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Статья научная
We study leafs of five plant species, growing in Irkutsk city and on the southeastern shore of Lake Baikal. These species are Achillea asiatica Serg., Taraxacum officinale Wigg., Plantago major L., Veronica chamaedrys L. and Alchemilla subcrenata Buser. In its leafs we identify some types of stress-induced proteins. In autumn, the accumulation of stress proteins in leafs of plants both from shores of Lake Baikal and from Irkutsk have been registered.
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Seasonal variation and innate immune responses of spleen in fresh-water snake, Natrix piscator
Статья научная
Innate immunity provides first line defense in all animals against pathogens and parasites. There is seasonal variation in pathogen prevalence and disease because of the seasonal lifecycle of the parasite and due to annual variation in the infectivity of pathogens. Organisms face seasonal stress by regulating their internal physiology, i.e. by secreting hormones. Melatonin and sex steroids contribute to the seasonal redistribution of immunological activity including winter-time up-regulation of some immune responses, and reproduction-related immunosuppression. Present study aims to understand seasonal variation in splenocyte innate immune response in the fresh-water snake, Natrix piscator. Reptiles represent the pivotal phylogenic group as they were the ancestor of both birds and mammals and they are the only ectothermic amniotes providing the key link between ectothermic anamniotic fishes and amphibians, and endothermic amniotic birds and mammals; a greater study of reptilian innate immune response will provide important insights into the evolutionary history of vertebrate immunity. Animals were mildly anaesthetized and the spleen was isolated aseptically. Spleen was used for calculating splenosomatic index, cellularity and macrophage phagocytosis. Spleen size has a trend to be high in autumn and winter months and low in spring and summer, though data were not significant. Spleen cellularity was recorded high in winter months and again in September; while it remained low during rest of the year. No definite pattern was observed in phagocytosis by splenic macrophages. The percent phagocytosis varied between 42 to 60 %, being highest in month of February. It is concluded that seasonal variation in splenocyte immune response provides a mechanism that suites best to the organism and which might coincide with the pathogen prevalence. Seasonal cycle of immune response is helpful in understanding the disease processes in animals and the direct implication of this study could be utilized for the endangered species living in captivity.
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Статья научная
Seasonal variations in the physiological processes help animal to adapt to the environmental condition, however, informations on this subject in reptiles are scarce. In the present study, garden lizards ( Calotes versicolor ) were used to study the annual variation in blood immune responses and changes in the lymphoid organs. The lizards were weighed, anaesthetized under mild anesthesia and blood was collected in heparinized syringe. Blood was then processed for determining total leucocyte count, differential leucocyte count and nitroblue tetrazolium reduction test (Slide assay) for assessment of reactive oxygen production by leucocytes. For histomorphological studies, spleen, thymus and testes were excised rapidly, cleaned and weighed and their weight was transformed to thymosomatic, splenosomatic and gonadosomatic indices respectively. Total leucocyte count did not change significantly, however, differential leucocyte count varied during different seasons. Thymosomatic index was lesser in summer and rainy months. Splenosomatic index started increasing from May and remained high up to August (the hot and humid months of the year and reproductively active months). Gonadosomatic index was low from September to March. It started increasing from April and remained at highest level from May to August. Environmental factors play an important role in body physiology, oxidation, and intermediary metabolism and gonadal activity of all the vertebrates, including reptiles. The annual variation in physiology is pivotal to help animals cope with seasonal stressors.
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Статья научная
Eothenomys miletus and Apodemus chevrieri are typical species of small mammals inhabiting in Hengduan mountains region. The characteristics of thermoregulation and thermogenesis of two mammals were measured to search their physiological and ecological characteristics of adaptations to this region in different seasons. All results indicated: the body weight of E. miletus and A. chevrieri in summer was separately 47.29±0.73g, 32.74±0.54g, and their body weight in winter was separately 39.28±0.61g, 31.70±0.76g; the thermal neutral zones(TNZ) of E. miletus and A. chevrieri in summer were separately 25～32.5 oC and 25～30 oC, and their TNZ in winter were all of 22.5～27.5oC; their basal metabolic rates(BMR) in summer were respectively 3.76± 0.07ml O2/g.h, 4.58±0.09mlO2/g.h, and their BMR in winter were respectively 4.46±0.04mlO2/g.h, 5.23±0.01mlO2/g.h; their maximum nonoshivering thermogenesis(NST) in summer was respectively 5.70±0.18mlO2/g.h, 7.12±0.31mlO2/g.h, and their NST in winter was respectively 6.67±0.05mlO2/g.h, 7.42±0.04mlO2/g.h; their NST scope(NST/BMR) in summer was separately 1.52±0.05, 1.46±0.04, and their NST scope in winter was separately 1.49±0.01, 1.42±0.01. Their thermogenic characteristics and thermoregulatory styles possibly reflected features of small rodents in Hengduan mountains region which have lower body temperatures and NST scope, higher BMR, Cm and NSTand could keep their body temperatures stable in narrower ambient temperatures comparing with other rodents. Body temperature, Cm BMR and NST of A. chevrieri were higher than these of E. miletus. A. chevrieri could keep body temperature stable in a wider range of ambient temperatures than E. miletus. NST scope of E. miletus was higher than it of A. chevrieri. Their TNZ and the ambient temperature range in which they could keep C stable in winter were narrower than these indexes in summer. The body temperature and body weight in winter were lower comparing with the summer. The BMR, F-value and NSTmax in winter were significantly higher than the summer. The TNZ in winter was shifted to the lower ambient temperature comparing with the summer.
