronic perceived stress correlated with elevated SBP and MAP suggesting rumination, cardiovascular remodelling, reflex adaptation and resetting. Conclusion: Our study has tried to hypothesise specific physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms which might be involved in changes of individual blood pressure components. It is fascinating to notice that none of the observed factors (physiological and pathological) has any correlation with Heart Rate. Our subjects were at rest and hence, heart rate was normal, showing no variations. This article helps to understand probable underlying mechanisms for the same.
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Rhizosphere microbiome signalling and biotic stress tolerance in plants
Статья обзорная
In the age of ever-increasing population density, the escalating demand for food has to be met. Irrespective of whether individuals prefer animal-derived food or not, the pressure on agricultural systems continues to intensify as it provides the most sustainable means to feed the masses. The climatic variability of crops or dietary preferences is only a part of the problem. The major issue lies in the viability of plants and their resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Being a huge threat to agriculture, numerous efforts have been made to study and subdue the effects of biotic stress on plants. One such sustainable approach could be the utilisation of microbes inhabiting the rhizosphere. In this review, we thus shed some light on the practical data to discuss the rhizosphere microbiome and how it affects the plant, particularly in conferring resistance to biotic stresses via priming the host plant and promoting the induced systemic resistance (ISR), antagonistic or competitive interactions with pathogens, strengthening insect pest resistance and control and disease suppression. The prospects that this field holds when combined with superior techniques like genetic engineering are immense for the development of a viable and fully-fledged plan for attaining sustainable agriculture.
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Статья научная
Studied time dynamics (during 60 mines) a level oxide nitric (NO) in cross cuts of roots 2 - day etiolated seedlings of pea sowing ( Pisum sativum L.) by use of fluorescent probe DAF-2DA and a fluorescent microscope depending on action exogenous calcium (Ca 2+). During an exposition of seedlings on water, solution CaCl 2 are shown fluctuation in level NO in roots - his increase and decrease that testifies to the certain rhythm in generation NO. Exogenous factors (Ca 2+) change time dynamics of level NO in comparison with variant “water”. Ca 2+chelate EGTA removes action exogenous calcium on rhythmical change of a level NO in roots. Results are discussed in aspect of close interference of signaling systems and molecules (Ca 2+, NO, Н 2О 2).
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Статья научная
The production of food crops in sustainable agriculture demands the use of renewable resources, which include the potential role of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) and Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) for supplying nitrogen (N) for crops. Associative action of AMF in legumes has a great impact on root, shoot development and phosphorous uptake which results in the enhancement of nodulation and nitrogen fixation. Biological nitrogen fixing crops can contribute N to the neighbouring crops by N transfer. N compounds (NH4+, NO3-, amino acids, ureides, peptides and proteins) released from nodulated roots, decomposed legume debris, or root exudates to soil solution are absorbed by AM hyphae as the first direct pathway of N transfer. Absorbed N by AMF is translocated as NH4+, amino acids, and peptides from fungal cell to neighbouring plant cells. This transfer could involve NH4+ and NO3- transporters, amino acid permeases and peptide transporters. Plants could be interconnected by mycorrhizal mycelia to form common AM networks that provide the another direct pathways for N transfer from one plant to another. Although the relatively small role of common AM networks in N transfer, the overall AMF contributions to N transfer are considered to be of great importance for legume and non-legume intercropping systems in sustainable agriculture.
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Статья научная
Background: To protect them from water stress induced-ROS- mediated protein unfolding and aggregation, plants are equipped with a wide range of antioxidant redox molecular chaperonic proteins like Protein disulphide Isomerase (PDI) (E.C.5.3.4.1). These are a diverse group of proteins that in vivo bind to misfolded or unfolded proteins and play an important role to form specific three dimensional conformation of the functional proteins. In addition, stress conditions induce altered and intensified PDI expression in plant cell, thereby highlighting the role of these proteins under abiotic stress conditions. The context and purpose of the study; The main objective of the study was to determine drought stress- induced changes in the modulation of the boiling soluble protein disulphide isomerase (BsPDI) in response to drought at two different developmental stages {38 Days Post Anthesis (DPA) and 52 DPA} in Triticum aestivum. Results, the main findings; A temporal regulation of BsPDI accumulation in a cultivar dependent manner was observed under control and drought stress. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis revealed strong induction of BsPDI17 under drought conditions only in the tolerant cv. PBW 527 at 38 DPA. Contrary to this, unchanged BsPDI17 accumulation was detected in the sensitive cv. PBW 343 at 38 DPA under drought. However, at 52 DPA, there was a marked decline in BsPDI17 accumulation in the sensitive cv. PBW 621 under stress conditions. Conclusions, brief summary and potential implications: Based upon our results, significance of BsPDI in the wheat cultivars differing in drought resistance during stress conditions is discussed.
