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Статья научная
Gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence of four pot grown Galician grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Albariño, Brancellao, Godello and Treixadura) were examined under different levels of water stress in greenhouse. After extreme stress, gas exchange recovery responses were evaluated. Average ΨPD for control and stressed plants were -0.4MPa and -1.45MPa respectively. All varieties showed gradual declining of all gas exchange parameters (gs, E and A) with increasing of stress periods. Under stressed conditions, Albariño and Godello showed higher CO2 assimilation rate. At the end of stress period leaf defoliation was found in Albariño and Brancellao. Gas exchange recovery was higher for both Godello and Treixadura. A better response of auxiliary bud recovery was present in Albariño than in Brancellao. Close correlations between water stress and gas exchange parameters were found and it varies on genotype. Albariño, Godello and Treixadura followed same diurnal patterns of gas exchange rate for control and stressed plant respectively. Diurnal pattern of CO2 assimilation rate of all tested varieties followed gs and E. Only Brancellao showed treatment effect on mid-day Fv/Fm. Among four varieties photoinhibition was only found in Brancellao. At stressed condition physiological responses of grapevines were genotype depended.
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Статья научная
The transgenic and non-transgenic tobacco cell cultures were analyzed for resistance to abiotic and biotic stress. The different physiological reaction of cell culture depending on T-DNA structure (or transgen structure) was observed. The cell culture transformed by disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciense A699 with pCNL 65 nptII demonstrated the same stress-resistance as non-transgenic control cell culture. The cell culture transformed by Agrobacterium tumefaciense LBA 4400 pBiCaMV nptII + hsp101 showed a raised stress-resistance to high temperature, high KF concentration, and to the action of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp sepidonicus. Obviously, the expression of transferred arabodopsis gene hsp101 provides protection properties of transgenic cell culture under the influence of various stress factors. Moreover, that agrobacterial transformation as previous stress-factor is supposed to make a contribution to formation of transgenic cell culture cross-resistance.
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Статья научная
Night temperatures have shown an increase in rice-growing regions due to climate change in Colombia in recent years, causing a reduction in grain yield. The objective of this research was to study the effect of four different periods of exposure to two night temperatures (24°C vs. 30°C) on the physiological behavior of an Indica rice cultivar widely grown in Colombia. Fedearroz 60 (ʻF60ʼ) were grown under greenhouse conditions for forty-five days. After this period, 12 plants in each treatment was established in a growth chamber at 30°C from 18:00 to 24:00 to carry out the duration of the different periods of heat nighttime stress (4, 8, 12, and 16 days respectively). The control plants were kept in a greenhouse at 24°C. The results showed that leaf photosynthesis, carboxylation efficiency, and pigment content decreased in rice seedlings subjected to 30°C. Also, dark respiration and intercellular CO2 concentration increased. These reductions in the variables as mentioned above were more severe during the first four days of exposure to 30°C than 24°C. In conclusion, these results suggest that these physiological variables may be useful to assess the tolerance of rice plants to high nighttime temperatures in plant breeding programs.
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Physiological response of the green algae Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta) to heavy metals stress
Статья научная
To monitor physiological changes induced by heavy metals contamination on the marine algae Ulva lactuca (Chlorophyta), laboratory experiments were performed. Physiological effects of four heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd ions) on U. lactuca were assessed 5 days after exposure under laboratory conditions. Fourier transform raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) technique was also applied as support for physiological study. Our data showed that the specific growth rate (SGR%), chlorophyll (Chl a & b ), total chlorophyll and carotenoids (Car) pigments decreased significantly in algal thalli under heavy metals stress. This phenomenon was more pronounced with Pb treatment compared to the other tested metals. In addition, morphological changes due to heavy metals treatment were recorded by observed cellular damages under the above mentioned metals. FT-Raman technique showed that the C-H, C=O, CH 2 and C-O-C groups were mainly involved in heavy metals absorption. Moreover, Pb ions showed the highest toxicity against U. lactuca studied by showing the highest decline in the above mentioned physiological parameters.