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Seed biology and pharmacological benefits of fennel, lavender, thyme and Echinacea species
Статья обзорная
Medicinal and aromatic plants are gaining more importance because of their potential application in food, pharmaceutical and fragrance industry. Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used in cosmetics, perfumery, pharmaceuticals and food flavoring since ancient times, because of the presence of essential oils and different components. The keyword searches for Fennel, Lavender, Thyme, Echinacea , Seed biology, Traditional medicinal science and seed anatomy were performed by using Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Google scholar. The aim of this article review is to survey the pharmacological and health benefits of seeds of important medicinal plants. The seeds of medicinal and aromatic plants are stores of important and active secondary metabolites that have been economically and commercially beneficial and helpful for medicine and pharmacy. The seeds of fennel are highly nutritious, and the seeds contain different minerals such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium. The seeds are helpful in weight loss and cancer prevention. They can also improve digestive health, regulate blood pressure, improve skin appearance, and promotes lactation. The main chemical components of lavender are linalool, linalyl acetate, 1,8-cineole, β-ocimene, camphor and terpinen-4-ol. The lavender essential oil has anxiolytic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant and antinociceptive activities. The main components of thyme are p-cymene, γ-terpinene and thymol. Thyme can help to improve eyesight, and it has high anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. The main compounds of Echinacea species are chlorogenic acid, caftaric acid, cynarin, echinacoside and cichoric acid. Seeds of these medicinal plants are of immense economic and biological importance, and they contain high oil, protein and starch reserves with notable pharmaceutical benefits.
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Статья научная
The study aimed was to determine the effects of drought stress (0, -4, -8, -12 bar) and osmo-priming (-15 bar PEG 6000 for 15 at 24 h) on seed germination, seedling growth and enzyme activity at different temperatures were assessed in the laboratory for wheat. Results showed that the highest germination percentage (GP) (94.33%), normal seedling percentage (NSP) (92%), germination index (GI) (44.85) and seedling length (11.03 cm) were attained from osmo-priming in control conditions. Therefore, seed priming with PEG 6000 significantly (p≤ 0.01) increased germination characteristics as compared to the unprimed seeds under drought stress. Also, osmo-priming increased catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as compared to the unprimed.
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Seed priming for better growth and yield of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) under saline condition
Статья научная
Salinity is considered as a major abiotic stress affecting crop production in arid and semi-arid region. In field condition, poor germination and decrease of seedling growth results in poor establishment and occasionally crop failure. Many research studies have shown that seed priming is an efficient method for increasing plant growth and improvement of yield in saline condition. That's why; this experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of KCl priming on the growth traits and yield of Tunisian safflower under salinity conditions. Seeds were primed with KCl (5 g/l) for 24 h at 20°C. Primed (P) and un-primed (NP) seeds were directly sown in the field and followed during eight months of plant cycle. Experiments were conducted using various water irrigations concentrations induced by NaCl (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 g/l). Results showed that plant height of primed seeds was greater than that of un-primed seeds. Numbers of branches per plant, fresh and dry weight, heads number per plant, petals and grains yield of plants derived from primed seeds were higher compared with un-primed seeds.