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Статья научная
Macrozoobenthos of the littoral of Lake Onego is represented by 22 units of different taxonomic rank. The invasive species Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing 1899) (CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA) plays a dominant role by biomass in the littoral macrozoobenthos community during the subglacial period. The peculiarities of the size and sex composition of the G. fasciatus population are studied. It was shown for the first time that in the subglacial period on the littoral of Lake Onego the population of amphipods contains young individuals from 2.1 mm, in contrast to the size composition of this species in Lake Ladoga. Apparently, these are crustaceans that appeared in the summer of the previous year, as we did not discover any breeding females. The sexual structure of the G. fasciatus population in Lake Onego is stable, with the ratio of females to males being 1:1.
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Статья научная
Clinical research involves investigating proposed medical treatments, assessing the relative benefits of competing therapies, and establishing optimal treatment combinations. It is the most fruitful line of approach for methods of diagnosis and treatment as described in Ayurvedic literature. Anaemia is the most common indicator used to screen for iron deficiency, the terms anaemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anaemia are sometimes used interchangeably. Iron deficiency anaemia would be considered a public health problem only when the prevalence of haemoglobin concentration exceeds 5.0% of the population. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in a population is therefore a statistical rather than a physiological concept, although it reflects that proportion of the population that has iron-deficient erythropoiesis. As iron deficiency has been recognized as commonest nutritional deficiency disorder and a risk to the nation among top ten selected health risks, although this deficiency disorder has been described by the name Panduroga thousands of years ago in the Ayurvedic classics. Punarnava Mandura is an Ayurvedic iron preparation has been used for the management of this disease since that time. In the present study a clinical trial of Punarnava Mandura has been carried out for evaluating the better efficacy on Panduroga i.e., Iron deficiency anaemia. Study Drug Punarnava Mandura following the reference of Bhaishsjya Ratnavali was selected and its comparison was done with ferrous sulphate taken as a control.
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Role of ascorbic acid against pathogenesis in plants
Статья обзорная
Plants vary considerably in their physiological response to various kinds of environmental stress. To prevent damage caused by pathogenic attack and to acclimate to change in their environment, plants have evolved direct and indirect mechanism for sensing and responding to pathogenic stimuli. Ascorbic acid (AA) is found in all eukaryotes including animals and plants and lack completely in prokaryotes except cyanobactaria, have been reported to have a small amount. AA has now gained significant place in plant science, mainly due to its properties (antioxidant and cellular reductant etc.), and multifunctional roles in plant growth, development, and regulation of remarkable spectrum of plant cellular mechanisms against environmental stresses. As it is evident from the present review, recent progress on AA potentiality in tolerance of plants to pathogenic attack has been impressive to a greater extent. AA produced in plants as indirect response against pathogenic attack at different sites in plants and its intertwined network cause changes in nuclear gene expression via retrograde signaling pathways, or even into systemic responses, all of which are associated with pathogenic resistance. Indeed, AA plays an important role in resistance to pathogenesis.