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Статья научная
Soil salinity and alkalinity seriously threaten rice production in south Asia. Improving screening methodologies to identify sources of tolerance for improved breeding for salt tolerant rice is of continuing importance. Rice genotypes of varying salt tolerance, such as tolerant (T), semi-tolerant (ST), and sensitive (S), were grown in field lysimeters in saline soil of EC e 4 and 8 mS cm -1 and alkali soil of pH 2 9.5 and 9.8 in North India and analyzed for chlorophyll (Chl), sugar, starch and proline in leaves. Chlorophyll a and b decreased due to salinity in all the tolerance groups. However, Chl a was not much affected but chl b increased with alkalinity. Under high stress both at EC e 8 and pH 2 9.8 Chl a and b were more in tolerant than in sensitive genotypes. The ratio of Chl a/b was similar in T, ST and S genotypes under salinity stress. Sugar accumulation was higher in T compared to S under normal conditions but under salinity or alkalinity stress the differences were not significant. Leaf starch was highest in T, intermediate in ST and lowest in S genotypes in normal as well as under salinity and alkalinity stress. There was decrease in starch with salinity and alkalinity stress only in T group but not in ST and S group. Proline increased significantly in all the tolerance groups even at low salinity of EC e 4 mS cm -1 or pH 2 9.5. The salt tolerant genotypes of rice maintained higher levels of Chl a and b, starch and proline under high salinity and alkalinity stress are thus robust criteria for tolerating high salinity and alkalinity.
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Статья научная
Salvinia natans L. a water fern is displayed with some of its physiological attributes in response to aluminium (Al) stress in aqua culture as well as its interaction with externally applied putrescine (put). At the tissue level the Al deposition is prominent and mostly distributed in the intracellular spaces as well as cellular interfaces. The accumulation of Al and its induced oxidative damages are also revealed through Evan’s blue staining. In both the cases dose dependent responses of Al induced oxidative damages and its mitigation with Put was the resultant. Under non enzymatic antioxidation pathways, anthocyanin and flavonoids were the two phenolics over expressed as a function of Al and ameliorated with Put application. The property of root membranes was changed with an up regulation of H +/ATPase activity which was moderated by Put.The peroxidase activity particularly those were restricted to the wall bound also showed variability according to Al doses as revealed through in gel staining. From these studies of Al accumulation and its concomitant changes in physiological attributes in Salvinia plants, the species could be selected as a potential hyper accumulator of Al. The role of Put in Al accumulation as well as its moderation has been discussed with reference to physiological activities.
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Статья научная
The sponge species Sigmadocia carnosa (Dendy, 1889) and Mycale mytilorum (Annandale, 1911) belong to the class demospongiae were collected from the Vizhinjam port of South India and examined for ouabain sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase specific activity in tissue homogenates. The total protein contents including stress proteins in the tissues were measured with the help of a modified Biuret assay. A species specific activity of Na+, K+-ATPase was found in the tested marine sponges. A time dependent significant increase in Na+, K+-ATPase activity was found in Sigmadocia carnosa at diluted sea water. The Na+, K+-ATPase activity in Mycale mytilorum also showed significant rise particularly during 1 and 4 hour at diluted sea water exposure. The total protein contents in both species showed no significant change during exposure to dilute sea water.
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Physiological responses of safflower to exogenous putrescine under water deficit
Статья научная
Background: Drought stress is the most common abiotic stress factor which reduces the plant growth and development more than other factors. For this reason, identification of effective factors to increase drought tolerance of plants is necessary requirement. Many reports have been focused on the involvement of polyamines in plant response to abiotic stresses such as drought. Polyamines as growth regulators play important roles in keeping cell membrane stability and reducing ROS generation under water deficit. Carthamus tinctorius is an industrial, medicinal and oil crop from Asteraceae family. Many studies in other plants showed that polyamines increase tolerance to environmental stresses, but physiological responses of water-stressed safflower plants to putrescine is not clear. Thus, this research was carried out to investigate the physiological changes in safflower under different levels of water supply (100% and 40% field capacity) treated by putrescine (0, 40 and 60 µM)...