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Статья научная
Seed priming is a pre-germination physiological treatment of seeds with natural or synthetic compounds which provides faster and synchronized germination. In the present research work, the seed priming effects of NaCl and KNO3 in Sesamum indicum L.var. Thilothama under drought stress were studied. Sesame is a well known oil yielding plant and the seeds of these plants are used for oil extraction. Morphological, physiological and biochemical analysis were conducted in the seedlings raised from primed and non-primed seeds under field conditions. The results of analyses showed significant reduction in the growth of seedlings under drought stress conditions. But both the seed priming treatments resulted in an increase in the germination percentage, growth and yield. The germination percentage and growth attributes were found to be high in KNO3 primed plants, but as far as the yield parameters were concerned, the fruit weight and seed weight were found to be maximum in NaCl primed plants. Thus from the present research work, it was concluded that both the seed priming methods improved the drought stress tolerance potential of sesame and among the two seed priming treatments, we recommend seed priming with 15 mM NaCl as the most effective method for enhancing yield under drought stress in sesame.
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Selection of high yield m6 wheat mutant lines obtained from stem rust resistant parents
Статья научная
Wheat is a major cereal crop grown worldwide. Mutation breeding with the objective to improving grain yield was performed for selection of mutant lines. Dry dormant seeds with approx. 11 % moisture of three Australian genotypes (Mendos, Coorong and Egret) were treated with 100, 160 and 200 Gy Co-60 gamma radiation and mutants were selected between the M1 and M5 generations for yield production under field experimental conditions. Decrease in survival rate (%) of plants was observed. Five seeds from each spike per plant of M1 plants were collected, bulked dose-wise and grown separately as M2. Fifteen promising mutant lines retested in a M5-trial for yield in comparison with the parent cultivars. Significant differences ( P 2) and C-17-31 (976 g/m2) as compared with their mothers and the local control genotype Bouhouth10 (857 g/m2). The obtained results suggest that LD50 (160 Gy) gamma radiation treatment can be useful from breeding point of view for selecting higher yielding wheat plants, and the results showed that the Australian parents had Sr26 resistance gene against stem rust disease caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp . tritici , therefore, their utilization is suggested in wheat breeding programs to achieve resistant cultivars.
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Статья научная
The aim of this pot experiment was to determine the impact of foliar spraying of silicic acid (Si) with or without potassium fertilizer amendment (K) on dry matter (DM), nitrogen uptake (TN), efficient use of N fertilizer (NUE) and pod yield of okra plants ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.) as influenced by salinity in the irrigation water (Salt) using 15N isotope. Results showed that salt stress reduced growth and N uptake by okra plants. Si and/or K applications could reduce the negative effect of salinity to a certain extent depending on the way and the type of applied materials (i.e., separate or combined applications of Si and K). Solely Si application improved okra (DM) and N-nutrition (TN and NUE) under both saline (Salt+) and non-saline conditions (Salt-). This improvement was more pronounced in the former than the latter. However, Si+ did not have significant effect on DM and fresh weights of pods as compared with the control (Si-). Solely applied K fertilizer increased the growth, N uptake and ultimately pod yields. Moreover, the combined use of Si and K could significantly enhance total DM(TDM), TN, amounts of N derived from fertilizer (Ndff), soil (Ndfs) and %NUE in the entire okra plants as well as pod yield. In conclusion, solely applied K or in combination with Si could be considered as an effective agricultural practice to reduce salt stress in okra plants and increase the growth and ultimately pod yields.
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Статья
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Serum and urinary electrolytes level in the subjects of two different environmental conditions
Статья научная
The serum electrolytes, Sodium and Potassium are the important macronutrient to the human and it is supplied to the body via the solid and liquid food materials. These electrolytes have different roles in the body and these functions are crucial for life. Its rate of consumption and excretion may vary to the different geographical region, and this may cause the variable medical fitness. We investigated the serum & urinary profile of Na+ & K+, and compared it with their dietary intake of these macronutrients in 400 healthy subjects from two different regions, plain and hill. The subjects from the plain region consume more Na+ & K+ rather than hill region. The Serum & urinary profile of Na+ & K+ were observed higher in plain region and it may be the cause of their higher blood pressure as compared to the hill subjects.
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Serum antioxidant status to assess oxidative stress in brucella infected buffaloes
Статья научная
The investigation was carried out to assess oxidative stress on the basis of serum antioxidant status in the buffaloes of Murrah breed having brucellosis. For this serum antioxidants like vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione and various enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase were determined. Results indicated that vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione levels decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in affected buffaloes as compared to healthy buffaloes. Serum catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and xanthine oxidase activities increased significantly(p≤0.05) in affected buffaloes as compared to healthy buffaloes. Results indicated that the antioxidant status was altered in the brucella infected buffaloes. Depletion of levels of antioxidants in the serum reflected towards the development of oxidative stress in buffaloes having brucellosis.