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Статья научная
Salinity is one of the environmental challenges in the world affecting on several physiological processes and the most limiting factor of plant productivity and quality. Two pot experiments were conducted at the wire house of National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt during two successive seasons of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to assess the efficiency of two antioxidant vitamins (ascorbic acid at 1.13 and 2.27 mM or α tocopherol at 0.46 and 0.93 mM) and/or salinity stress at (0.0, 3.08, 6.16, 9.23 ds/m) on photosynthetic pigments, protein, carbohydrate, minerals, oil contents and yield as well as fatty acids composition of the yielded oils of three flax cultivars (Sakha 3, Giza 8 and Ariane). The data revealed that salinity stress caused significant and gradual decreases in total photosynthetic pigments, polysaccharides, total carbohydrates, total proteins and the uptake of Mg, K, Ca and P in the leaves of three flax cultivars with increasing salinity levels (3.08, 6.16, 9.23 ds/m). Otherwise, significant and gradual increase appeared in both Na and Cl. Ascorbic acid and α tocopherol at different concentrations caused significant increases in photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrates and protein contents in the leaves of flax plants irrigated either with tap water or saline solution as compared with their corresponding controls. Exogenous application of ascorbic and α tocopherol at different concentrations exhibited decreases in Na and Cl whereas increases appeared in Mg, K, Ca and P relative to their corresponding control. Ascorbic acid (1.13 and 2.27 mM) and α tocopherol (0.46 and 0.93 mM) caused marked increases in yield and yield attributes of three flax cultivars either in plants irrigated with tap water or saline solution as compared to corresponding control. Ascorbic acid effects were more pronounced than α tocopherol effects. In addition, the higher level of two vitamins was more pronounced than the lower level. Regarding plants irrigated with tap water, it was noted that ascorbic acid at 2.27 mM caused significant increase in oil content by 19.75 % in Giza 8 whereas α tocopherpl at 0.93 mM caused significant increase by 14.83% in Sakha 3 and 13.70% in Ariane. Regarding plants irrigated with saline solution (9.23 ds/m), it was found that α tocopherol at 0.93 mM caused significant increase in oil % by 30.84 %, 9.66 % and 35.62 % in Sakha 3, Giza 8 and Ariane cv. respectively. Responses of three flax cultivars to salt stress were more or less similar; since salinity stress caused marked increases in total saturated fatty acids accompanied by decreases in total unsaturated fatty acids as salinity levels increased. Myristic acid (C14:0) and oleic acid (C18:1) were the most affected saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in response to different salinity levels. The effect of ascorbic acid at 2.27 mM and tocopherol at 0.93 mM were found to be contrary to that of salinity as marked increases appeared in unsaturated fatty acids as compared with control plants. It could be concluded that foliar application of ascorbic acid and α tocopherol could play an enhancement role and alleviate the harmful effect of salinity stress on many metabolic and physiological processes of three flax cultivars that reflected in increasing seed yield quality and quantity.
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Статья научная
The present work aimed to investigate changes in growth and some metabolic activities in NaCl-stressed bean seedlings, and assessing the role of ascorbic acid to alleviate these changes. The germination was carried out to study the response of presoaked faba bean seeds ( Vicia faba cv. Misr 2) in freshly prepared ascorbic acid (50 ppm ≈ 0.3 mM; as recommended dose as described by El-Tayeb, 1995) or distilled water (control) for 4 hrs at natural environmental conditions, to salinity stress during germination period. The radicle and plumule lengths were inhibited at high dose of NaCl but, ascorbic acid application to salt-treated seeds seemed to increase radicle and plumule elongation. The radicle and plumule fresh and dry weights were gradually decreased with increasing NaCl concentrations but, a noticeable increase of radicle and plumule fresh and dry weights were reached in seedlings treated with ascorbic acid. The pigment biosynthesis was substantially affected by salt treatment. Addition of ascorbic acid to stressed seedlings more or less furthered the inhibitory effects of salinity. Salinity enhanced the accumulation of reducing sugars in both radicle and plumule of Vicia faba seedlings as compared with control. Ascorbic acid treatment furthered the stimulatory effects of NaCl. Salinity gradually lowered the protein content of plumules. Ascorbic acid treatments raised the accumulation of protein contents in radicle to a great extent compared to those subjected only to NaCl. Plumule alkaloid content was lowered by low and moderate levels of NaCl. Coupling ascorbic acid to salt treated seeds induced a highly significant increase in alkaloid content of plumules compared to its corresponding controls. Sodium chloride treatments to Vicia faba seeds for two days caused a drastic suppression of α- and β-amylase activities. Ascorbic acid application to non-salinized seeds seemed without effects whereas, the salt-treated seeds showed more or less furthered the same effect of salinity. From the previous results we can observed that ascorbic acid achieved a better results during germination indexes.
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Role of copper in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a mini-review
Статья обзорная
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) presents a significant global health challenge, with escalating prevalence rates and associated morbidity and mortality. Despite medical advancements, the mortality rates continue to rise, necessitating a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. Copper, a vital trace element, plays an important role in various metabolic processes and homeostatic functions within the human body. Dysregulation of copper metabolism has been implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of DM, contributing to oxidative stress, insulin resistance, altered glycemic control, and metabolic abnormalities. The present review provides an illustrative overview of the role of copper in DM, elucidating its impact on oxidative stress, insulin resistance, glycemic control, and metabolic disturbances.
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