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Статья научная
The study was carried out to study the cumulative effect of thermal stress and feed restriction in kids. Twelve kids of Alpine x Beetle cross were divided into two groups. Group 1 served as control and group 2 was put on restricted feeding and exposed at 40, 42 and 44 oC. Body weights of both groups were similar before thermal exposure and feed restriction. Body weight of group 1 increased significantly and were higher than group 2 throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, average daily gain and feed conversion efficiency were comparable in both groups after removal of thermal stress and switching over to ad libitum feeding (42-63 days). Body weights of group 2 remained lower than group 1, the losses in body weights of group 2 could not be compensated and there was approximately 25% loss in body weight at the end of experiment. Physiological responses of group 2 were significantly lower before exposure to high temperature but increased significantly after exposure at temperature 40, 42 and 44 oC and the increase was in commensurate with the increase in exposure temperature. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin and serum enzymes decreased significantly on exposure at higher temperature and differences were higher in feed restricted group. T 3, T 4 and cortisol concentration were similar in both groups before feed restriction and thermal stress. T 3, T 4 concentration decreased while cortisol concentration increased significantly after exposure to high temperature. Variations in plasma enzymes, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT and SGPT were not significant before feed restriction and thermal stress. The activities of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase decreased whereas that of SGOT and SGPT increased significantly on exposure at temperature 40 oC and subsequent changes at temperature 42 and 44 oC were not significant. The study indicated that animals of group 2 experienced more stress as observed by significant alteration in body weights, physiological responses, serum enzymes, electrolytes, plasma hormones and blood metabolites and the losses occurred in body weights of group 2 could not be compensated after removal of thermal stress and switching over to ad libitum feeding.
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Статья научная
Salt tolerance in Moroccan ecotypes of Trifolium isthmocarpum Brot. and Lotus ornithopodioides L. were evaluated in greenhouse and compared with Australian cultivar : Trifolium michelianum Savi. Paradana. Plants were submitted to three irrigation treatments using concentrations 0 mM, 80 mM and 200 mM of NaCl, during 3 months. The effects of salinity on growth, dry matter production, shoot and root ion relations, leaf water relation and gas exchange were determined. Under stressed conditions, T. isthmocarpum was more salt tolerant (p - exclusion mechanism. However, the Cl - exclusion was more important in T. isthmocarpum than T. michelianum. On the other hand, T. isthmocarpum accumulated more K + in shoots than other species, when exposed to moderate and high levels of salinity. At 200 mM of NaCl, the stress promoted a substantial degree of stomatal regulation; but, in spite of this, L. ornithopodioides showed signs of leaf tissue dehydration, decreases in relative water content and osmotic potential values.
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Статья научная
Traditional means of capturing fish dwells on active components in plant which elicit harmful effects. Erythrophleum suaveolens is a typical example of such plant, which the study investigated for its stem-back (ASE) and leaf (ALE) aqueous extracts sub-lethal effects on Clarias gariepinus . Qualitative phytochemical screening of both extracts was carried out using 300 C. gariepinus sub-adults maintained in 10-fish sample per 1000 L circular fibre tanks during the research; the extracts were applied on every other day at 0.23 mg/ L ASE and 0.26 mg/ L ALE, which elicited LC50 effects from the range finding tests, for 96 h compared with control set-up. Haematological (during the experiment) and histopathological (at the terminal of the experiment) parameters of the fish were analysed. Results showed significant variations in the treated fish haematological responses compared with the control. More impact was observed in ALE treated fish and linked to three active components (phenols, saponins and steroids) higher than in ASE, with no negative observations on the fish under the control treatments...
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Phytochemical Screening and Functional Groups Identification of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. Leaves
Статья научная
Background: The phytochemical components are extremely important to facilitate the search for the particular effectiveness of the plant in medicine. Identification of the chemical nature of phytochemical compounds present in medicinal plants will provide information about the various functional groups responsible for its medicinal properties. Thus, the need to investigate the phytochemicals from various plants has been exponentially increasing. Cardiospermum halicacabum L. is one of the most important medicinal plants belonging to the Sapindaceae family. This investigation was administered to study phytochemical and FT-IR analysis of a various solvent extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. leaves. Results: The preliminary phytochemical analysis of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. leaves extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, phytosterol, fixed oils, saponins, proteins, and amino acids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins. As a result, the phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts revealed the presence of more phyto components followed by petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts. FT-IR spectroscopy confirmed the existence of various chemical components such as alcohol, alkanes, aromatic compound, carboxylic acid, aldehydes, alkenes, amides, nitro compounds and alkyl halides in the leaves extract of C. halicacabum L. The functional groups observed in the various extracts probably indicate the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, amino acids, phenols, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The results obtained from FTIR analysis are significant with the preliminary qualitative analysis. Conclusions: Extractions of any crude drug with a certain solvent result in a solution that contains various phyto-components. The composition of these phyto-components in the respective solvent provides initial information about the quality of a drug sample. The presence or absence of a certain component plays an important role in the decision about the medicinal properties of the plant. As a result, the phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts revealed the presence of more phyto-components followed by petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts which can be beneficial in a therapeutic approach.