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Serum xanthine oxidase profile in stressed Marwari sheep from arid tracts in India
Статья научная
The present investigation was aimed to determine serum xanthine oxidase profile in stressed Marwari breed of sheep belonging to arid tracts in Rajasthan, India. Extreme hot and cold ambiences were considered as stress conditions to the animals. Blood samples were collected to obtain sera during moderate, extreme hot and cold ambiences. The mean value of serum xanthine oxidase during moderate ambience was 93.33±1.11 mU L-1.The mean value of serum xanthine oxidase was significantly (p≤0.05)higher during hot and significantly (p≤0.05) lower during cold ambiences as compared to moderate mean value serving as control. The sex and age effects were significant (p≤0.05) in all ambiences. The mean values were significantly (p≤0.05) higher in males than females. In each ambience the age effect showed a significant (p≤0.05) increase in the mean values being highest in the animals of 2.5-4.5 years of age. The effects of extreme ambiences were observed on the male and female animals of all age groups as revealed by various interactions studied viz. ambience X age; ambience X sex and age X sex (p≤0.01). Further sex effect was present in the animals of each age group. It can be concluded that serum xanthine oxidase can be used as an effective marker to assess oxidative stress in these animals. Mean values obtained from large number of animals during moderate ambience will help in providing physiological reference values for future research and clinical interpretations.
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Shade and drought stress-induced changes in phenolic content of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seeds
Статья научная
Plants develop under a wide range of maternal environments, depending on the time of emergence, prevailing competition from other plants, and presence or absence of other biotic or abiotic stress factors. Stress factors, such as light limitation and drought, during plant development typically reduces the reproductive allocation to seeds, resulting in fewer and often smaller seeds. Such stress factors may also influence seed quality traits associated with persistence in the soil, such as seed dormancy and chemical defense. For this research, we hypothesized that light limitation and drought during wild oat (Avena fatua L.) seed development would result in reduced allocation to seed phenolics and other aliphatic organic acids previously identified in the seeds of this species. Wild oat isolines (M73 and SH430) were grown in the greenhouse under cyclic drought conditions (2005 only) or two levels of shade (50 and 70%; 2005 and 2006) achieved with standard black shade cloth. The soluble and cellular bound chemical constituents were identified and quantified using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. The shade and drought stress treatments often significantly affected the mass of the caryopsis and hull seed fractions, as well as the phenolic content of these seed fractions, depending upon isoline, seed fraction, phenolic fraction, and specific phenolics analyzed. Phenolic content of the hull was reduced by the stress environments by up to 48%, whereas there was some evidence of an increase in the soluble phenolic content of the caryopsis in response to the stress environments. Ferulic and p-coumaric acids were the most abundant phenolic acids in both soluble and bound fractions, and bound phenolics comprised generally 95% or more of total phenolics. There was no discernable evidence that the aliphatic organic content was affected by the stress environments. Our results indicate that plant stress during seed development can reduce both the physical and chemical defense in seeds, which may result in seeds that are less persistent in the soil seed bank and potentially less of a weed management concern.
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Significance of sulphur nutrition against metal induced oxidative stress in plants
Статья обзорная
Sulphur (S) is available to plants as sulphate (SO42-) in the soil to the roots and as gaseous SO2 in the atmosphere to the shoots. Of all the macronutrient, S is perhaps the nutrient which has attracted the most attention in soil science and plant nutrition due to its potential defensive characteristics to pests, good nutritive potentiality to crops and its relative immobility in the soil-plant system. This review highlights the mechanisms of uptake and translocation of S from soil and its transport in xylem and phloem tissues of plants. Moreover, it also throws new insights, have led us to revisit the hypothesis of S chelation in reference to oxidative stress induced by heavy metals sequestration.
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Silicon root irrigation enhances barley resistance to Fusarium head blight
Статья научная
Silicon (Si) is recognized for its protective role in decreasing disease damage when absorbed by barley plants and has been proposed as a possible solution against Fusarium head blight, associated with devastating agronomic effects on overall yield and grain quality. However, root treatment of exogenous Si irrigating to enhance host resistance to Fusarium infection is unknown. For this purpose, a series of greenhouse experiments was conducted to examine the effects of Si irrigation at 1.7 mM to roots on pathogen development in barley heads. Two barley cultivars with contrasting FHB resistance (moderately resistant Arabi Aswad, AS, and moderately susceptible Arabi Abiad, AB) and infected with four Fusarium species with diverse pathogenicity were used. The quantification of the disease was through the determination of the disease incidence (DI, Type I resistance), disease severity (DS, Type II) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) calculated on the basis of DI and DS. Si absorption in barley enhanced the defense system in head tissues to pathogen invasion; FHB developed more severely on AS and AB plants grown without Si irrigation than on plants supplied with Si. Barley plants treated with exogenous Si irrigating were associated with a reduction of up to 19.3%, 19.8%, 18.7%, and 20.0%, respectively, in DI, DS and AUDPC calculated on the basis of DI and DS. Si contributed to the reduction of FHB in barley, especially for the moderately resistant cultivar; however, Si reduced the intensity of FHB in AB to a level comparable with AS. Importantly, Si treatment at 1.7 mM decreased disease damage FHB in previous bio-trials conducted on AS and AB under in vitro and field environments, showing that Si enhanced the expression of resistance to FHB infection in seedlings and adult barley plants. Taken together, the link of Si and host resistance provided a greater decrease in head blight in which both cultivars had augmented performances upon exogenous Si irrigating to roots; highlighting that Si is a potential safe and efficient policy to defend barley when invaded by Fusarium .
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Статья научная
Among the great diverse of Baikal fauna of amphipods (more than 350 species and subspecies) Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing 1899) takes the special place. It is characterized by a high morphological variability and wide thermal-adaptive possibilities. By common opinion G. fasciatus is a thermophilic relict segregated from other Baikal temperature sensitive amphipods' fauna. In present study we tested hypothesis of segregated status of G. fasciatus among some Baikal and some Palearctic amphipods using of heat-shock proteins' (HSP) molecular weight as comparative biomarkers. We used heat-shock proteins (HSP) from two families: HSP70 and small HSP (sHSP) immunochemically related to α-crystalline. 15 species of Baikal amphipods from different genera and families and 2 Palearctic species from genus Gammarus were tested. It was shown, that molecular weights of HSP70 were the same in all investigated species and corresponds close to 70 kD. In the contrast, the molecular weights of sHSP in G. fasciatus was 37 kD and differed from all other species, in which molecular weights of sHSP were 35 kD. In sum, this study showed that sHSPs molecular weights may relate to evolutional differences between the close related species. Additionally, obtained data can be taken as new indication of segregated status of thermophilic relict G. fasciatus which linked with its phylogenetic history in Lake Baikal.
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Статья научная
The exogenous application of plant derived smoke solution through seed pre treatment is consider to create tolerance in the plant against salinity, for this purpose different dilution of plant derived smoke solution as 1:5000 Buhania, 1:1000 Buhania, 1:1000 Cymbopogon, 1:500 Cymbopogon were used against 0 mM, 50, 100 and 150mM NaCl solution in the medium. The effect was observed on total proline accumulation, heavy metals uptake, photosynthetic pigments and protein poly peptide bands intensity in two rice varieties as Basmati 385 (B-385) and Shaheen Basmati (S. Basmati). Proline concentration increases while chlorophyll “a” chlorophyll “b” and carotene level decreases with increasing salinity. On other hand zinc concentration increases while cadmium and lead concentration decrease in the crop under saline conditions. Intensity of protein polypeptides bands decreases gradually with increasing salinity level but plants from the seeds soaked with smoke solution alleviate the drastic affect of salinity, and intensity of bands is quite good by comparing with non primed seeds. It is concluded that seed priming with plant derived smoke solution show beneficial effect on crop to protect them from salinity.
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Статья научная
The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of irrigation with industrial wastewater on soil and plant. For these purpose turnip and lettuce plants were cultivated in soil irrigated with wastewater then heavy metals content of the soil, plant growth, yield and the subsequent changes in biochemical constituents of plant were examined. Irrigation with wastewater was found to load the soil with heavy metals (Pb, Co, Ni and Cd) that were not detected in soil before irrigation. The magnitude of Cd in soils after irrigation with industrial wastewater exceeds the maximum allowable limit (3 mg Kg -1). Both turnip and lettuce exhibited significant decreases in leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight of shoots and roots as well as all the measured yield components in response to wastewater irrigation. The magnitude of decrease was positively correlated with the amounts of heavy metals detected in the soil and the inhibitory effect on turnip was much more pronounced than in lettuce. Furthermore, heavy metals accumulation in soil resulted in an oxidative damage to turnip and lettuce as indicated by the significant increase in lipid peroxidation and H 2O 2 levels in both plants comparing to control values. The significant increases in putrescine in lettuce and turnip shoots and roots and spermidine in lettuce roots as well as total phenolics and flavonoids in plants cultivated in soil enriched with heavy metals are believed to be defense mechanisms in turnip and lettuce plants to counteract the oxidative stress resulted from heavy metals contamination generated from irrigation with wastewater.
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