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Phytochemical analysis of two Achillea (Asteraceae) species using GC/MS technique
Статья научная
Wild Achillea aleppica DC and Achillea arabica Kotschy flowering, aromatic and perennial herbs, grown in the Middle-Southern regions of Syria were assessed for their ethanolic and acetonic aerial parts extracts phytochemical analysis based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. Overall, GC/MS chromatogram revealed that the 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (41.656% and 61.097%) and Hexadecanamide (36.542% and 20.238%) were the most abundant compounds for ethanolic and acetonic A. aleppica aerial parts extracts, respectively. Whereas, 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- (41.280% and 53.990%) and Hexadecanamide (30.828% and 14.445%) were the most abundant compounds for ethanolic and acetonic A. Arabica aerial parts extracts, respectively. This study could consider as the first report highlights A. aleppica and A. arabica extracts phytochemical analysis.
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Phytohormones and morphogenesis of root nodules and lateral roots of a legume plant
Статья обзорная
Data on the physiological role of phytohormones (mainly cytokinin and auxin) in the initiation of cortical cell division of the root, in the formation of nodule primordium and in its further organogenesis are summarized. The necessity of high level of cytokinin and low level of auxin for this process is proved. The mechanism leading to an increase in the cytokinin / auxin ratio is associated with the inhibition of auxin transport from the aerial organs to the root with the involvement of cytokinin signaling. Reducing cytokinin / auxin ratio against the background of inhibition of cytokinin signaling initiates the formation of lateral roots. The role of other phytohormones as well as flavonoids which have a positive (gibberellins, brassinosteroids) or negative influence (ethylene, abscisic, jasmonic and salicylic acids) on the formation of the root nodule is discussed. The key role of the rhizobial Nod factor signaling in the organogenesis of the nodule is emphasized. The schemes of reactions and signaling processes involved in the initiation of nodule primordium and lateral roots formation are given.
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Phytomelatonin: an emerging regulator of oxidative imbalance due to abiotic stress
Статья обзорная
Drought, heat, cold, flood, salt, light, air pollution, and pesticide-induced oxidative damage have a detrimental impact on plant growth, reproduction, and survival. Thus, our research seeks to establish through a tryptophan-derivative plant molecule known as phytomelatonin, which may play a significant function in plant responses to various environmental stresses. Through the pieces of literature analysis, we reviewed the exogenous melatonin application and its influence on oxidative stress such as ROS and RNS generated in plant tissues under different abiotic stimuli. Our investigations also concern how phytomelatonin impacts the level of antioxidative proteins such as Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase, and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) under these stimuli. After our deep investigation through the literature survey, we found that phytomelatonin acts as a powerful scavenging agent to detoxify ROS and RNS under abiotic threats. Additionally, it also significantly enhanced the level of oxidant proteins to minimize the negative impact of reactive species under these threats. In this way, phytomelatonin exhibits multiple crucial capabilities including root growth, leaf senescence, photosynthetic rate, and increased biomass. Moreover, we discussed in brief how phytomelatonin acts as an emerging regulator of oxidative imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidative proteins induced by abiotic stresses, generated primarily in cell organelles, nuclei, plasma membrane, cytosol, and apoplast. Thus, it may be concluded that the phytomelatonin molecule might be improving the balance of these stressful conditions in plants for its better-surviving capacities under different threatful situations.
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Phytoremediation of lead and cadmium contaminated soils using sunflower plant
Статья научная
Phytremediation has emerged as a practical approach to clean up metal-polluted soils. In this study the role of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) plants as a potential phytoremediator to soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) was investigated. Our results showed that the effect of Cd was stronger on the growth of the roots, while the effect of Pb was stronger on the shoots of sunflower seedlings. At the physiological level, Cd treatment was found to induce low levels of lipid peroxidation and membrane leakage with less affected photosynthesis in the leaves of the treated sunflower seedlings compared to the effects of Pb. The results presented here showed that a high amount of the total absorbed Cd (88.84%) was accumulated in roots, while a high amount of the total absorbed Pb (71.39) was tranlocated to shoots of sunflower seedlings. Similar trends of Cd and Pb allocation between roots and shoots at the yield stage were recorded. We suggest here that sunflower plants may remediate Cd contaminated soils through phytostabilization, while may remediate Pb contaminated soils through phytoextraction. Finaly, the trace amounts of Cd and Pb that were accumulated in seeds recommends sunflower plants to be used safely and economically for cleaning up soils contaminated with Cd and/or Pb.
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Phytoremediation potential of aromatic and medicinal plants: a way forward for green economy
Статья обзорная
Currently, interests in the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants gained a rapid momentum worldwide. These find great application in various industries such as; cosmetic, pharmaceutical, perfumery and other industrial sectors. Therefore, product safety issues are of paramount importance for the betterment of the consumer. Presently, heavy metal (HMs) pollution is one of the serious issues for the environment and agriculture as it has a direct impact on the production yield. This situation has worsened in the present era due to the population pressure, industrialization and various anthropogenic activities which in turn lead to oxidative stress in plants and thus disturbs the redox homeostasis and ultimate affects the quality and production yield. However, plants possess a different regulatory system that work in a synergetic manner to combat stress and thus adapts themselves in such contaminated soils. These act as sinks to neutralize the toxic effects of these heavy metals either by chelation, sequestration, intensification of enzyme system. Here we discuss the impact of heavy metals on aromatic and medicinal plants and how they play an essential role as a sustainable phytoremediation crops.
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Phytostabilization potential of yard long bean in removing cadmium from soil
Статья научная
The effect of cadmium (Cd) on growth, physiology, distribution and tolerance was examined in root, shoot and leaves of yard-long bean ( Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis L.). The seeds were grown in pot culture under laboratory conditions for 60 days in Ferriera and Davis nutrient solution with three different concentrations (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM) of cadmium. Cd toxicity was evident from chlorosis in young leaves and increased concentrations of Cd brought significant negative effects on plant growth, photosynthetic rate and protein biosynthesis. Translocation of Cd was found to be more in roots than the above ground parts and the accumulation was in the order of root > shoot > leaf. Low root to shoot translocation of Cd makes the crop ideal for phytostabilization. Relatively high metal tolerance index obtained in the study indicated that the crop has greater tolerance to increase Cd exposure, though accumulation of Cd had altered thickness of root and root biomass. Owing to the crop’s adaptability to high temperature, drought conditions and ability to retain Cd in roots makes it a promising candidate for phytostabilization of soil contaminated by Cd.
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Phytotoxic effects of cinnamic acid on cabbage ( Brassica oleracea Var. capitata)
Статья научная
The present study deals with the effects of exogenous application of cinnamic acid (CA) on growth and metabolism in growing seedlings of Brassica oleracea Var. capitata (cabbage) in hydroponic culture. CA was added at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM concentrations. CA has shown inhibitory effects on shoot and root length, fresh and dry weight of seedlings. CA significantly decreased the photosynthetic pigments, nitrate reductase activity and protein content. Graded concentrations of CA increased lipid peroxidation and sugar content. The increasing concentrations of CA significantly increased the antioxidative enzymes activity viz. superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase against the oxidative stress caused by CA.
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Phytotoxicity of chromium (VI) on germination, growth attributes and pigmentation in cluster bean
Статья научная
An investigation was carried out to study the phytotoxic effect of chromium (VI) on seed germination, plant growth parameters and biosynthesis of pigments in cluster bean ( Cyamopsis tetragonoloba ). Four concentrations (1, 2, 4 and 8 µg ml-1) of Cr (VI) as potassium dichromate were applied to cluster bean seeds in solution culture. The rate of seed germination was observed every hour. Growth parameters were measured at the early seedling stage. The concentrations of chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin in leaves were estimated. All the studied concentrations of Cr (VI) were found to be toxic to cluster bean. The speed of seed germination slowed down under Cr (VI) stress. The root-shoot length, root-shoot fresh weight and root-shoot dry weight decreased with increasing concentrations of Cr (VI). The most deleterious effect was observed at 8 µg ml-1. Anthocyanin contents in cluster bean showed a significant ( P -1 and 2 µg ml-1 were moderately toxic while 4 µg ml-1 and 8 µg ml-1 were highly toxic to cluster bean.
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